User:Mr. Ibrahem/Benign prostatic hyperplasia
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Benign enlargement of the prostate (BEP, BPE), adenofibromyomatous hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy,[1] benign prostatic obstruction[1] |
 | |
| Diagram of a normal prostate (left) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (right) | |
| Specialty | Urology |
| Symptoms | Frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, loss of bladder control[1] |
| Complications | Urinary tract infections, bladder stones, kidney failure[2] |
| Usual onset | Age over 40[1] |
| Causes | Unclear[1] |
| Risk factors | Family history, obesity, type 2 diabetes, not enough exercise, erectile dysfunction[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and examination after ruling out other possible causes[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Heart failure, diabetes, prostate cancer[2] |
| Treatment | Lifestyle changes, medications, a number of procedures, surgery[1][2] |
| Medication | Alpha blockers such as terazosin, 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride[1] |
| Frequency | 105 million affected globally (2015)[3] |
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland.[1] Symptoms may include frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, or loss of bladder control.[1] Complications can include urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and chronic kidney problems.[2]
The cause is unclear.[1] Risk factors include a family history, obesity, type 2 diabetes, not enough exercise, and erectile dysfunction.[1] Medications like pseudoephedrine, anticholinergics, and calcium channel blockers may worsen symptoms.[2] The underlying mechanism involves the prostate pressing on the urethra thereby making it difficult to pass urine out of the bladder.[1] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and examination after ruling out other possible causes.[2]
Treatment options including lifestyle changes, medications, a number of procedures, and surgery.[1][2] In those with mild symptoms weight loss, exercise, and decreasing caffeine intake is recommended.[2][4] In those with more significant symptoms, medications may include alpha blockers such as terazosin or 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride.[1] Surgical removal of part of the prostate may be carried out in those who do not improve with other measures.[2] Alternative medicine, such as saw palmetto, does not appear to help.[2]
About 105 million men are affected globally.[3] BPH typically begins after the age of 40.[1] Half of males age 50 and over are affected.[2] After the age of 80 about 90% of males are affected.[1] Although prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated in males with BPH, the condition does not increase the risk of prostate cancer.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)". NIDDK. September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kim, EH; Larson, JA; Andriole, GL (2016). "Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia". Annual Review of Medicine (Review). 67: 137–51. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-063014-123902. PMID 26331999.
- ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Silva, Valter; Grande, Antonio Jose; Peccin, Maria S (6 April 2019). "Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD012044. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012044.pub2. PMC 6450803. PMID 30953341.
- ^ Chang, RT; Kirby, R; Challacombe, BJ (April 2012). "Is there a link between BPH and prostate cancer?". Practitioner. 256 (1750): 13–6, 2. PMID 22792684.