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Die spanischen Damen haben ihre Cicisbeen unter dem Namen von Corteji. Anstatt aber daß die Italiänerinnen gemeiniglich nur Einen haben, haben diese deren drey, unter den Namen Ano, Estrecho und Santo. Diese werden jährlich durch das Loos gewählet. Der Ano, (welches im Span. ein Jahr heißt) hat den Namen, weil er am lezten Tage des Jahrs gewählt wird; der Estrecho (vertraute Freund) wird am h. Dreykönigs=Tage, und der Santo am Weihnachtsabend gewählt. Die Wahl dieser Herren, welche nur bloß dem Namen nach unterschieden sind, geschieht folgendergestallt. Die Namen der jungen Herren und Damen, sie mögen verheurathet seyn oder nicht, werden auf kleine Stücke Papier geschrieben, und jede besonders in zween Hüte geworfen. Die Jüngste in einer Gesellschaft zieht alsdenn mit Einer Hand den Namen des jungen Herrn, und mit der andern des Frauenzimmers. Wenn Estrechos gezogen werden, so ist es gewöhnlich, kleine epigrammatische Verse in die Hüte zu werfen, welche zugleich mit den Namen herausgezogen werden, und der Gesellschaft ein großes Vergnügen machen, wenn sie von ohngefär mit dem Character der herausgezogenen zusammen passen. Werden Santos gezogen, so wird der Name eines Heiligen, statt der Verse mit in den Hut geworfen, und <8, 127> der junge Herr ist verbunden, demjenigen Heiligen, dessen Name mit dem Namen seiner Gebieterinn herauskömmt, eine besondere Ehrerbietung zu bezeigen, und die Dame eben so.

Der Cortejo von jeder Benennung, hat das Recht, zu jeder Stunde in das Haus seiner Gebieterinn zu kommen, auch mit ihr zu speisen, wenn es ihm gefällt, ohne Einladung. Er wird dadurch gewissermaßen ein Mitglied der Familie.

Es ist leicht einzusehen, sagt Baretti, in seinen Reisen, 1760, daß diese Gewohnheit weit weniger Gelegenheit zu Ausschweifungen giebt, als die Cicisbeen in Italien. Die Verbindung zwischen einem Cortejo und seiner Dame dauert aber nur Ein Jahr, und da ihrer drey gleiche Rechte haben, so kann keiner Gelegenheit nehmen, oder verlangen, mit ihr allein zu seyn. Da ferner jede Dame drey Corteji hat, so ist jeder junge Herr, Cortejo unter den verschiedenen Benennungen bey drey Damen; denn er kann Ano bey der einen, Estrecho bey der andern, und Santo bey der dritten seyn. Dazu kömmt, daß die Namen des Mannes und der Frau sehr oft zusammengezogen werden, und sie z. E. Estrechos mit einander sind; daß nicht allein die Pforten der Häuser, sondern auch die Thüren aller Zimmer vom Morgen bis in die Nacht hinein offen stehen, und daß alle Freunde und Bekannte ohne Umstände ein= und ausgehen. Wie sehr aber ist dieses von dem italiänischen Gebrauch verschieden, nach dem eine Dame mit ihrem Cicisbe allein, einen großen Theil der Nacht in einer Casina zubringen darf, ohne daß Jemand sich ihnen nähert!

Eine spanische Dame nimmt des Morgens Visiten an, indem sie im Bette aufrecht sitzt, und einen Chocolatetisch vor sich stehen hat. Die Herren sitzen auf Stühlen um sie herum, kommen herein und gehen weg ohne alle Umstände, selbst ohne von einem Bedienten hereingefuhrt zu werden. Wenn sie aufstehen will, so werden die Herren ersucht abzutreten, kurz darauf aber wieder zur Toilette gefordert, wo sie so lange bleiben, bis die Dame zur Messe geht, welche ein Frauenzimmer von Stande niemals versäumt. Die eingeführte Lebensart <8, 128> in Spanien ist so, daß ein Frauenzimmer niemals sich selbst überlaßen seyn, am wenigsten aber eine Intrigue durchsuhren kann, ohne sich über alle Gebräuche weg zu setzen, welches aber ohne gänzlichen Verlust ihres guten Namens unmöglich ist. Selbst in der Kutsche fährt kein Mann von Stande mit einem Frauenzimmer allein. Ein Bedienter der keine Liverey trägt, nimmt allemal seinen Platz im Wagen; und diese Mode wird beobachret, wenn auch Mann und Frau mit einander fahren.

STRIPPER WELLS:

But without the stripper wells' aggregate production, the United States would have to import an additional 860,000 barrels of oil a day (an increase of 7%), and 1.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas (an increase of 38%).

Life extension technologies will reduce plugging and abandonment rates and sustain the stripper wells' contribution to U.S. energy supply and security. In 2002 alone, more than 3,800 gas wells and 14,000 oil wells were abandoned, even though most were still producing. Once stripper wells are plugged and abandoned, the costs to re-access the reserves are prohibitive, and the energy resources may be lost forever.

The six deployment-ready applications are:

* Gas Operated Automatic Lift (GOAL) PetroPump – Brandywine Energy & Development Co. developed a gas-operated automatic plunger lift tool to remove fluids from stripper wells, resulting in increased production. The system operates automatically using an on-tool, pressure-activated valve that is pre-set to retrieve and deliver a fixed volume of fluid during each run. It automatically returns to the well bore for additional fluid when required. The tool has low maintenance and service requirements, which is generally limited to changing the cup seals after several months of operation. It is inexpensive to operate because it requires no external energy source and limited manpower.
* Vortex Flow Tools – Vortex Flow LLC developed a revolutionary vortex flow regime that accelerates the velocity of water and reduces the friction that causes pressure drops as fluids flow through a pipe, resulting in far greater efficiency when moving fluids. These tools have been proven to increase production and lower maintenance costs. Test results have shown that Vortex surface tools eliminate water buildup in low spots in flow and gas gathering lines, reducing upstream pressures. Over 200 Vortex surface tools have been installed in gas-gathering and production flow lines across the U.S. Another Vortex tool is designed for installation at the bottom of tubing and reduces the pressure drop up the tubing string, thereby reducing the gas flow needed to lift liquids up the well bore.
* Hydraulic Diaphragm Electric Submersible Pump – Pumping Solutions Inc. (now part of Smith Lift LLC) developed a new type of pump based on a hydraulic-driven diaphragm, which has proven to be tolerant of fines and has allowed placement of the pump inlet below the perforations in sandy wells. Its performance advantages include:

o Pumps coal fines and solids at higher concentrations than traditional systems.
o Pumps gas/liquid mixtures.
o Pumps dry/off with no damage within motor limits.
o Pumps any viscosity whether high or low.
o Has constant output with depth.
o Is highly efficient with reduced electric costs.
* Weatherbee Pump – W&W Vacuum & Compressor Inc. is developing a type of variable-capacity compressor/pump for low-productivity gas production operations. The new pump will have lower initial costs and lower operational costs compared to existing technology. The new compressor has four rotating chambers, which provides four intake and four exhaust strokes in each 360 degree rotation. The pump economizes motion by loading two chambers while two chambers are unloading. Since the pump has no corners or "dead spots," no fluids are trapped. The pump has a capacity-control mechanism which allows the flow rate of the device to be varied to meet increased or decreased demands without changing the rotation rate of the drive shaft. The pump functions equally well whether rotating clockwise or counterclockwise, can be mounted in any position without affecting normal operations, and can handle high BTU gas. The pump is substantially smaller and lighter than existing products on the market.
* Chemical Injector for Plunger Lift Gas Wells – Composite Engineers Inc. developed a chemical system called the Plunger Conveyed Chemical System, which reduces well bore corrosion and maintenance costs. It consists of five moving parts, most of which are in the chemical chamber on the top of the well. A standard oilfield chemical pump charges the chemical chamber with any liquid chemical such as corrosion inhibitors, foaming agents or paraffin solvents, or even a combination of chemicals alternately. The entire system can be installed in about 15 minutes without special tools. The system does not change the plunger performance or well characteristics and is field-proven.
* Low-Cost Real-Time Downhole Wireless Gauge – Tubel Technologies Inc. developed a new downhole wireless gauge that addresses the needs of oil and gas producers for a simple system to automate and optimize hydrocarbon production. The system eliminates cables, clamps and splices inside the well bore, increasing reliability, lowering costs and significantly reducing the time required for deployment of the completion system in the well. The tool monitors temperature and pressure, but additional parameters can be added. This new technology can be used both in permanent and service applications. The wireless gauge can also provide reservoir evaluation with formation build-up tests to optimize production and maximize the amount of hydrocarbon that can be extracted from the wellbore.

These technologies were developed by the Stripper Well Consortium, an industry-directed group whose research, development and demonstration efforts are co-funded by the DOE through the National Energy Technology Laboratory's Strategic Center for Natural Gas and Oil. The six new technologies that have been commercialized, or are near commercialization, generally serve the purposes of increasing production, raising efficiencies or lowering costs. The consortium has been active in bringing along more than 55 additional technologies, some of which are approaching commercial readiness.

Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Carl ROGERS

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112098317/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

http://www.culturewars.com/CultureWars/1999/rogers.html

Research Article

An encounter between psychology and religion: Humanistic psychology and the Immaculate Heart of Mary nuns Robert Kugelmann University of Dallas

Abstract In the 1960s, humanistic psychology changed the relationship between psychology and religion by actively asserting the value of individual experience and self-expression. This was particularly evident in the encounter group movement. Beginning in 1967, Carl Rogers conducted a series of encounter groups, in order to promote self-directed change in an educational system, for the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, a religious order in California running an educational system. William Coulson, one of Rogers's associates in the project, later charged that the encounter groups undermined the religious order and played a major contributing part in the breakup of the order in 1970. The article examines these charges, situating the incident within the context of the changes occurring in religious life and in psychology in the 1960s. The article concludes that an already existing conflict the nuns had with the conservative Cardinal McIntyre of Los Angeles led to the departure of some 300 nuns from the order, who began the Immaculate Heart Community, an organization existing today. Nevertheless, encounter groups proved to be a psychological technology that helped to infuse a modern psychological - specifically, a humanistic psychological - perspective into contemporary religious life. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lieutenant Percy Simpson

You will have already seen the name of Percy Simpson in the stories about Solomon Wiseman where he appears as a magistrate. He has appeared as the anonymous ZZZ letter writer in the Sydney Gazette and in the letter he wrote to the Governor about bushrangers and the origin of the ZZZ letter.

His involvement in both the Royal Navy and the British Army provided him with experience which could ultimately be of value in the Colony of NSW. That he achieved some status in this regard is of historical interest in following the course of actions relating to the construction of the Great North Road.

There are items relating to his background before emigrating to Australia and during the early stages of his life in New South Wales before he took a major part in the construction of the Great North Road. These items are discussed below.

Simpson's Early Years

Percy Simpson was a remarkable man who contributed greatly to the development of the Colony of New South Wales. He was born in Canada on 5 March 1789, the son of Major Noah Simpson of the 31st Regiment of Foot, and baptised as Pierce but known as Percy. He was from an apparently Anglo-Irish family with property in County Lietrim. He married Hester Elizabeth McNeill in 1818. Nothing has been found about his schooling or upbringing but an entry in the Naval Chronicle notes him as having been appointed Lieutenant from Midshipman in 1808 about the age of 19.

He did not stay in the Royal Navy long and next he is to be found in the British Army. He appears fourth in the list of Ensigns for 1810 in the First Garrison Battalion, a unit very likely serving in Ireland. By 1812, he had moved up to first among Ensigns in that Battalion. The Garrison Battalions and Regiments formed a group, the role of which seems to have included the construction of infrastructure works - such as roads, buildings and facilities for water supply in occupied or governed territories; some functions of government and administration also fell among this group. With this background, Simpson would have had the added advantage of naval training in navigation to equip him later as the competent surveyor he proved to be.

The Royal Corsican Rangers, serving at that time in the Mediterranean theatre, made up one of these units in the group. Simpson was posted to this Regiment in June 1812 as first in the list of Lieutenants. The Rangers were raised in 1803 by the British Army mainly from Corsican nationals and included some foreign officers. It was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Hudson Lowe and was involved in campaigns against the French. It garrisoned Capri after its capture from the French in 1806 and was involved in Calabria and the Battle of Maida there.

In 1809, the British mounted an expedition against the Ionian Island, the largest of which is Corfu. It was not until 1814 that Paxos, one of the smallest of the group, was reduced. Thereupon, Simpson was appointed Governor and Advocate General of Paxos. Later, in a submission from New South Wales, he describes himself as Capi di Governo or Head of Government at Paxos. After the conclusion of hostilities with France by the Treaty of Paris in 1815, the Rangers remained in the Islands until disbanded in Corfu early in 1817. Simpson was repatriated to join the 5th Royal Veteran Battalion which in turn appears to have been disbanded in 1821, with Simpson retired on full pay. His age would then have been about 32 years.

As background to Percy Simpson's experience on Paxos, the island is 8 km long and 2 km wide with a population of about 5000. It is closely cultivated with terraces incorporating rock walling. Its water supply came from one small stream and springs and it appears that the British developed this water supply by excavating a number of cisterns, no doubt similar to those built in the same era alongside the Tank Stream at Sydney Cove. Bearing in mind his experience on Paxos, Simpson must have seen better prospects in New South Wales than in England. He and his family departed for Sydney in 1822. [Much of this material is from an address to members of the Royal United Services Institution of NSW by Lieutenant R.R. Ash, published in United Service, Vol.45, No.4, April 1992, entitled "Lieutenant Percy Simpson Ñ Road and Dam Construction in Early New South Wales".]

Percy Simpson in New South Wales

Simpson, his wife and two children migrated from England to Sydney on the ship MANGLES, arriving on 8 November 1822.There was possibly one good reason why Simpson saw better prospects in the colony of New South Wales than in England of that time.

While on service in the Napoleonic War, he is said to have met Sir Thomas Brisbane, a relative of his wife, who was Governor of New South Wales on his arrival in Sydney. Simpson came with an order for a grant of 2000 acres of land, and letters of recommendation from a number of influential people including Sir Thomas Maitland and the Adjutant-General Sir Henry Torrens. General Sir Thomas Maitland had been prominent in the Mediterranean and was the first High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands.

No doubt Brisbane saw in their ex-garrison officer just what he required to establish an outpost in the Wellington Valley, west of Bathurst, an area seen as having potential for wheat growing. Someone was needed to prove this, and at the same time provide an out-of-the-way location for a number of "gentleman" convicts. These included those transported for political offences, and seen as having the capacity to generate dissention among the general convict population of Sydney.

The Wellington Outpost

Simpson set off on 1 January 1823 via Bathurst, accompanied by his wife, with soldiers and convicts and stores to undertake his commission. He had not been give the services of any other officers to share his burden which included the offices of Commandant, Chaplain, Commissary and Engineer, all very necessary. Simpson succeeded in his task but not without many difficulties and problems. By June 1826, he had 8099 bushels of wheat in store, plus cattle and livestock. He had provided rations for 250 persons. He was not happy with the terms of his per capita leased contract. The Government offered him a notional variation but still on a per capita basis. With wheat selling at a good price, he asked about a value-based commission to be included in a payment package. The Government refused to meet him and an impasse developed.

The operation had proved attractive enough for interests in Sydney to influence the Home Office to have the Valley thrown open to private development. Simpson was withdrawn in May 1826. He was replaced by a man of lesser calibre, the Depot waned and the buildings ultimately became an Aboriginal Mission Station. It is interesting to observe that Governor Brisbane's term finished in December 1825 when he was replaced by Ralph Darling. Simpson claimed that he was due £4000 in a formal memorandum to the new governor in July 1826. Nothing transpired for a while and then he was offered £300 for each year that he was involved in the outpost. By March 1826, Simpson was seriously in debt and Mrs Simpson was in poor health. She had had seven children by 1832 and there were others later, even though she always struggled with her health and with the poverty brought about by her husband's debts. In spite of all the difficulties, Percy and Hester had ten children.

Still nothing had developed on the claim, Percy had to consider his financial position and the health of his wife and children. He decided that he would become a settler and took up the 2000 acres for which he had had an order on arrival in Australia. He chose to run cattle on two tracts of land adjacent to each other at Koorumbung in the region of Dora Creek. He was now in financial difficulty and sought a loan from the Government offering his land as security but his request was refused. When the land was finally surveyed in 1829, Surveyor General Oxley found the two adjacent land grants in the register and thought it was a mistake. He surpringly crossed one of them out! Simpson's second grant was awarded to John Tincombe much to Simpson's horror when he found out, especially as he had been working on the second grant. He complained bitterly with the result that he was given another grant of land at what is now Eraring. He never farmed this grant and sold it soon afterwards to pay off his debts.

Fate did not treat Simpson and his wife kindly. With one fine piece of engineering on the Great North Road and a later involvement in another engineering feat in Parramatta, Percy was out of work and out of favour a number of times during his life. It seems that his wife, in spite of her health, all the problems of raising a large family and the financial troubles, stuck with him and was as capable in her way as he was. During one of his absences in 1847, she made a petition to Governor Fitzroy that at least brought a favourable if not final response to his Wellington claims. The final resolution has not been found in the papers so far. It does reflect credit to a considerable degree on her persistence and determination on behalf of her husband.

Building of the Great North Road from Wiseman's Ferry is where the story goes next. We find Percy Simpson assigned as Assistant Surveyor of Roads and Bridges in 1828. His ability as a road builder from his Garrison days had already been acknowledged. It is recorded that he wrote to Earl Bathurst in 1822 claiming "his knowledge of surveying and road making might be useful in the New Colony". He later referred to the improved system of road making in England, developed by such people as Macadam and Telford. As we have already seen, he had had experience as Advocate General at Paxos. Because he was dealing with convicts on the roadworks, he was made a temporary magistrate at Wiseman's Ferry. All his previous experience appeared to be coming to his rescue in providing worthwhile tasks.

The Wellington Caves are a group of limestone caves located 8 kilometers south of Wellington, Australia.

The first Europeans to explore the caves were probably associated with Lieutenant Percy Simpson's settlement (1823-1831) but the first written account was provided by the explorer Hamilton Hume in 1828.

Two years later George Rankin, a local magistrate, found fossil bones of both a diprotodon and a giant kangaroo in the caves. The diprotodon was herbivorous and its teeth were well adapted for grazing (although the replica statue on-site makes it look like a Walt Disney rabbit). It roamed the area during the Pleistocene period.

Rankin returned later with Sir Thomas Mitchell and collected a huge variety of bones from the caves which appear to have acted as a natural trap for fauna. These remains became the subject of an address by Mitchell to the Geological Society of London in 1831. Since that time the cave has been a steady source of information about ancient geology and fauna, although collapses and other geological phenomena have splintered and scattered skeletons and, tragically, phosphate mining from 1913 to 1971 has rendered priceless palaeontological evidence into fertiliser for farmers.

The caves were vandalised during the nineteenth century and it wasn¹t until 1884 that they became a reserve. By 1888 over 1500 people a year were visiting them. Today over 50 000 people visit the caves annually.

To get there turn off the Mitchell Highway, 8 km south of Wellington. As you approach the caves there are a number of attractions. The Great Western Crystal Cottage is a substantial exhibition of crystals, gold, amethyst and gemstones. The Bottle House (constructed from over 9000 bottles) and the car park are to the left. Behind the bottle house is the garden railway and beyond the car park is an 18-hole golf course and club house, tel: (02) 6845 2130.

Two of the caves are open for inspection (by guided tour only) - the Cathedral Cave and the Garden Cave. Tours are held every day but Christmas, on the hour from 9.00 am to 4.00 pm, with no tour at 1.00 pm. There are additional tours on weekends, public and school holidays so ring the visitors' centre on 1800 621 614 to check times before you visit.

The Cathedral Cave is famous for its huge stalagmite known as Altar Rock which is 32 metres in circumference at its base and over 15 metres high. It was once thought to be the largest stalagmite in the world. A visit lasts about 45 minutes and a tour of Gaden Cave takes about 40 minutes. The latter is noted for its unusual and beautiful cave coral.

In recent times members of the Sydney University Speleology Club have discovered other caverns in the area. There are now 26 in the reserve. The most important discoveries have been the River Cave and Water Cave (both are submerged) which contain valuable fossils.

The old Phosphate Mine (wheelchair friendly) has been fully restored and is also open for inspection. There are currently four tours a day and seven in the holidays (ring 1800 621 614 to check times). No bare feet, thongs or sandals are allowed in the mine.

References[edit]

Joan Starr and Doug McMillan, The Wellington Caves. Treasure Trove of Fossils, Dubbo, Macquarie Publications, 1985.
Kent Henderson, The Wellington Caves and Abercrombie

Wellington Caves are really dry caves as they are located west of the dividing range. Only occasional rains are not enough to explain the existence of those caves, so they were formed long ago, when Australia was far more south to the pole and the climate was much drier. The cave has nice river passages, which are the last remains of a strong cave river. Today the floor is covered with dry earth.

The regular tourist cave tours show a cave, which is called Cathedral Cave. The last chamber of the tour contains the Altar Rock, a 15 m high stalagmite with 32m circumference at the bottom. It is told to be the largest stalagmite in the world.

From the geological or speleological viewpoint, the cave with its multiple flow forms, is very interesting. Despite the single huge pilar there are fortunately not many speleothems covering the facets of the wall.

The second cave, open for the public is Garden Cave. This cave is famous for its unusual and beautiful cave coral.

The third related sight, open for the public, is the old Phosphate Mine. The caves are home to numerous bats, among them a threatened species called bent-wing bat. A troglobiontic crab living in the caves is considered to be a living fossil.

In the Bone Cave, which is only open to scientists, millions of years old fossils have been found. It was discovered in 1830 by the colonist George Rankin, who accidentally fell into the entrance of a cave. There he found piles of bones, many of them were of enormous size and could not be matched with any known Australian animal. In the same year he and Surveyor General Thomas Mitchell collected more than 1000 specimans.

The age of the bones ranges from approximately 30,000 years up to four million years. The extinct species found here are for example marsupial lions (thylacoleo), the diprotodon, giant kangaroos, huge seven metre-long carnivorous goanna, other reptiles, and birds. The diprotodon was a herbivorous marsupial and its teeth were well adapted for grazing. It roamed the area during the Pleistocene period. At the entrance of the cave is a sculpture which tries to show its original look. Looks a bit like the big rabbit from Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland, just without watch and hat.

In 2000, right before the Olympic Games, the Australian Museum in Sydney opened a major exhibition with bones from Wellington. The exhibition tours several natural museums in Australia.

The reserve contains numerous other caves. With recent discoveries by the members of the Sydney University Speleology Club their number is 26. Two of them are waterfilled: River Cave and Water Cave.