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Munshi-Ayyangar Formula was a constitutional compromise reached during the framing of the Indian Constitution. It shaped the Official language policy of the Republic of India. Named after K. M. Munshi and Gopalsamy Ayyangar - both members of the Indian Constituent Assembly - this formula ensured that the Indian constitution did not specify any "National language" and only mentioned "Official languages". Articles 343, 344, 345, 348 and 351 of the Indian constitution were adopted as a result of this compromise.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][3][12][13][14]

Background

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First day (December 11, 1946) of the Constituent Assembly. From right: B. G. Kher and Sardar Vallabhai Patel; K. M. Munshi is seated behind Patel

During the British Raj, English was used for most official purposes both at the federal level and in the various states.[15]. When the Indian Independence Movement gained momentum in the early part of the 20th Century, efforts were undertaken to make Hindustani as a common language to unite various linguistic groups against the British Government. As early as 1918, Mahatma Gandhi established the Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha (Institution for the Propagation of Hindi in South India). In 1925, the Indian National Congress switched to Hindustani from English for conducting its proceedings.[1] Both Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were supporters of Hindustani and Congress wanted to propagate the learning of Hindustani in non-Hindi speaking Provinces of India.[2][3][4] The idea of making Hindustani or Hindi the common language, was not acceptable to Tamil politicians like Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and Tamil speaking areas witnessed anti-Hindi agitations during 1937-40.[16] The Indian Constituent Assembly was established on 9 December 1946, for drafting a Constitution when India became independent.[17]

Deadlock

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Compromise

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Impact

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References

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  1. ^ a b Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997). Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970. University of Chicago Press. pp. ch.4.21. ISBN 9780520208056. OCLC 36084635. Cite error: The named reference "ramaswamy421" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Nehru, Jawaharlal; Gandhi, Mohandas (1937). The question of language: Issue 6 of Congress political and economic studies. K. M. Ashraf.
  3. ^ a b c Guha, Ramachandra (2008). India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy. Harper Perennial. pp. 128–131. ISBN 0060958588, ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9. OCLC 76961156. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help) Cite error: The named reference "guha1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru, a biography. Allied Publishers. p. 216. ISBN 8170233690, ISBN 978-81-7023-369-5. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  5. ^ Ramachandra Guha (2004-01-18). "Hindi chauvinism". The Hindu. The Hindu Group. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  6. ^ Austin, Granville (1966). The Indian constitution: cornerstone of a nation. Clarendon. p. 277. ISBN 0195649591, ISBN 978-0-19-564959-8. {{cite book}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  7. ^ Prasad, Rajendra (1984). Dr. Rajendra Prasad, correspondence and select documents, Volume 4. Allied Publishers. p. 110. ISBN 8170230020, ISBN 978-81-7023-002-1. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  8. ^ Constitution Assembly Debates-Official Report (New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1988), Volume 1, p 26-27
  9. ^ Annamalai, E (1979). "Language Movements Against Hindi as An Official Language". Language movements in India. Central Institute of Indian Languages.
  10. ^ Constitution Assembly Debates-Official Report (New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1988), Volume 7, p235
  11. ^ Kanchan Chandra, “Ethnic Bargains, Group Instability, and Social Choice Theory,” Politics and Society 29, 3: 337-62. (For the national language debate in Indian Constituent Assembly)
  12. ^ Brass, Paul R. (1994). The politics of India since independence. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0521459702, ISBN 978-0-521-45970-9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  13. ^ "Constituent Assembly Debate Proceeding (Volume IX) -Tuesday, the 13th September 1949". Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  14. ^ Rai, Alok (2001). Hindi nationalism. Orient Blackswan. p. 110. ISBN 8125019790, ISBN 978-81-250-1979-4. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  15. ^ Mollin, Sandra (2006). Euro-English: assessing variety status. Gunter Narr Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 9783823362500.
  16. ^ Saraswathi, Srinivasan (1994). Towards self-respect: Periyar EVR on a new world. Institute of South Indian Studies. pp. 88–89.
  17. ^ Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings) (9th December,1946 to 24th January ,1950)

Alavandar Murder case

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Alavandar Murder Case was a sensational murder trial that happened in Chennai, Tamil Nadu during 1952-53.


Mayors of Madras

References

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HW

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