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I READ WITH CONCERN the following statement in the Talk box: "Reverting possible vandalism by Moitraanak to version by Froid. False positive?" Do you think I am an idiot? Wikipedia is a GLOBAL reference site, not American. Get out of your American cocoon. All spellings are in unacceptable US English; Grammar is unacceptable across hundreds of articles. My stated intention is to change US English to global English and article focus from American to global. AND I AM NOT A xxx VANDAL for reverting US English to global. Moitraanak (talk) 20:32, 25 July 2017 (UTC)MoitranaakMoitraanak (talk) 20:32, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

The allegation of VANDALISM is unsigned. May I know who this champion is/was? If it weren't for decencies of debate. . . !

The article on Johnnie Walker states:
Introduced 1820: Grocery store
Is there any more information on John Walker? Name of his father? Details of death of John's father in 1819 (cirrhosis?) - sale of the family farm, known as Todriggs Farm, where John had grown up. Was his father moonshining before his death? It seems improbable that John could move directly into selling wines and spirits in 1820 as a 15 year old. What I have is: When John Walker, born on 25 July 1805, lost his farmer father in 1819, the family sold the farm and their trustees invested in an Italian warehouse, grocery, and wine and spirits shop on the High Street in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland. John managed the grocery, wine and spirits segment as a teenager in 1820. Did he know about moonshining? Events suggest he was a teetotaller and clean. Fortunately for the whisky industry and for him, The Excise Act of 1823 relaxed unduly strict laws on distillation of whisky and reduced, by a considerable amount, the extremely heavy taxes on the distillation and sale of whisky. By 1825 young John Walker was already selling spirits, including Rum, Brandy, Gin and Islay Whisky. [1] According to Giles Macdonough, he was also selling Campbeltown whisky from the Kintyre Peninsula; whisky from the Inner Hebridean Island of Islay, with its pungent smoky flavor; patent still, or grain, whisky; and ‘Glenlivat’ (sic) Speyside whiskyy. [2]Moitraanak (talk) 18:23, 28 September 2017 (UTC)moitranaakMoitraanak (talk) 18:23, 28 September 2017 (UTC)Moitraanak (talk) 20:55, 25 July 2017 (UTC)MoitranaakMoitraanak (talk) 20:55, 25 July 2017 (UTC) Moitraanak (talk) 19:36, 18 October 2017 (UTC)MoitranaakMoitraanak (talk) 19:36, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

I intend changing the first two paras of Johnnie Walker- History after considerable research.

When John Walker, born on 25 July 1805, lost his farmer father in 1819, the family sold the farm and their trustees invested the proceeds, £ 417, in an Italian warehouse, grocery, and wine and spirits shop on the High Street in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland. [3] John managed the grocery, wine and spirits segment as a teenager in 1820. Fortunately for the whisky industry and for him, The Wash (Excise) Act of 1823[4] relaxed unduly strict laws on distillation of whisky and reduced, by a considerable amount, the extremely heavy taxes on the distillation and sale of whisky. By 1825, young John Walker, a teetotaller, was selling spirits, including Rum, Brandy and Gin. [5]

Dealing mainly in whisky, he sold Campbeltown whisky from the Kintyre Peninsula; characteristic snorters from the Inner Hebridean Island of Islay, with their pungent, peaty and smoky flavours; patent still, or ‘grain’ whisky; and ‘Glenlivat’ (sic) Speyside whiskyy. [6] They were sold as made-to-order whiskies, blended to meet specific customer requirements, since he didn’t have any brand of his own, as brought out at 37.55 minutes in the 59 minute documentary video titled Scotch: The Story of Whisky S01E02. Johnnie Walker features between 33.30--41.00 minutes therein. [7] The facts related to the Striding Man are quite different from common perception! It took him decades to realise that he was missing out on a golden opportunity to concoct his own brew and earn a name in the market. John first sold his self-created and distilled malt whisky in 1850, only seven years before his death in 1857. [8]Originally known as Walker's Kilmarnock Whisky, the Johnnie Walker brand is a legacy left by John "Johnnie" Walker after he started to sell whisky in his grocer's shop in Kilmarnock. The brand became popular, but after Walker's death it was his son Alexander ‘Alec’ Walker and grandson Alexander Walker II who were largely responsible for establishing the whisky as a favoured brand. British Prime Minister Gladstone’s Spirits Act of 1860 legalised the blending of grain whiskies with malt whiskies and ushered in the modern era of blended Scotch whisky. [9] Andrew Usher of Edinburgh, Scotland, was the first to capitalise on blended whisky, a more accessible whisky that was lighter and sweeter in character, making them much more marketable to a wider audience, [10] followed by the Walkers in due course. Thanks to Alec's business acumen, sales of Walker's Kilmarnock hit 100,000 gallons (450,000 litres) per year by 1862. [11]

There WILL BE MORE WORK LATER. Moitraanak (talk) 20:28, 26 October 2017 (UTC)MoitraanakMoitraanak (talk) 20:28, 26 October 2017 (UTC) Moitraanak (talk) 12:53, 31 October 2017 (UTC)MoitraanakMoitraanak (talk) 12:53, 31 October 2017 (UTC)Aim to add a request for a template correction in the JW Blends-Chart, as JWDBL is a 2011 product, not 1997. {{correction needed in chart as JWDBL is a 2011 product}} Moitraanak (talk) 13:16, 31 October 2017 (UTC)MoitraanakMoitraanak (talk) 13:16, 31 October 2017 (UTC)Facts behind the Striding Man. Moitraanak (talk) 20:27, 28 December 2017 (UTC)MoitranaakMoitraanak (talk) 20:27, 28 December 2017 (UTC) User Laser Brain should read SWR 2009 in its entirety, as half baked statements make him look foolish. This is what I intend adding: Prior to the promulgation of the SWR, blending, as required for Blended Scotch whisky, was to be done only in Scotland. But Scotch whisky could be exported in bulk in oak or any wooden barrel or any inert container, for that matter. Theoretically, three year old Scotch 'new makes' could be exported as soon as their three years of maturity in Bond in oak barrels expired and they qualified for the term Scotch 'whiskies' as soon as those barrels were opened. These whiskies could then be bottled overseas, leading to non-conformity, differently shaped and worded labels and confusion. The SWR stated that with immediate effect, i.e., 23 November 2009, no Scotch whisky could be exported in oak or wooden barrels. Blended Scotch whisky could, however, be exported in any container, as long as it wasn't wood, e.g., inert vessels such as appropriate plastic drums or steel containers. Operators were given two years to bring their labelling and packaging into compliance with the SWR. All labelling and packaging applied after 22 November 2011 would have to comply with all new labelling rules. Scotch Whiskies labelled and packaged prior to 22 November 2011 could, however, be sold through the distribution chain till exhausted. Single Malt Scotch whisky could, henceforth, be exported in bulk only in bottles labelled for retail sale. Single malts already exported and in transit were now outside their remit, so this special clause was given an appendage, stating that exactly three years from that day, i.e., on 23 November 2012, all Single Malt Scotch whisky could be exported in bulk only in bottles that met SWR mandates. I have ghostwritten Joseph V Micallef's book on Scotch and certainly know much more than most about Scotch whisky. [12] is an excellent reference and posted correctly as a ref. 0140/29 Dec 2017.

Moitraanak (talk) 11:29, 25 January 2018 (UTC)MoitranaakMoitraanak (talk) 11:29, 25 January 2018 (UTC) I am unable to add this link as it remains unformatted in the References section: https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Varasgaon+Dam/@18.389551,73.4672397,18z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bc29ebe4f1c834d:0x50b1b362b69e5dd9!8m2!3d18.3815759!4d73.5284915Moitraanak (talk) 11:29, 25 January 2018 (UTC)MoitranaakMoitraanak (talk) 11:29, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

Re my remarks on 1 Sqn IAF (Talk) on Wikipedia. The present article is a ghastly attempt at cobbling together irrelevant data.

The first para has been modified and attached below the deleted para.

DELETED...By the 1830s, the rapacious East India Company had taken over numerous assets and territory in India, up to the border of Nepal northwards and to the border of Burma (Myanmar) eastwards. But it came up against stubborn resistance by the local Pashtun (Pathan) tribes to the northwest, across the Indus River in the Punjab (Pakistan today), in a vast expanse of territory known as the North-West Frontier Province, (NWFP) [13] the present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In 1858, the British Crown took over the administration of India from the East India Company [14] including its problems in what is called Afghanistan today. Every nation that has taken on opponents in the NWFP has suffered, like Pakistan post independence in 1947 till date, the USSR from 1979 to 1989 [15][16] [17]: 193 , the United States and its NATO allies after the September 11 attacks in late 2001(9/11) [18] The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War[19] and largely consisted of students from the Pashtun areas of eastern and southern Afghanistan. They continue to be the scourge of all countries/alliances trying to settle Afghanistan into a zone of peace and stability. DELETED

In 1858, the British Crown took over the administration of India from the East India Company [20] including its problems in and bordering what is called Afghanistan today,the present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa along the North-West Frontier Province, (NWFP)[21] Every nation that has taken on opponents in the NWFP has suffered, like Pakistan post independence in 1947 till date, the USSR from 1979 to 1989 [22][23] [17]: 193 , the United States and its NATO allies after the September 11 attacks in late 2001(9/11) [24] The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War[25] and continues to be the scourge of all countries/alliances trying to settle Afghanistan into a zone of peace and stability.

Surprisingly, the Crown did not consider using Air Power in the NWFP, in whichever form, in the early 20th century, having fought aerial battles and dropped bombs in WWI. Indian pilots had flown for the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) [26] which later merged with the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) to become the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1918.[27][28] The Indian Air Force was officially established on 8 October 1932. [29] Between 1945 and 1950, it was called the Royal Indian Air Force. After India became a republic on 26 January 1950, the prefix ‘Royal’ was dropped and was known thereafter as the Indian Air Force (IAF). The early history of 1 Squadron is thus synonymous with the history of the Indian Air Force.

The first Flight of the Air Force was raised on 01 April 1933 at Drigh Road, Karachi. It came into being with a strength of six RAF-trained officers and 19 Havai Sepoys (air soldiers). The aircraft inventory comprised four Westland Wapiti IIA Army Co-Operation biplanes as the "A" Flight nucleus of the planned No.1 (Army Co- operation) Squadron.[30] The history of 1 Sqn is already documented in minute detail. [31] [32][33] "B" Flight came up in Mumbai(the erstwhile Bombay) in April 1936 and "C" Flight in Kolkata(the erstwhile Calcutta) in June 1938. The three flights came together in Ambala in 1939, now at full strength. All three Flight Commanders were Indians, Fg Offrs KK 'Jumbo' Majumdar, Subroto Mukherjee and AM Engineer. Flt Lt CA Bouchier, DFC from the RAF was the first Commanding Officer of the Squadron. On 16 March, 1939 Flt Lt Subroto Mukherjee took over the Command of the Squadron thus becoming the first Indian to Command a Squadron,[34] 1 Sqn remained the sole IAF formation when World War II began, although personnel strength had risen satisfactorily to 16 officers and 662 men. [35]Starting from the formation of the Sqn, it moves chronologically through every event in its history. It calls the period Post 71-85: A Period of Consolidation [36] What is of interest is that 1 Sqn was allotted to Pakistan on Independence (Aug 1947). Pakistan, for no stated reason, renumbered this Sqn as 5 Sqn. Thus The Tiger's heritage remained exclusive to India throughout its life, possibly as a mutual understanding between the two Air Force Commanders, who were both British. From both sides, there were three Commanders each. The Indian side had very senior Commanders, of the rank Air Marshal and higher:

Air Marshal Elmhirst KBE, CB, AFC 21 June 1948-23 February 1950
Air Chief Marshal Ivelaw-Chapman KBE, GCB, CB, DFC, AFC 23 February 1950-9 December 1951
Air Marshal Gerald Gibbs CIE, CBE, MC & Two Bars 10 December 1951 -31 March 1954 [37]

The Pakistani side had comparatively junior Commanders:

Air Vice Marshal Allan Perry-Keene CB, OBE 15 August 1947-17 February 1949
Air Vice Marshal Richard Atcherley CB, CBE, AFC 18 February 1949-6 May 1951
Air Vice Marshal Leslie William Cannon CB, CBE 7 May 1951-19 June 1955 : 40 [38]

What is even more surprising is the fact that British Commanders, who knew each other well, were on opposite sides in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, the Kashmir conflict. [39]

Dormant for six years, No 15 Sqn IAF was renumbered No 1 Sqn, IAF in 1953. Its current history began in the Mirage era, i.e., 01 Jan 1986 onwards. The first batch of seven Mirage 2000 H/TH were ferried in by eight IAF pilots on 29 June 1985 and were formally accepted by the then Defence Minister(RM) PV Narasimha Rao. [40][41] These eight pilots were, in order of seniority:

Wg Cdr Ajit (Ajit) Bhavnani, Sqn Cdr designate 7 Sqn AF
Sqn Ldr Padamjit Singh (Pudding) Ahluwalia, Sqn Cdr designate 1 Sqn AF
Sqn Ldr Sharad (Suzy) Apte
Sqn Ldr Noel (Pots) Moitra
Sqn Ldr KK (Swamy) Swaminathan
Sqn Ldr Anil (Chopie) Chopra
Sqn Ldr SP (Raju) Rajguru
Flt Lt Rajan (Rajan) Bhasin.

The first 16 aircraft used the M53-5 engine, and were called Mirage 2000-5 H/TH aircraft (H for Hindustan and TH for Two-seater Hindustan). In Oct 1985, Sqn Ldr Pudding Ahluwalia was promoted to Wg Cdr, and he left 7 Sqn AF to set up 1 Sqn AF. Pilots posted to the Sqn wef Jan 86 first flew and completed a specific syllabus in 7 Sqn AF. The Sqn had only six H/TH aircraft, and were in line to get the subsequent Mirage 2000 aircraft, re-engined with the more powerful but noisier M53-P2 engine. In Jan 86 itself, the Sqn flew 220 hours. By Aug 1986, the Sqn had its full complement of aircraft, crew, Tech officers and technicians. One pilot and six Technical officers were trained in France on the EW suite that was to equip the aircraft.

The Sqn was deployed at frontline bases in Dec 86, when Pakistan reacted adversely to India’s Operation Brasstacks. Nothing untoward happened and the Sqn got back to Gwalior in June 87. Both 1 and 7 Sqns had their complete quota of P2 aircraft and equipment. On return, it was noticed that many aircraft had cracks on the undersurface of their wings. The cause for this structural damage was identified quickly in wind-tunnel testing and all aircraft successfully repaired/protected from any such damage.

The Sqn was allotted the Electronic Warfare and Air Defence role, and the crew trained accordingly. The one incident that marred the spotless sheet of the Sqn was the accidental ingestion of a small side-intake metal guard. This was hidden from view and only got sucked in once the aircraft raised its nose to about 10 degrees on its take-off roll to lift off. Certain modules of the damaged engine needed replacement.

Wg Cdr Ahluwalia handed over the Sqn to Wg Cdr S ‘Suzie’ Apte in May 1988. Suzie focussed on EW training and the Sqn flew many instructional sorties with the MiG-21 (Type 96) and Jaguar aircraft, which types of aircraft also had EW pods. He was to hand over in May 90 to Wg Cdr NA ‘Pots’ Moitra, who was then doing the Royal Air Force Staff Course (RAFSC) in the UK.

Pots Moitra had learned quite a bit from his exposure to and flying with European Air Forces while at RAFSC. His first measure was to open up the EW programming suite, specifically the Aircraft Self Protection Jammer(ASPJ-both the Remora and ABD 2000) to all pilots from 7 Sqn AF, then commanded by Wg Cdr M John, an ex-1 Sqn pilot, who was equally keen to get all his pilots to get on board the EW bus. In three months, that Sqn had its own programming computer and each pilot was able to put together jamming programmes for both the internal and external jammer pods. Using an open-ended definition of ‘cannibalising’, Pots Moitra, assisted by his brilliant Sqn Tech Offr, Sqn Ldr PP Ganda (since deceased) and Flt Cdrs Sqn Ldr SP Rajguru and HH Patel, got his aircraft serviceability rate to 80% and over for nineteen months on end. This facilitated a 19 aircraft flypast with 100% serviceability in one detail, with pilots borrowed from 7 Sqn and with the Air Officer Commanding Gwalior, Air Cmde Bharat Kumar in the lead two-seater with him; Rear Seat Captaincy for all 20 pilots of the Sqn on the two-seater, Green instrument ratings and 4-ship lead clearance for all pilots. He also was the first Indian pilot to cross 1000 hours on type. He was awarded the Vayu Sena Medal for his role and effort in boosting overall flying rate per pilot and keeping the Air Force Flag flying at its peak.

Wg Cdr NA Moitra VM handed over command to Wg Cdr Anil Chopra, who was responsible for celebrating the Sqn's Diamond Jubilee Year in 1993. Incidentally, the IAF celebrated its own Diamond Jubilee that same year. The Squadron celebrations saw the brass, past and present, of the entire Air Force under one roof. Wg Cdr SS Dhanda took over the Tigers in May 94 and was succeeded by Wg Cdr Daljit Singh in Nov 95 who commanded the Squadron till Dec 97, after which Wg Cdr Neelakanthan took over.

  • Moitraanak (talk) 13:53, 12 August 2019 (UTC) Originally amended 16:09, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
  • Moitraanak (talk) 13:53, 12 August 2019 (UTC) Originally amended12:35, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
  • Amended para 1: Moitraanak (talk) 13:53, 12 August 2019 (UTC) Originally amended 11:06, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

Brothers James and John Chivas, born in 1810 and 1814 respectively, were two of fourteen children born to Robert & Christian Chivas, living on the remote Strathythan farm in the Ellon Parish of Aberdeenshire. [42][43] In 1836, aged 26 & 22 years respectively, James and John decided to leave their impecunious rustic lifestyle in search of better options in Aberdeen, 20 miles away. [44]
James joined one William Edwards, who, in 1828, had bought a well known high-quality grocery, luxury goods, wines and liquor (including Malt whisky) emporium from one John Forrest. He became a partner in 1838. [45] John began working at a wholesale footwear firm, DL Shirres and Co. This firm would be awarded distribution rights of Chivas Bros from 1860-1886, from John Chivas’ entry till James Chivas’ death. [46][47]
Edwards died in 1841 and one Charles Stewart took over. [48]In 1843, Stewart and Chivas was granted a Royal Warrant to supply goods to Queen Victoria. Seven years later in 1850, Stewart & Chivas was appointed Royal Grocer to the queen’s mother, the Duchess of Kent. [46]
In Scotland, the money trail followed Uisge beatha. Distilling whisky was legalised in 1823,[49] [50] and the number of brands in the market increased. Some were rotgut, some produced at 70-72% ABV, but the majority were at 60-65% ABV, imbibed after cutting with water. [46]There were a few good brands too, news of which spread by word of mouth.
Vatting of whiskies within Bond Warehouses was legalised in 1853 (The Forbes-Mackenzie Act) [51][52] [46]and the number of brands made available for sale increased overnight.
During this period, Stewart and James Chivas decided to respond to their affluent customers' demands for better whisky, by blending select malts to create a proprietary blend. The firm's first blended Malt Scotch whisky, the Royal Glen Dee, was launched in 1854. Stewart left in 1857, making way for John as partner, albeit a junior one, and the company could now be named Chivas Brothers. In 1863, they launched a proprietary Blended Scotch whisky, Royal Strathythan. [53] Another blended Malt whisky was added, the Chivas Brothers Old Highland Whisky, an eight year old whisky to mark the arrival of John Chivas as a partner. This brand was discontinued after John’s untimely demise. [46] The May 8, 1890 edition of Scotland Magazine described Chivas Brothers as "undoubtedly the finest purveying business in the north of Scotland". [54]
The last actively occupied Chivas family member, Alexander, son of James, died in 1893. [55]Control of the company would be exercised by one Alexander Smith and their Master Blender, Charles Stewart Howard. [46] Chivas had agents assess market condition in the US in the 1890s. The marketing team reported a booming economy in the US which was looking for luxury. In 1900, Howard decided to create a new blend in honour of the founding brothers, James and John. Using select malts from Speyside, the Highlands and Campbeltown, Howard found a malt-dominated recipe fitting the bill. Introducing the term ‘Regal’, Howard created a 25 year old whisky in 1909 called Chivas Regal, the oldest Blended Scotch Whisky of its era, establishing it as the world’s first and oldest luxury whisky. [56]
It was all one way street for the Chivas Regal, from 1909 till mid 2015, when WW I started to become a sluggish long drawn affair (2014-18). Existing stocks were exhausted rather quickly as demand outstripped supply. Shipping lanes to USA closed down and Chivas Bros switched to building reserves at home. [57]

DRAFT
Brothers James and John Chivas, born in 1810 and 1814 respectively, were two of fourteen children born to Robert & Christian Chivas, living on the remote Strathythan farm in the Ellon Parish of Aberdeenshire. [58][59] In 1836, aged 26 & 22 years respectively, James and John decided to leave their impecunious rustic lifestyle in search of better options in Aberdeen, 20 miles away. [60]

James joined one William Edwards, who, in 1828, had bought a well known high-quality grocery, luxury goods, wines and liquor (including Malt whisky) emporium from one John Forrest. He became a partner in 1838. [61] John began working at a wholesale footwear and apparel firm, DL Shirres and Co. This firm would be awarded distribution rights of Chivas Bros from 1860-1886, from John Chivas’ entry till James Chivas’ death and again later. [46][47]

Edwards died in 1841 and one Charles Stewart took over. [62]In 1843, Stewart and Chivas was granted a Royal Warrant to supply goods to Queen Victoria. Seven years later in 1850, Stewart & Chivas was appointed Royal Grocer to the queen’s mother, the Duchess of Kent, and many others followed. The huge advantage of getting a Royal Warrant is that the upper class gentry tend to follow royalty without a second thought.[46]

In Scotland, the money trail followed Uisge beatha. Distilling whisky was legalised in 1823,[63] [64] and the number of brands in the market increased. Some were rotgut, some produced at 70-72% ABV, but the majority were at 60-65% ABV, imbibed after cutting with water. [46]There were a few good brands too, news of which spread by word of mouth.

Vatting of whiskies within Bond Warehouses was legalised in 1853 (The Forbes-Mackenzie Act) [65][66] [46][67]and the number of brands made available for sale increased overnight. During this period, Stewart and James Chivas decided to respond to their affluent customers' demands for better whisky, by blending select malts to create a proprietary blend. The firm's first blended Malt Scotch whisky, the Royal Glen Dee, was launched in 1854. Stewart left in 1857, making way for John and the company could now be named Chivas Brothers. In 1863, they launched a proprietary Blended Scotch whisky, Royal Strathythan. [68] [46]

The May 8, 1890 edition of Scotland Magazine described Chivas Brothers as "undoubtedly the finest purveying business in the north of Scotland". [69]

The last actively occupied Chivas family member, Alexander, son of James, died in 1893. [70]Control of the company would henceforth be exercised by one Alexander Smith and their Master Blender, Charles Stewart Howard. [46]

Chivas had agents assess market condition in the US in the 1890s. The marketing team reported a booming economy in the US which was looking for luxury. In 1900, Howard decided to create a new blend in honour of the founding brothers, James and John. Using the very best malts available in the market and inhouse, Howard blended a malt-dominated recipe fitting the bill. Introducing the term ‘Regal’, Howard created a 25 year old whisky in 1909 called Chivas Regal, the oldest Blended Scotch Whisky of its era, establishing it as the world’s first and oldest luxury whisky. [71]

It was all one way street then for the Chivas Regal, from 1909 till mid 1915, when WW I started to become a sluggish long drawn affair (1914-18). Existing stocks were exhausted rather quickly as demand outstripped supply. Shipping lanes to USA closed down and Chivas Bros switched to building reserves at home. [72]

Whisky Brokers Morrison & Lundie bought off the company in 1936, and decided that it was far too onerous to maintain aged barrels of whisky. They wound up the 20-YO Loch Nevis and reduced the production of the Chivas 25 drastically, resulting in its withdrawal as their standard-bearer. They switched focus to a 12 YO heavily marketed ‘premium’ brand, a decision that would be seen as wise a lustrum later, when WW II (1939-1945) broke out in Europe, 4,000 miles from the USA. 1939 saw the debut and continued success of Chivas Regal 12 YO Blended Scotch in the USA at what was to become a global standard proof value of 75 degrees, i.e., 42.8% ABV. [73](The Americans mark it as 86 proof as they simply double the ABV to arrive at proof value.) Henceforth, quality, age (generally 12 years), cost (high), popularity (sales) and demography (high-end) would define a ‘Premium’ Scotch Whisky. [74]

Chivas Regal was purchased by Seagrams in 1949,[75] which enabled a much wider distribution and marketing system. Seagrams was owned by a Canadian, Samuel Bronfman, a Jew. When the Middle East opened up as a market post oil domination/OPEC, Seagrams’ products, including Chivas Regal, were banned in the entire Arab controlled area in the early 1960s. [76] Chivas would limp back nearly four decades later, when under Pernod Ricard.

In 1950, the firm bought Milton(Miltown) distillery, renaming it Strathisla, which not only is a key malt component of the blend but is also the brand’s home in Keith to this day. [77]

In 1997, the Chivas Regal range was expanded with the launch of much older whiskies like the Chivas Regal 18 year old, and in 2007 the new Chivas Regal 25.[78]

Pernod Ricard acquired Chivas Regal in 2001.[79]

Strathisla Distillery[edit]

Strathisla Distillery in Speyside is home to both Chivas Regal and its visitor centre. Founded in 1786 as Milton/ Miltown distillery, it is the oldest working distillery in Scotland. The Strathisla single malt is the core malt whisky in all Chivas Regal blends, buttressed by malts from Longmorn, Allt-a-Bhainne, Miltonduff and Braes of Glenlivet (now Braeval) and Grain from Strathclyde.[80]

  1. ^ https://www.thewhiskyexchange.com/feature/johnnie_walker/johnnie_walker_history.html
  2. ^ http://www.cigaraficionado.com/webfeatures/show/id/Walking-Tall_7582
  3. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(grocer)
  4. ^ http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jhb/whisky/gleanings/washact.htm
  5. ^ https://www.thewhiskyexchange.com/feature/johnnie_walker/johnnie_walker_history.html
  6. ^ http://www.cigaraficionado.com/webfeatures/show/id/Walking-Tall_7582
  7. ^ "Scotch: The Story of Whisky S01E02". Per Mikkelsen.
  8. ^ https://www.thewhiskyexchange.com/feature/johnnie_walker/johnnie_walker_history.html
  9. ^ Micallef, Joseph V. Scotch Whisky, its History, Production and Appreciation p 51(2015) Antioch Downs Press, Vancouver, Portland/www.AntiochDownsPress.com/ ISBN 978-0-9947571-1-1 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-0-9947571-0-4
  10. ^ https://www.whiskyshop.com/brief-history-of-blended-whisky
  11. ^ https://www.thewhiskyexchange.com/feature/johnnie_walker/johnnie_walker_history.html
  12. ^ Micallef, Joseph V. Scotch Whisky, its History, Production and Appreciation p 51(2015) Antioch Downs Press, Vancouver, Portland/www.AntiochDownsPress.com/ ISBN 978-0-9947571-1-1 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-0-9947571-0-4
  13. ^ https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/ fulltext/u2/ a523451.pdf
  14. ^ https:// www. mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/2nd-august-1858-parliament-passes-a-bill-to-take-over-the-administration-of-india-from-the-east-india-company-by-the-british-crown
  15. ^ https://www.britannica.com/ event/Soviet-invasion-of-Afghanistan
  16. ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/08/the-soviet-war-in-afghanistan-1979-1989/100786/
  17. ^ a b Baker, Kevin (2011). War in Afghanistan: A Short History of 80 Wars and Conflicts in Afghanistan and the Northwest Frontier 1839 to 2011. Kenthurst: Rosenberg Publishing. ISBN 9781921719127.
  18. ^ Peter Dahl Thruelsen, From Soldier to Civilian: DISARMAMENT DEMOBILISATION REINTEGRATION IN AFGHANISTAN, DIIS REPORT 2006:7, 12, supported by Uppsala Conflict Database Project, Uppsala University.
  19. ^ "The Taliban". Mapping Militant Organizations. Stanford University. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  20. ^ https:// www. mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/2nd-august-1858-parliament-passes-a-bill-to-take-over-the-administration-of-india-from-the-east-india-company-by-the-british-crown
  21. ^ https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/ fulltext/u2/ a523451.pdf
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