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{{subst:Mergerproposal|Ti-yong|Talk:Essence-Function#Merger proposal}} Essence-Function


The Ten Celestial (Heavenly) Stems - 天干 tiāngān

[edit]
  Celestial
Stem
Pinyin Yin and Yang
(陰陽)
Wu Xing
(五行)
Wu Xing
correlations
1 jiǎ 陽 (yang) 木 (tree|wood) 東 East
2 陰 (yin)
3 bǐng 陽 (yang) 火 (fire) 南 South
4 dīng 陰 (yin)
5 陽 (yang) 土 (earth) 中 Middle
6 陰 (yin)
7 gēng 陽 (yang) 金 (metal) 西 West
8 xīn 陰 (yin)
9 rén 陽 (yang) 水 (water) 北 North
10 guǐ 陰 (yin)

The literal meaning of the characters was roughly as follows:[1]

Celestial
Stem
Meaning
Original Modern
shell first (book I, person A etc.), helmet, armor, words related to beetles, crustaceans, methyl group, fingernails, toenails
fishguts second (book II, person B etc.), twist, words related to the ethyl group
fishtail [2] third, bright, fire, fishtail (rare)
nail fourth, male adult, robust, T-shaped, to strike, a surname
lance (not used)
threads on a loom [3] self
evening star age (of person)
to offend superiors [4] bitter, piquant, toilsome
burden[5] to shoulder, to trust with office
disposed grass [6] (not used)

The Twelve Earthly Branches - 地支 dìzhī

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Arctic Side

  Earthly
Branch
Pinyin Chinese zodiac Japanese zodiac Direction Season Lunar Month Double Hour
1
Rat
0° (north) winter Month 11 11pm to 1am (midnight)
2 chǒu
Ox
30° Month 12 1am to 3am
3 yín
Tiger
60° spring Month 1 3am to 5am
4 mǎo
Rabbit
90° (east) Month 2 5am to 7am
5 chén 龍 (龙)
Dragon
120° Month 3 7am to 9 am
6
Snake
150° summer Month 4 9am to 11am
7 馬 (马)
Horse
180° (south) Month 5 11am to 1pm (noon)
8 wèi
Goat
210° Month 6 1pm to 3pm
9 shēn
Monkey
240° autumn Month 7 3pm to 5pm
10 yǒu 雞 (鸡)
Rooster
270° (west) Month 8 5pm to 7pm
11
Dog
300° Month 9 7pm to 9pm
12 hài 豬 (猪)
Pig
330° winter Month 10 9pm to 11pm

Some cultures assign different animals: Vietnam replaces the Ox and Rabbit with the water buffalo and cat respectively; Japan replaces the Pig () with the boar () as the character 猪 means Pig in Chinese but "boar" in Japanese; Tibet replaces the Rooster with the bird. In the traditional Kazakh version of the 12-year animal cycle (Kazakh: мүшел, müşel), the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Kazakh: ұлу, ulw), and the Tiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh: барыс, barıs).[7]

poem

[edit]
Derivation of the bagua

This is explained by Fuxi in the following way:


無極生有極、
有極是太極、
太極生兩儀、
即陰陽。
兩儀生四象:
即少陰、太陰、
少陽、太陽、
四象演八卦、
八八六十四卦。

Wújí shēng yǒují,
yǒují shì tàijí.
Tàijí shēng liǎngyí,
jí yīnyáng.
Liǎngyí shēng sìxiàng:
jí shǎoyīn, tàiyīn,
shǎoyáng, tàiyang
Sìxiàng yǎn bāguà,
bā bā liùshísì guà

   The Limitless (無極; wuji) produces the Delimited (有極; youji),
   and this Delimited is equivalent to the Absolute (太極; Taiji), or the Highest Limit.
   The Taiji (the two opposing forces in embryonic, unmanifested form) produces two forms Liangyi ({{lang|zh|兩儀),
   namely yin-yang(陰陽), the manifested opposing forces.
   These two forms produce four phenomena:
   namely: lesser yin (少陰, shaoyin), greater yin (太陰; taiyin, which also refers to the Moon),
   lesser yang (, shaoyang), and greater yang (太陽; taiyang, which also refers to the Sun).
   The four phenomena (四象; Sìxiàng) act on the eight trigrams (八卦; Bagua).
   Eight 'eights' results in sixty-four hexagrams.


Dasgupta

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Dasgupta [8]

Liangyi, Sixiang, Bagua

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易有太極,
是生兩儀,
兩儀生四象,
四象生八卦。


Yì yǒu tàijí,
shì shēng liǎngyí,
liǎngyí shēng sìxiàng,
sìxiàng shēng bāguà.

Legge's translation:
 
  [I]n (the system of) the Yi there is the Grand Terminus,
  which produced the two elementary Forms.
  Those two Forms produced the Four emblematic Symbols,
  which again produced the eight Trigrams.

 Adler's translation
 
  In Change there is the Supreme Polarity,
  which generates the Two Modes (兩儀; liangyi).
  The Two Modes generate the Four Images (sixiang),
  and the Four Images generate the Eight Trigrams.

Footnotes or References

[edit]
  1. ^ William McNaughton. Reading and Writing Chinese. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1979.
  2. ^ Wenlin Dictionary: Picture of a fish tail.
  3. ^ Wenlin Dictionary: 己 may have depicted thread on a loom; an ancient meaning was 'unravel threads', which was later written 紀 jì. 己 was borrowed both for the word jǐ 'self', and for the name of the sixth Heavenly Stem (天干).
  4. ^ Wenlin Dictionary: "The seal has 𢆉 'knock against, offend' below, and 亠 above; the scholastic commentators say: to offend (亠 = ) 上 the superiors"
  5. ^ Wenlin Dictionary: 壬 rén depicts "a 丨 carrying pole supported 一 in the middle part and having one object attached at each end, as always done in China" --Karlgren(1923). (See 扁担 biǎndan). Now the character 任 rèn has the meaning of carrying a burden, and the original character 壬 is used only for the ninth of the ten heavenly stems (天干).
  6. ^ Wenlin Dictionary: 癶 "stretch out the legs" + 天; The nicely disposed grass, on which the Ancients poured the libations offered to the Manes
  7. ^ А. Мухамбетова (A. Mukhambetova), Казахский традиционный календарь The traditional Kazakh calendar (in Russian)
  8. ^ Dasgupta, Shashibhusan (1946). Obscure Religious Cults. Caldutta: Calcutta University Press. pp. 384–385. {{cite book}}: External link in |see_also= (help); Text "81-7102-020-8}" ignored (help)