User:Mr. Ibrahem/Multiple sclerosis

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Multiple sclerosis
Other namesDisseminated sclerosis, encephalomyelitis disseminata
CD68-stained tissue shows several macrophages in the area of a demyelinated lesion caused by MS.
SpecialtyNeurology
SymptomsDouble vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness, trouble with sensation, trouble with coordination[1]
Usual onsetAge 20–50[2]
DurationLong term[1]
CausesUnknown[3]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms and medical tests[4]
TreatmentMedications, physical therapy[1]
Prognosis5–10 year shorter life expectancy[5]
Frequency2 million (2015)[6]
Deaths18,900 (2015)[7]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.[1] This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to transmit signals, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems.[5][8][9] Specific symptoms can include double vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness and trouble with sensation or coordination.[1] MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms).[10] Between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely; however, permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as the disease advances.[10]

While the cause is unclear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune system or failure of the myelin-producing cells.[3] Proposed causes for this include genetics and being triggered by a viral infection such as Epstein-Barr virus.[8][11] MS is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests.[4]

There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis.[1] Treatments attempt to improve function after an attack and prevent new attacks.[8] Medications used to treat MS, while modestly effective, can have side effects and be poorly tolerated.[1] Physical therapy can help with people's ability to function.[1] Many people pursue alternative treatments, despite a lack of evidence of benefit.[12] The long-term outcome is difficult to predict; good outcomes are more often seen in women, those who develop the disease early in life, those with a relapsing course, and those who initially experienced few attacks.[13] Life expectancy is on average five to ten years lower than that of the unaffected population.[5]

Multiple sclerosis is the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the central nervous system.[14] In 2015, about 2.3 million people were affected globally, with rates varying widely in different regions and among different populations.[6][15] In that year, about 18,900 people died from MS, up from 12,000 in 1990.[7][16] The disease usually begins between the ages of twenty and fifty and is twice as common in women as in men.[2] MS was first described in 1868 by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot.[17] The name multiple sclerosis refers to the numerous glial scars (or sclerae – essentially plaques or lesions) that develop on the white matter of the brain and spinal cord.[17] A number of new treatments and diagnostic methods are under development.[18]

Video summary of the lead (script)

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "NINDS Multiple Sclerosis Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b Milo R, Kahana E (March 2010). "Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment". Autoimmunity Reviews. 9 (5): A387-94. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.010. PMID 19932200.
  3. ^ a b Nakahara J, Maeda M, Aiso S, Suzuki N (February 2012). "Current concepts in multiple sclerosis: autoimmunity versus oligodendrogliopathy". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 42 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1007/s12016-011-8287-6. PMID 22189514.
  4. ^ a b Tsang BK, Macdonell R (December 2011). "Multiple sclerosis- diagnosis, management and prognosis". Australian Family Physician. 40 (12): 948–55. PMID 22146321.
  5. ^ a b c Compston A, Coles A (October 2008). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet. 372 (9648): 1502–17. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7. PMID 18970977.
  6. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c Compston A, Coles A (April 2002). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet. 359 (9313): 1221–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08220-X. PMID 11955556.
  9. ^ Murray ED, Buttner EA, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Daroff R, Fenichel G, Jankovic J, Mazziotta J (eds.). Bradley's neurology in clinical practice (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-0434-1.
  10. ^ a b Lublin FD, Reingold SC (April 1996). "Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis". Neurology. 46 (4): 907–11. doi:10.1212/WNL.46.4.907. PMID 8780061.
  11. ^ Ascherio A, Munger KL (April 2007). "Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection". Annals of Neurology. 61 (4): 288–99. doi:10.1002/ana.21117. PMID 17444504.
  12. ^ Huntley A (January 2006). "A review of the evidence for efficacy of complementary and alternative medicines in MS". International MS Journal. 13 (1): 5–12, 4. PMID 16420779.
  13. ^ Weinshenker BG (1994). "Natural history of multiple sclerosis". Annals of Neurology. 36 (Suppl): S6-11. doi:10.1002/ana.410360704. PMID 8017890.
  14. ^ Berer K, Krishnamoorthy G (November 2014). "Microbial view of central nervous system autoimmunity". FEBS Letters. 588 (22): 4207–13. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.007. PMID 24746689.
  15. ^ World Health Organization (2008). Atlas: Multiple Sclerosis Resources in the World 2008 (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-92-4-156375-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2013.
  16. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b Clanet M (June 2008). "Jean-Martin Charcot. 1825 to 1893". International MS Journal. 15 (2): 59–61. PMID 18782501. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
    * Charcot, J. (1868). "Histologie de la sclerose en plaques". Gazette des Hopitaux, Paris. 41: 554–5.
  18. ^ Cohen JA (July 2009). "Emerging therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis". Archives of Neurology. 66 (7): 821–8. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.104. PMID 19597083.
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