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(2-Nitrophenyl)acetic acid
Names
	IUPAC name 2-(2-nitrophenyl)acetic acid
	Other names Benzeneacetic acid, 2-nitro-; o-Nitrophenylacetic acid; 2-nitrophenylacetic acid; (ortho-Nitrophenyl)acetic acid; acetic acid, (o-nitrophenyl); 2-(o-nitrophenyl)acetic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	3740-52-1 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:187870 ;
ChemSpider	69754 ;
EC Number	223-128-0;
PubChem CID	77337;
UNII	05TN0SUY38 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H7NO4/c10-8(11)5-6-3-1-2-4-7(6)9(12)13/h1-4H,5H2,(H,10,11) ;
	SMILES C1=CC=C(C(=C1)CC(=O)O)[N+](=O)[O-];
Properties
Chemical formula	C8H7NO4
Molar mass	181.15 g/mol
Appearance	Yellow to Pale Brown Crystalline Powder
Density	1.4 g/cm3
Boiling point	141 °C (286 °F; 414 K)
Solubility in water	0.1417% (20 °C)
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Irritant
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H319, H335, H341
Precautionary statements	P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 0
Safety data sheet (SDS)	MSDS
Related compounds
Related derivatives;; related aromatic compounds	phenylacetic acid,4-nitrophenylacetic acid;; 4-nitrophenol,; 2-nitrodiphenylamine
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

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2-Nitrophenylacetic acid is an organic compound used in organic synthesis that has also been used as an herbicide. It is a derivative of phenylacetic acid, containing a phenyl functional group, a carboxylic acid functional group, and a nitro functional group. It is an important reagent for many organic reactions, especially for the formation of heterocycles.

Synthesis

This compound may be prepared by the nitration of phenylacetic acid.^[5]

Applications

In organic synthesis, 2-nitrophenylacetic acid can be used as a protecting group for primary alcohols. The alcohol is esterified with 2-nitrophenylacetic acid, proceeding through the acid chloride or acid anhydride. The acid itself can also protect the alcohol through the Mitsunobu reaction: reacting the alcohol and the acid with diethyl azidocarboxylate and triphenylphosphine in dichloromethane. The protecting group is selectively removed using zinc and ammonium chloride, and is compatible with other existing alcohol protecting groups.^[6]

In addition, 2-nitrophenylacetic acid is a precursor for many heterocycles. Complete reduction of 2-nitrophenylacetic acid yields anilines, which quickly cyclize to form lactams.^[7]^[8] Partial reductive cyclization of the acids using weaker reducing agents forms hydroxamic acids.^[8]

Both of these processes are useful in the synthesis of many biologically active molecules. 2-nitrophenylacetic acid is a precursor of quindoline, which although it does not have many practical applications on its own, quindoline derivatives and modifications can be treated as enzyme inhibitors and anticancer agents.^[9]

Derivatives of 2-nitrophenylacetic acids are useful in total synthesis for their ability to form heterocycles. 2-nitrophenylacetic acid is a precursor to (-)-phaitanthrin D, a clinically useful molecule originally isolated from the Phaius mishmensis orchid.^[10] The carboxylic acid on the 2-nitrophenylacetic acid is first protected using menthol, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCl), hydroxybenzotriazole(HOBt) and N,N-iisopropylethylamine(DIPEA). A pattern of reducing the nitro group to an amino group and subsequently forming amides by the addition to carboxylic acids (namely nitrobenzoic acid) occurs. Reductive cyclization of the subsequent product using hexamethyldisilazane, zinc chloride and dimethylformamide forms the disubstituted heterocycle present in the (-)-phaitantrin D molecule.

Outside of organic synthesis, 2-nitrophenylacetic acid has been used as an herbicide, as it displays selective herbicidal properties.^[11] It has also been used as an internal standard for measurement of salicylamide-O-acetic acid (an anti-asthma drug) using high performance liquid chromatography. ^[12]

References

^ "Benzeneacetic acid, 2-nitro-". NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69.
^ "2-Nitrophenylacetic acid (compound)". PubChem. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "AJ1130000". ChemSpider. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ Zhou, Yanyan; Wu, Jiaxin; Wang, Jian; Zhao, Hongkun (13 August 2020). "Equilibrium Solubility and Dissolution Property Analysis of 2-Nitrophenylacetic Acid in 13 Pure Solvents at Elevated Temperatures". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 65 (8): 4157–4165. doi:10.1021/acs.jced.0c00543.
^ Sohail, Muhammad; Raza, Abdul Rauf (February 2012). "A Novel One Pot Synthesis of o-Nitrophenylacetic Acid and Unexpected p-Nitrobenzoic Acid by HNO3-Mediated CH2 Extrusion Reaction of Phenylacetic Acid". Chinese Journal of Chemistry. 30 (2): 353–356. doi:10.1002/cjoc.201180458.
^ Daragics, Katalin; Fügedi, Péter (7 May 2010). "(2-Nitrophenyl)acetyl: A New, Selectively Removable Hydroxyl Protecting Group". Organic Letters. 12 (9): 2076–2079. doi:10.1021/ol100562f.
^ Wright, William B.; Collins, Kenneth H. (January 1956). "Cyclic Hydroxamic Acids Derived from Indole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 78 (1): 221–224. doi:10.1021/ja01582a061. ISSN 0002-7863.
^ ^a ^b Ichire, Ogar; Jans, Petra; Parfenov, Galina; Dounay, Amy B. (8 February 2017). "A safe and selective method for reduction of 2-nitrophenylacetic acid systems to N-aryl hydroxamic acids using continuous flow hydrogenation". Tetrahedron Letters. 58 (6): 582–585. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.008. ISSN 0040-4039.
^ Singer, Jamie M.; Barr, Bridget M.; Coughenour, Linda L.; Gregory, Tracy F.; Walters, Michael A. (15 October 2005). "8-Substituted 3,4-dihydroquinolinones as a novel scaffold for atypical antipsychotic activity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (20): 4560–4563. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.097. ISSN 0960-894X.
^ Vaidya, Sagar; Argade, Narshinha (17 May 2016). "Synthesis of (–)-Phaitanthrin D and (+)-Dihydropyrroloindoloquinazolinone". Synthesis. 48 (17): 2896–2903. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1562098. ISSN 0039-7881.
^ Back, Gayle E.; Dahle, Norman A. (6 July 1971). "NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID DERVATIVES" (PDF). United States Patent Office.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Schulz, H. -U.; Kraas, E. (1 January 1985). "Determination of the theophylline solubilizer salicylamide-O-acetic acid in serum and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 3 (5): 469–475. doi:10.1016/0731-7085(85)80062-5. ISSN 0731-7085.

[1] "Benzeneacetic acid, 2-nitro-". NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69.

[2] "2-Nitrophenylacetic acid (compound)". PubChem. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 14 May 2023.

[3] "AJ1130000". ChemSpider. Retrieved 14 May 2023.

[Solubility-4] Zhou, Yanyan; Wu, Jiaxin; Wang, Jian; Zhao, Hongkun (13 August 2020). "Equilibrium Solubility and Dissolution Property Analysis of 2-Nitrophenylacetic Acid in 13 Pure Solvents at Elevated Temperatures". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 65 (8): 4157–4165. doi:10.1021/acs.jced.0c00543.

[5] Sohail, Muhammad; Raza, Abdul Rauf (February 2012). "A Novel One Pot Synthesis of o-Nitrophenylacetic Acid and Unexpected p-Nitrobenzoic Acid by HNO3-Mediated CH2 Extrusion Reaction of Phenylacetic Acid". Chinese Journal of Chemistry. 30 (2): 353–356. doi:10.1002/cjoc.201180458.

[6] Daragics, Katalin; Fügedi, Péter (7 May 2010). "(2-Nitrophenyl)acetyl: A New, Selectively Removable Hydroxyl Protecting Group". Organic Letters. 12 (9): 2076–2079. doi:10.1021/ol100562f.

[7] Wright, William B.; Collins, Kenneth H. (January 1956). "Cyclic Hydroxamic Acids Derived from Indole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 78 (1): 221–224. doi:10.1021/ja01582a061. ISSN 0002-7863.

[:0-8] Ichire, Ogar; Jans, Petra; Parfenov, Galina; Dounay, Amy B. (8 February 2017). "A safe and selective method for reduction of 2-nitrophenylacetic acid systems to N-aryl hydroxamic acids using continuous flow hydrogenation". Tetrahedron Letters. 58 (6): 582–585. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.008. ISSN 0040-4039.

[9] Singer, Jamie M.; Barr, Bridget M.; Coughenour, Linda L.; Gregory, Tracy F.; Walters, Michael A. (15 October 2005). "8-Substituted 3,4-dihydroquinolinones as a novel scaffold for atypical antipsychotic activity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (20): 4560–4563. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.097. ISSN 0960-894X.

[10] Vaidya, Sagar; Argade, Narshinha (17 May 2016). "Synthesis of (–)-Phaitanthrin D and (+)-Dihydropyrroloindoloquinazolinone". Synthesis. 48 (17): 2896–2903. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1562098. ISSN 0039-7881.

[11] Back, Gayle E.; Dahle, Norman A. (6 July 1971). "NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID DERVATIVES" (PDF). United States Patent Office.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[12] Schulz, H. -U.; Kraas, E. (1 January 1985). "Determination of the theophylline solubilizer salicylamide-O-acetic acid in serum and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 3 (5): 469–475. doi:10.1016/0731-7085(85)80062-5. ISSN 0731-7085.

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