User:Taylorstokes21/sandbox

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Week 13: Final Edits and submissions[edit]

The article I will be working on/ adding to is the Shark anatomy page:

The Five Chordate Synapomorphies[edit]

This section should be added to the beginning of the shark anatomy page to set up the page.

The five synapomorphies[edit]

The five chordate synapomorphies are present in chondricthyes as follows [1]. The five synapomorphies are pharyngeal slit, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, Endostyle, and the post-anal-tail which is depicted and labeled well on the chordates page. This image is helpful to visualize the regions where the five

BranchiostomaLanceolatum PioM

synapomorphies existed in chordates and what they looked like. In cephalochordates, the pharyngeal slit, or pharynx, are lateral to the throat of the chordate and work as filters by letting water pass over this region in order to retain nutrients and oxygen from gas exchange occurring. The dorsal nerve cord serves as a hollow-like backbone where signals are sent throughout the body due to nervous tissue being located in this region.[2] The notochord is also toward the tail of the chordate but closer toward the middle of the body than the dorsal nerve cord and is a water-filled structure that allows the chordate to move in water.[3] The endostyle is underneath the pharyngeal gill slits where proteins are trapped to eventually provide the chordate energy and sustenance. Lastly, the post-anal-tail is muscular and allows the chordate to move in water.[4]

Identifying the five synapomorphies in sharks[edit]

These evolved synapomorphies are crucial for the current sharks lifestyle, for example, the pharyngeal slit changed to form into become a jaw and gills[5]. The dorsal nerve cord still sends signals to the body but becomes the central nervous system (CNS).[6] The notochord changed from allowing movement in water to discs being formed in between vertebrae allowing for protection and acting as a buffer when movement occurs.[7] The Endostyle is the homolog when compared to the thyroid gland and it pre-established itself before sharks; this adaptation was beneficial for the sharks' metabolism to become faster. The post-anal-tail helps the shark move in water but also helps with balance too.[4]

Shark Internal Organs - Taylor Stokes[edit]

This section should take place of the current shark internal organs section located on the shark anatomy page.

  • Sharks' reproductive organs serve to reproduce sexually where the male delivers sperm to the female using claspers that insert into the females oviduct. This then allows the female to give birth to live young, although some do lay eggs. This image depicts a squalus acanthias shark dissection where this female happened to be pregnant with multiple shark pups. This image is important as it shows how sharks can give birth to multiple live young.[8]
    Depiction of shark anatomy including eggs, pups, and the liver
  • Within the shark stomach, buoyancy is established from air taking up space and providing sharks the ability to float. The shark stomach also has shorter intestines than most animals, which causes food to take greater amounts of time to fully digest before excreted from the body.[9]
  • At the very end of the short intestine lies the rectal gland which is important for the excretion waste from the animal.[10]
  • The shark liver is also discussed on the shark page and shark anatomy page where it is full of an oily-like substance called shark liver oil that helps the sharks be more buoyant and acts as an energy storer, where it can be utilized when needed. The sharks liver also helps with filtrating the blood and waste while also acting as a storage region for vitamins which is incredibly important; especially if the shark goes a long time without eating or if the shark has extreme amounts of urea within the system, the liver helps with both of these scenarios[11].
  • Sharks also have osmoregulation which permits the shark to have high concentrations and amounts of urea which allows them to not become dehydrated from living in seawater as opposed to freshwater.[12]
  • The shark kidney excretes urea that is needed for the shark to have in its system so the shark does not become dehydrated from living in seawater.[13]
  • Sharks hearts have two chambers and the way the heart pumps is described on the shark page. The shark hearts main importance is providing oxygenated blood to the entire body while filtering out the deoxygenated blood.[14]
  • Caption: An image is depicted in the shark anatomy photo where it shows the beginning half of the shark, especially the gills. The shark gills are especially important and were
Shark Anatomy (50693674756)

derived from the synapomorphy pharyngeal gill slits. Gills are essential for sharks to breathe underwater and the process is described in the shark page.

  • A sharks spleen is also incredibly important because it is where red blood cells (RBC's) are derived and is also where the immune system functions to fight off pathogens[15].
  • The pancreas of the shark helps with digestion by producing the enzymes needed to break down the large chunks of food most sharks bite out of and the pancreas serves to help keep the metabolism at a fast pace to accommodate for the large amounts of food taken in[16].   

Week 12: Proposed Edits Added[edit]

This section was added on the talk page for shark anatomy.

Proposed Edits for the page[edit]

This page could really benefit from adding the five chordate synapomorphies and how they evolved to benefit sharks; this could be placed at the beginning of the page to set up the rest of the topics discussed. I also believe that the Shark "Internal Organ" section really needs improvement and edits especially since the section is currently incomplete and missing key elements/ structures. The page overall could also benefit from more images too. ~~~~Taylor Stokes~~~~

Week 11: Draft #2 Edits Continued[edit]

The article I will be working on/ adding to is the Shark anatomy page:

The Five Synapomorphies[edit]

This section should be added to the beginning of the shark anatomy page to set up the page.

The five cephalochordate synapomorphies[edit]

The five chordate synapomorphies are present in chondricthyes as follows [17]. The five synapomorphies are pharyngeal slit, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, Endostyle, and the post-anal-tail which is depicted and labeled well on the chordates page. This image is helpful to visualize the regions where the five

BranchiostomaLanceolatum PioM

synapomorphies existed in chordates and what they looked like. In cephalochordates, the pharyngeal slit, or pharynx, are lateral[18] to the throat of the chordate and work as filters by letting water pass over this region in order to retain nutrients and oxygen from gas exchange occurring. The dorsal nerve cord serves as a hollow-like backbone where signals are sent throughout the body due to nervous tissue being located in this region. The notochord is also toward the back of the chordate but closer toward the middle of the body than the dorsal nerve cord and is a water-filled structure that allows the chordate to move in water.[19] The endostyle is underneath the pharyngeal gill slits where proteins give the chordate energy and sustenance. Lastly, the post-anal-tail is muscular and allows the chordate to move in water.[20]

Identifying the five derived synapomorphies in sharks[edit]

These chordate synapomorphies changed and developed into characteristics that were more desirable traits for sharks' needs. These evolved synapomorphies are crucial for the current sharks lifestyle, for example, the pharyngeal slit changed to form into become a jaw and gills[21]. The dorsal nerve cord still sends signals to the body but in a more organized fashion, namely using the central nervous system. The notochord changed from allowing movement in water to discs being formed in between vertebrae allowing for protection and acting as a buffer when movement occurs. The Endostyle evolved into the thyroid hormone and hence pre-established itself before sharks but this adaptation was beneficial for the sharks' metabolism to become faster. The post-anal-tail helps the shark move in water but also helps with balance too.[20]

Shark Internal Organs - Taylor Stokes[edit]

This section should take place of the current shark internal organs section located on the shark anatomy page.

  • It was found on the Shark page that sharks' reproductive organs serve to reproduce sexually where the male delivers sperm to the female using claspers that insert into the females oviduct. This then allows the female to give birth to live young, although some do lay eggs. This image depicts a squalus acanthias shark dissection where this female happened to be pregnant with multiple shark pups. This image is important as it shows how sharks can give birth to multiple live young.[22]
    Squalus acanthias-fi
  • The shark anatomy page describes the shark stomach but doesn't touch base on how buoyancy is established from air taking up space and providing sharks the ability to float, as described in the shark page. The stomach also has shorter intestines than most animals, also discussed on the shark page, which causes food to take greater amounts of time to fully digest before excreted from the body.[23]
  • At the very end of the short intestine lies the rectal gland which is important for the excretion waste from the animal.[24]
  • The shark liver is also discussed on the shark page and shark anatomy page where it is full of an oily-like substance called shark liver oil that helps the sharks be more buoyant and acts as an energy storer, where it can be utilized when needed. The sharks liver also helps with filtrating the blood and waste while also acting as a storage region for vitamins which is incredibly important; especially if the shark goes a long time without eating or if the shark has extreme amounts of urea within the system, the liver helps with both of these scenarios[25].
  • Sharks also have osmoregulation which permits the shark to have high concentrations and amounts of urea which allows them to not become dehydrated from living in seawater as opposed to freshwater.[26]
  • The shark kidney excretes urea that is needed for the shark to have in its system so the shark does not become dehydrated from living in seawater.[27]
  • Sharks hearts have two chambers and the way the heart pumps is described on the shark page. The shark hearts main importance is providing oxygenated blood to the entire body while filtering out the deoxygenated blood.[28]
  • Caption: An image is depicted in the shark anatomy photo where it shows the beginning half of the shark, especially the gills. The shark gills are especially important and were
Shark Anatomy (50693674756)

derived from the synapomorphy pharyngeal gill slits. Gills are essential for sharks to breathe underwater and the process is described in the shark page.

  • A sharks spleen is also incredibly important because it is where red blood cells (RBC's) are derived and is also where the immune system functions to fight off pathogens[29].
  • The pancreas of the shark helps with digestion by producing the enzymes needed to break down the large chunks of food most sharks bite out of and the pancreas serves to help keep the metabolism at a fast pace to accommodate for the large amounts of food taken in[30].

Week 10: Week off![edit]

Week 9: Respond to peer review[edit]

Wording/ phrasing/ format:[edit]
  • "I'm not sure if the first sentence would be appropriate. The synapomorphies didn't necessary evolve for the sharks, so possibly changing the wording could be helpful" (Would "derived" rather than "evolved" be a better word usage?)
  • "Maybe more paragraphs broken so it is not clumped together" (done!)
  • "cleaning up of the paragraphs such as commas, fixing run-on sentences, and possibly some formal language (less casual and more informative)." (I am trying to keep it more casual so that it is easier to read so this part I won't be fixing a lot but I fixed run-on's!)
What article am I editing?:[edit]
  • "Your draft is very easy to follow. I was just wondering where in the article this would be added to." (done!)
  • "It would have been nice if you had somehow identified the edits you made to make them easier to locate." (done!)
  • "I would like if you put what the main article you are working on at the beginning" (done!)
Media/ images:[edit]
  • "I think you could maybe add more to the figure caption to better explain the image." (done!)
  • "Maybe add more description to help readers understand why the image is needed for addition." (done!)
  • "diagram of the five synapomorphies could help." (added!)
Citations:[edit]
  • "The citations in this article all lead to a Shark Wikipedia page, and I am confused by this. Are there more reliable sources for this information?" (I started looking at the articles / sources I have listed and there are a few from the shark wiki page but not all of them. So I will be disregarding this citation peer review that was proposed.)

New edits after peer review responses:[edit]

The article I will be working on/ adding to is the Shark anatomy page:[edit]

The Five Synapomorphies[edit]

This section should be added to the beginning of the shark anatomy page to set up the page.

The five cephalochordate synapomorphies[edit]

The chondricthyes 5 synapomorphies, otherwise known as sharks, derived from the cephalochordates[1], otherwise known as the chordates. The five synapomorphies are pharyngeal slit, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, Endostyle, and the post-anal-tail which is depicted and labeled well on the chordates page. This image is helpful to visualize the regions where the five

BranchiostomaLanceolatum PioM

synapomorphies existed in chordates and what they looked like. In cephalochordates, the pharyngeal slit, or pharynx, are lateral[31] to the throat of the chordate and work as filters by letting water pass over this region in order to retain nutrients and oxygen from gas exchange occurring. The dorsal nerve cord serves as a hollow-like backbone where signals are sent throughout the body due to nervous tissue being located in this region. The notochord is also toward the back of the chordate but closer toward the middle of the body than the dorsal nerve cord and is a water-filled structure that allows the chordate to move in water. The endostyle is underneath the pharyngeal gill slits where proteins give the chordate energy and sustenance. Lastly, the post-anal-tail is muscular and allows the chordate to move in water.[4]

Identifying the five derived synapomorphies in sharks[edit]

These chordate synapomorphies changed and developed into characteristics that were more desirable traits for sharks' needs. These evolved synapomorphies are crucial for the current sharks lifestyle, for example, the pharyngeal slit changed to form into become a jaw and gills[5]. The dorsal nerve cord still sends signals to the body but in a more organized fashion, namely using the central nervous system. The notochord changed from allowing movement in water to discs being formed in between vertebrae allowing for protection and acting as a buffer when movement occurs. The Endostyle evolved into the thyroid hormone and hence pre-established itself before sharks but this adaptation was beneficial for the sharks' metabolism to become faster. The post-anal-tail helps the shark move in water but also helps with balance too.[4]

Shark Internal Organs - Taylor Stokes[edit]

This section should take place of the current shark internal organs section located on the shark anatomy page.

  • It was found on the Shark page that sharks' reproductive organs serve to reproduce sexually where the male delivers sperm to the female using claspers that insert into the females oviduct. This then allows the female to give birth to live young, although some do lay eggs. This image depicts a squalus acanthias shark dissection where this female happened to be pregnant with multiple shark pups. This image is important as it shows how sharks can give birth to multiple live young.
    Squalus acanthias-fi
  • The shark anatomy page describes the shark stomach but doesn't touch base on how buoyancy is established from air taking up space and providing sharks the ability to float, as described in the shark page. The stomach also has shorter intestines than most animals, also discussed on the shark page, which causes food to take greater amounts of time to fully digest before excreted from the body.
  • At the very end of the short intestine lies the rectal gland which is important for the excretion waste from the animal.
  • The shark liver is also discussed on the shark page and shark anatomy page where it is full of an oily-like substance called shark liver oil that helps the sharks be more buoyant and acts as an energy storer, where it can be utilized when needed. The sharks liver also helps with filtrating the blood and waste while also acting as a storage region for vitamins which is incredibly important; especially if the shark goes a long time without eating or if the shark has extreme amounts of urea within the system, the liver helps with both of these scenarios[11].
  • Sharks also have osmoregulation which permits the shark to have high concentrations and amounts of urea which allows them to not become dehydrated from living in seawater as opposed to freshwater.
  • The shark kidney excretes urea that is needed for the shark to have in its system so the shark does not become dehydrated from living in seawater.
  • Sharks hearts have two chambers and the way the heart pumps is described on the shark page. The shark hearts main importance is providing oxygenated blood to the entire body while filtering out the deoxygenated blood.
  • Caption: An impeccable image is depicted in the shark anatomy photo where it shows the beginning half of the shark, especially the gills. The shark gills are especially important and were
Shark Anatomy (50693674756)

derived from the synapomorphy pharyngeal gill slits. Gills are essential for sharks to breathe underwater and the process is described in the shark page.

  • A sharks spleen is also incredibly important because it is where red blood cells (RBC's) are derived and is also where the immune system functions to fight off pathogens[15].
  • The pancreas of the shark helps with digestion by producing the enzymes needed to break down the large chunks of food most sharks bite out of and the pancreas serves to help keep the metabolism at a fast pace to accommodate for the large amounts of food taken in[16].   

Week 8: Peer review & copy edits[edit]

Peer Review By: Taylor Stokes

User:Kanessa192/New sandbox- Lampreyologists Group Sandbox

Neutral content, reliable sources, clear structure:

Is this draft well organized? Can you follow it easily?

Yes, this draft is well organized! It could flow better if week 6 content was all in one area and week 5 in the next, but this is not necessary.

What pages will be edited?

Pages that will be edited are Lamprey, synapomorphies, and internal organs. The synapomorphies and internal organs do not have a link, like the lamprey, but they do have citations listed underneath their sections.

Who will do the editing/adding of what topics/ pages?

Anatomy from an evolutionary standpoint in regards to adaptations will be added by Anessa, synapomorphies will be added by Tori, and internal organs will be added by Irene. Does there seem to be an even distribution of contribution form all team members?

It appears Anessa, Irene, and Tori have all put in a lot of work, especially with resources added. What sorts of contributions with regard to images are planned?

There is currently a lamprey skeleton that is a good visual. A lamprey image along with its internal anatomy are planned to be added. Do you see where this content might fit from the information provided?

Yes this content would fit in well. Adding a labeled diagram of a lamprey and its synapomorphies could be beneficial too. Integration: Does anything link up with something you or your team is working on? How can you help each other?

Yes, the synapomorphies linked up with the section I worked on in shark anatomy. And I added some good sources to mine that could help develop this section further.

As you review, copy edit (in the talk page by editing a copy of their content) the material and make spelling, grammar, and other suggestions.

Edits made below this section!

Also these edits have 'crossed out' words in my individual sandbox!


Anessa:

(Original):

Section Draft: Lamprey Adaptations and Functions[edit][edit]

Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics, however, the same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether it is carnivorous. For example, non-carnivorous species use their teeth to scrape algae from rocks for food, rather than drilling into the flesh of hosts. The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a parasite, but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle the current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey’s climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest and need to be able to get upstream to reproduce.

Another important lamprey adaptation is its camouflage. Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have a dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides enable them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example, Geotria australis Gray displays two bluish stripes running the length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in; G. australis Gray individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is Petromyzon marinus, which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle.


(Proposed edits - made in bold & underlined):

Different species of lamprey (add link) have many shared physical characteristics, however, the same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether it is carnivorous (add link). For example, non-carnivorous species use their teeth to scrape algae from rocks for food, rather than drilling into the flesh of hosts. The mouth and suction (add link) capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a parasite, but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle the current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey’s climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest and need to be able to get upstream to reproduce.

Another important lamprey adaptation is its camouflage (add link). Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have a dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides (add picture) enable them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example, Geotria australis Gray (add link) displays two bluish stripes running the length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in; G. australis Gray (add link) individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is Petromyzon marinus (add link), which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle.


Irene:

(Original):

Draft 1 for Lamprey article[edit][edit]

The internal anatomy of the lamprey contains various components. Some of these organs include a heart, brain, intestines, etc.

One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the intestines. The intestines are located ventral to the notochord. Intestines aid in osmoregulation and are also responsible for digestion. Intestines aid in osmoregulation by intaking water from its environment and desalinating the water they intake to an iso-osmotic state with respect to blood.

The buccal cavity, anterior to the gonads, are responsible to attaching, through suction, to either a stone or their prey. This then allows the tongue to be able to have contact with the stone to rasp algae or tear at the flesh or their prey to be able to drink their blood.

The heart of the lamprey is anterior to the intestines. It contains the sinus, one atrium, and one ventricle protected by the pericardial cartilages.  Another organ the lamprey possesses is a brain. Their brain is divided into a forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, and medulla.

The pineal gland of the lamprey is located in the midline of its body. For lampreys, the pineal eye is accompanied by the parapineal organ. The pineal gland is a photosensitive organ regulating melatonin production. This is done by capturing light signals through the photoreceptors cells converting them into intercellular signals.  


(Proposed edits - made in bold & underlined):

Draft 1 for Lamprey article[edit][edit]

The internal anatomy of the lamprey (add link) contains various components. Some of these organs include a heart, brain, intestines, etc.

One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the intestines. The intestines are located ventral (add link) to the notochord (add link). Intestines aid in osmoregulation (add link) and are also responsible for digestion. Intestines aid in osmoregulation by intaking water from its environment and desalinating (add link) the water they intake to an iso-osmotic state (add link) with respect to blood.

The buccal cavity (add link), anterior (add link) to the gonads, are responsible to attaching, through suction, to either a stone or their prey. This then allows the tongue to be able to have contact with the stone to rasp algae or tear at the flesh or their prey to be able to drink their blood (citation?).

The heart of the lamprey is anterior to the intestines. It contains the sinus (add link), one atrium, and one ventricle protected by the pericardial cartilages (add link).  Another organ the lamprey possesses is a brain. Their brain is divided into a forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, and medulla.

The pineal gland (add link) of the lamprey is located in the midline (add link) of its body. For lampreys, the pineal eye is accompanied by the parapineal organ (add link). The pineal gland is a photosensitive (add link) organ regulating melatonin production. This is done by capturing light signals through the photoreceptors cells converting them into intercellular signals.  


Tori:

(Original):

Lamprey Synapomorphies[edit][edit][edit]

Synapomorphies are certain characteristics that arise in Chordate organisms in the process of their development. There are five chordate synapomorphies; notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gills or slits, post anal tail, and an endostyle/thyroid gland. Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites that extend anterior to the otic vesicle. (pg 1050, Diogo, 2015)  The notochord is found medial to the mesoderm during early development. The notochord is an adaption that was made for both swimming and feeding. (pg 1047, Diogo, 2015)


Proposed edits - made in bold & underlined):

Lamprey Synapomorphies[edit][edit][edit]

Synapomorphies are certain characteristics that arise in Chordate (add link) organisms in the process of their development. There are five chordate synapomorphies; notochord (add link), dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gills (add link) or slits, post anal tail, and an endostyle (add link)/thyroid gland. Similarities between adult amphioxus (add picture) and lamprey larvae (add image) include a pharynx (add link) with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites (add link) that extend anterior (add link) to the otic vesicle. (pg 1050, Diogo, 2015)  The notochord is found medial (add link) to the mesoderm (add link) during early development. The notochord is an adaption that was made for both swimming and feeding. (pg 1047, Diogo, 2015)

User:Nautas99/groupsandbox - Mammalogists Group Sandbox

  1. Neutral content
  2. Reliable sources
  3. Clear structure:

Is this draft well organized? Can you follow it easily?

I think it would be an easier read if the sandbox was organized by having week 5 and week 6 content for each group separated instead of week 6 then week 5 for one person followed by the next person that has week 6 followed by week 5. I think it would flow more to have week 6 followed by week 6 of the next person and then have week 5 at the bottom after the week 6 content so it flows better. Otherwise, content wise, it was easy to follow!

What pages will be edited?

Pages that will be edited are Perissodactyla, Odd-toed ungulates, limbs, skull and teeth, skeletal system of the horse, camelidae, ungulate, chinchilla, and deer. But, limbs, skull and teeth, chinchilla, and deer are not cited or linked to any pages.

Who will do the editing/adding of what topics/ pages?

Editing/adding of skeletal system of the horse, camelidae, ungulate is done by Mckenzie. The chinchilla and deer is done by Shelby. Brooke is doing Perissodactyla ,Odd-toed ungulates, limbs, and skull and teeth.

Does there seem to be an even distribution of contribution form all team members?

I think that Shelby has put a lot of time and work into hers due to the amount of content written. McKenzie and Brooke also have good content and they have ideas jotted down of where they would like to continue with their topics but they haven't written or contributed as much content as Shelby, but this doesn't necessarily mean they haven't put the time and work in. Brooke mentioned it is difficult finding some background research for some of her topics so maybe it is just taking her a little longer to compile information needed. And McKenzie has a good layout written in her "Game Plan" of where to go content wise. So even though some people in the group don't have as much information yet, it is not concerning due to the topics listed in the "Game Plan".

What sorts of contributions with regard to images are planned?

Horse hoof picture is shown in Brooke's section, no picture(s) shown or mentioned in McKenzie's section, and Shelby's section doesn't have any mention of pictures or pictures shown yet either.

Do you see where this content might fit from the information provided?

Content might fit from the information provided by adding a buckskin image and bovine tuberculosis image to the "economic significance" section. Maybe add an image of the camelidae and what their feet look like since they are not "hooves" and add a picture of hooves or link too it so it is clear of what the difference is between the two topics picture wise to the "Foot Pads" section. Lastly, in the "Skeletal system of the horse" I would add a picture of horse limbs since this appears to be one of the future focuses.

Integration: Does anything link up with something you or your team is working on? How can you help each other?

Unfortunately nothing links to what me or my team is working on.

As you review, copy edit (in the talk page by editing a copy of their content) the material and make spelling, grammar, and other suggestions.  

Copy edits made below!

Brooke:

(Original):

After getting feedback took a look at a higher taxonomic order, Perissodactyla, instead of just looking at horse skeletal systems.

  • Focus on hooves and limbs of horses and other one toes ungulates instead of the entire skeletal system or body of one species
  • under the anatomy section of Odd-toed ungulates there are not a lot of sources and the information is not properly cited so I am going to work on the Limbs section and the Skull and teeth section first
    • Note** I am having a really hard time finding sources for the information that isn't cited (Limbs, skull and teeth and Gut section) It isn't directly word for word plagiarized, so ill have to keep digging and see if I can find something similar, if not ill just have to delete the sections and begin to rewrite them because they are no good without citations.
      • Sources for Limb information: Polly, Paul & Hall, Brian. (2007). Limbs in Mammalian Evolution. Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development and Transformation. 245-268.


(Proposed edits - made in bold & underlined):

After getting receiving feedback took a look at a the higher taxonomic order was examined where the Perissodactyla was of particular interest, instead of rather than just looking at the skeletal system of the horse.

  • Focus on hooves and limbs of horses and other one-toed ungulates instead of the entire skeletal system or body of one species.
  • Under the anatomy section of Odd-toed ungulates, there are not a lot of sources and the information is not properly cited so I am going to work on the Limbs (add link) section and the Skull and teeth (add link) section first.
    • Note** I am having a really hard time finding sources for the information that isn't cited (Limbs, skull and teeth and Gut section) It isn't directly word for word plagiarized, so ill have to keep digging and see if I can find something similar, if not ill just have to delete the sections and begin to rewrite them because they are no good without citations.
      • Sources for Limb information: Polly, Paul & Hall, Brian. (2007). Limbs in Mammalian Evolution. Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development and Transformation. 245-268.

McKenzie:

(Original):

Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids, adapted to steep and rocky terrain, can move the pads on their toes to maintain grip. The surface area of Camels foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce pressure on the feet Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.


(Proposed edits - made in bold & underlined):

Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails (Add picture and or link) and soft foot pads (Add picture and or link) (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids have adapted to the steep and rocky terrain by can moving the pads on their toes to maintain grip. The surface area of camel foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce the pressure on the feet Many fossil camelids (add link here) were unguligrade and probably hooved (add link), in contrast to all living species.

Shelby:

(Original):

Economic Significance[edit]

Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as venison, is highly nutritious. Due to the inherently wild nature and diet of deer, venison is most often obtained through deer hunting. In the United States, it is produced in small amounts compared to beef but still represents a significant trade. Conservation laws prevent the sale of wild game meat, although it may be donated. By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries.

The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as buckskin. There is nothing special about skins with the fur on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hoofs and horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the roe deer, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk horn is often employed in making knife handles. In China, a medicine is made from stag horn, and the antlers of certain species are eaten when "in the velvet". Among the Inuit, the traditional ulu women's knife was made with an antler, horn, or ivory handle.

Deer have long been bred in captivity as ornaments for parks, but only in the case of reindeer has thorough domestication succeeded. The Sami of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia use reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. Deer bred for hunting are selected based on the size of the antlers. In North America, the reindeer, known there as caribou, is not domesticated or herded, but it is important as a quarry animal to the Caribou Inuit.

Automobile collisions with deer can impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U.S., about 1.5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Those accidents cause about 150 human deaths and $1.1 billion in property damage annually. In Scotland, several roads including the A82, the A87 and the A835 have had significant enough problems with deer vehicle collisions (DVCs) that sets of vehicle activated automatic warning signs have been installed along these roads.

In some areas of the UK, deer (especially fallow deer due to their gregarious behaviour), have been implicated as a possible reservoir for transmission of bovine tuberculosis, a disease which in the UK in 2005 cost £90 million in attempts to eradicate. In New Zealand, deer are thought to be important as vectors picking up M. bovis in areas where brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula are infected, and transferring it to previously uninfected possums when their carcasses are scavenged elsewhere. The white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus has been confirmed as the sole maintenance host in the Michigan outbreak of bovine tuberculosis which remains a significant barrier to the US nationwide eradication of the disease in livestock. In 2008, 733,998 licensed deer hunters killed approximately 489,922 white-tailed deer to procure venison, control the deer population, and minimize the spread of disease. These hunters purchased more than 1.5 million deer harvest tags. The economic value of deer hunting to Michigan's economy is substantial. For example, in 2006, hunters spent US$507 million hunting white-tailed deer in Michigan.

Deer hunting is a popular activity in the U.S. that provides the hunter's family with high quality meat and generates revenue for states and the federal government from the sales of licenses, permits and tags. The 2006 survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that license sales generate approximately $700 million annually. This revenue generally goes to support conservation efforts in the states where the licenses are purchased. Overall, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that big game hunting for deer and elk generates approximately $11.8 billion annually in hunting-related travel, equipment and related expenditures.

(Proposed edits - made in bold & underlined):

Economic Significance[edit]

Deer(add link) have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as venison, is highly nutritious. Due to the inherently wild nature and diet of deer, venison is most often obtained through deer hunting. In the United States, it is produced in small amounts compared to beef(add link) but still represents a significant trade. Conservation laws prevent the sale of wild game meat, although it may be donated. By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer(add link) were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries (add citation).

The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as buckskin. There is nothing special about skins with the fur on since the hair is brittle and soon quickly falls off. The hoofs and horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the roe deer, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk horn is often employed in making knife handles. In China, a medicine is made from stag horn, and the antlers of certain species are eaten when "in the velvet". Among the Inuit, the traditional ulu women's knife was made with an antler, horn, or ivory handle.

Deer have long been bred in captivity as ornaments for parks, but only in the case of reindeer(add link) has thorough domestication succeeded. The Sami of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia use reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. Deer bred for hunting are selected based on the size of the antlers. In North America, the reindeer, known there as caribou, is not domesticated or herded, but it is important as a quarry animal to the Caribou Inuit.

Automobile collisions with deer can impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U.S., about 1.5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Those accidents cause about 150 human deaths and $1.1 billion in property damage annually. In Scotland, several roads including the A82, the A87 and the A835 have had significant enough problems with deer vehicle collisions (DVCs) that sets of vehicle activated automatic warning signs have been installed along these roads.

In some areas of the UK, deer (especially fallow deer due to their gregarious behaviour), have been implicated as a possible reservoir for transmission of bovine tuberculosis, a disease which in the UK in 2005 cost £90 million in attempts to eradicate. In New Zealand, deer are thought to be important as vectors picking up M. bovis in areas where brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula are infected, and transferring it to previously uninfected possums when their carcasses are scavenged elsewhere. The white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus has been confirmed as the sole maintenance host in the Michigan outbreak of bovine tuberculosis(add link) which remains a significant barrier to the US nationwide eradication of the disease in livestock. In 2008, 733,998 licensed deer hunters killed approximately 489,922 white-tailed deer to procure venison, control the deer population, and minimize the spread of disease. These hunters purchased more than 1.5 million deer harvest tags. The economic value of deer hunting to Michigan's economy is substantial. For example, in 2006, hunters spent US$507 million hunting white-tailed deer in Michigan.

Deer hunting is a popular activity in the U.S. that provides the hunter's family with high quality meat and generates revenue for states and the federal government from the sales of licenses, permits and tags. The 2006 survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that license sales generate approximately $700 million annually. This revenue generally goes to support conservation efforts in the states where the licenses are purchased. Overall, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(add link) estimates that big game hunting for deer and elk generates approximately $11.8 billion annually in hunting-related travel, equipment and related expenditures.

Week 7: Prep for week 8 edits[edit]

Week 6: Draft 1 of article[edit]

The Five Cephalochordate Synapomorphies[edit]

The chondricthyes 5 synapomorphies, otherwise known as sharks, evolved from the cephalochordates. The five synapomorphies are pharyngeal slit[32], dorsal nerve cord[33], notochord[34], Endostyle[35], and the post-anal-tail. In cephalochordates, the pharyngeal slit[32], or pharynx, are lateral[36] to the throat of the chordate and work as filters by letting water pass over this region in order to retain nutrients and oxygen from gas exchange occurring. The dorsal nerve cord[33] serves as a hollow-like backbone where signals are sent throughout the body due to nervous tissue being located in this region. The notochord[34] is also toward the back of the chordate but closer toward the middle of the body than the dorsal nerve cord[33] and is a water-filled structure that allows the chordate to move in water. Endostyle[35] is underneath the pharyngeal gill slits where proteins give the chordate energy and sustenance. Lastly, the post-anal-tail is muscular and allows the chordate to move in water.

The Five Derived Synapomorphies in Sharks[edit]

These chordate synapomorphies changed and developed into characteristics that were more desirable traits for sharks' needs. These evolved synapomorphies are crucial for the current sharks lifestyle, for example, the pharyngeal slit[32] changed to form into become a jaw and gills[37]. The dorsal nerve cord[33] still sends signals to the body but in a more organized fashion, namely using the central nervous system. The notochord[34] changed from allowing movement in water to discs being formed in between vertebrae allowing for protection and acting as a buffer when movement occurs. The Endostyle[35] changed to adapt to the sharks metabolism to become faster and allow for the thyroid hormone to become present. The post-anal-tail helps the shark move in water but also helps with balance too. An article that provided good incite for this topic was in homology review of cephalochordates[38] and in Figure 1 and 2 it discussed gill slits and had good depictions of the cephalochordate in the larva stage.

Shark Internal Organs[edit]

The shark internal organs are fascinating and serve as having important functions for the shark. It was found on the Shark[39] page that sharks reproductive organs serve to reproduce sexually where the male delivers sperm to the female using claspers[40] that insert into the females oviduct[41]. This then allows the female to give birth to live young, although some do lay eggs[42]. The shark anatomy page describes the shark stomach but doesn't touch base on how buoyancy is established from air taking up space and providing sharks the ability to float as described in the shark page. The stomach also has shorter intestines than most animals, also discussed on the shark page, which causes food to take greater amounts of time to fully digest before excreted from the body. At the very end of the short intestine[43] lies the rectal gland which is important for the excretion waste from the animal. The shark liver is also discussed on the shark page and shark anatomy page where it is full of an oily-like substance called shark liver oil[44] that helps the sharks be more buoyant and acts as an energy storer where it can be utilized when needed. The sharks liver also helps with filtrating the blood and waste while also acting as a storage region for vitamins which is incredibly important especially if the shark goes a long time without eating or if the shark has extreme amounts of urea within the system, the liver helps with both of these scenarios[45]. Sharks also have osmoregulation[46] which allows the shark to have high concentrations and amounts of urea which allows them to not become dehydrated from living in seawater as opposed to freshwater[47]. The shark kidney excretes the urea that is needed for the shark to have in its system to not become dehydrated from living in seawater[48]. Sharks hearts have two chambers and the way the heart pumps is described on the shark page. The shark hearts main importance though is providing oxygenated blood to the entire body while filtering out the deoxygenated blood. A good media picture is depicted in the this shark anatomy photo where it shows the beginning half of the shark, especially the gills. Shark gills[49] were derived from the synapomorphy pharyngeal gill slits and are essential for them to breathe underwater and the process to breathe is described in the shark page. A sharks spleen is also incredibly important because it is where red blood cells (RBC's) are derived and is also where the immune system functions to fight off pathogens[50]. The pancreas of the shark helps with digestion by producing the enzymes needed to break down the large chunks of food most sharks bite out of and the pancreas serves to help keep the metabolism at a fast pace to accommodate for the large amounts of food taken in[51].

Week 5: Find your sources[edit]

Week 4: Assignment to group dissections[edit]

  1. Shark[55]: I would chose this page because I started working on this page and found it to be interesting and I think I could make some valid contributions to the page, especially about synapomorphies. Edits that could be made are adding the 5 synapomorphies and discussing ocean acidification as a reason for decline in shark population. Related articles to this page I could edit is gill slits[56], pectoral fins[57], and vertebrates[58].
  2. Hagfish[59]: I would chose this page because I started working on this page and found it to be interesting and because I also found some contributions that I could add to the page, especially about the slime section. Edits that could be made are adding why slime is useful to ward off predators and areas that have unorganized sentence structure such as the section called Eye. Related articles to this page I could edit is cyclostomata[60], lancelets[61], and cephalochordate[62].
  3. Shark anatomy[63]: I would chose this page because I am interested in the 5 synapomorphies and how sharks evolved and used these characteristics to their advantage. Edits that could be made are adding the 5 synapomorphies and adding more about the internal organs. Related articles to this page I could edit is caudal fin[52], dorsal fin[53], and gills[37].

Week 3: Discussion and Edit an Article[edit]

Discussion:[edit]

  • Blog posts and press releases are considered poor sources of reliable information. Why?

This is because they do not have a way to be peer reviewed (blog post) or way to be properly cited for what was specifically said (press release).

  • What are some reasons you might not want to use a company's website as the main source of information about that company?

The companies website could be more biased as opposed to another website describing that same company.

  • What is the difference between a copyright violation and plagiarism?

A copyright violation is not citing where something originated, or for example stealing someones picture without receiving an "okay" to do so from that place it originated. Plagiarism is taking another's ideas and using them as if thy were your own.

  • What are some good techniques to avoid close paraphrasing and plagiarism?

Use your own words to describe something rather than continuously referring to the place it actually originated from when paraphrasing.

Honestly these are all my own thoughts since I didn't have a chance to discuss with a group this week about the group assignment. Each time we had a breakout and worked in groups we seemed to forget to discuss the wikipedia page for the group discussion portion but I will try to be more diligent and on top of it for next weeks group discussion, if applicable.

Feedback[edit]

  • This is fine. Thank you for sharing your honest thoughts.

Proposed Edits:[edit]

I ended up assigning myself the article Hagfish[64] .

  1. After I read though it I noticed a few places were the wording could have been rephrased to sound more intellectual. Such as the section titled Eye, the first sentence of this section just sounds awkward and it could be fixed to flow better. The second sentence could also be combined with the first sentence of this section as well. Even the following sentences could be fixed in this Eye section as well. Maybe the author just didn't know much about this section so just threw it together but it doesn't sound very good or complex when comparing it to the rest of the article. The section for Classification and Phylogeny were a bit different from how we learned this information in our class but it appears to be correct.
  2. There are three citations/ links that do not work such as parapineal organ , Myxinikela siroka, and Sebastes zacentrus. New citations/ links could be parapineal organ[65], Myxinikela siroka[66] , and Sebastes zacentrus [67].
  3. A few sentences that could be added is within the Slime section, I believe we learned in class lecture that hagfish can use their slime to distract predators when the hagfish were feeding so they wouldn't be disturbed (reference class lectures from week 2). I feel like this is an important tactic and should be added in this section because slime isn't just used if the hagfish are being attacked by another species but also as a protective and preventative mechanism so this wouldn't occur in the first place.
  4. I did not propose change to the talk page because I am too nervous too...

Feedback Adding to an Article[edit]

  • I like your edit suggestions. One think I would caution you about is wanting to make things more "complex/ intellectual". Remember that we want language to be accessible above all.
  • One guideline I have seen that I like is clear and concise writing that will be accessible to an 8th grader.
  • I know that you are nervous, but I really like these suggestions. After a but more work on this topic, do you think you might feel better submitting to the talk page then?
  • One reason we suggest this kind of submissions is that you can potentially get very useful feedback from other Wikipedians that can help you with your submitted work in the long run.

Osquaesitor (talk) 00:09, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

Week 2: Article Evaluation[edit]

The article I chose is called Shark[68].

Observations and things I learned:

I learned that sharks swim at a relatively slower pace than I thought they did prior to reading the article, being 5 miles per hour[68]. I also learned that technically sharks don't need to continuously swim in order to breathe underwater by utilizing something called spiracles[68]. Next, I learned that sharks can swim and survive at 12,100 feet which is surprising because of the extreme water pressures. Lastly, I learned that there are only four sharks that are dangerous when it comes to attacking humans and in order to avoid a shark attack, the person should't wear shiny things such as jewelry or create too much abnormal water movement.

Week 1: Q&A[edit]

Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?

I was distracted by the heading "Threats to sharks" because there wasn't any real discussion on how their environment is affecting the sharks, only that humans are creating a huge impact on their survival. I am wondering if ocean acidification has any impacts on their breeding, feeding, or daily habits they have.

Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?

The article appears neutral for the most part expect when it begins to discuss how humans are the main reason for sharks being threatened. Even if this is the case, I believe that ocean acidification could be another reason for sharks dying.

Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?

A viewpoint underrepresented is the 5 chordate synapomorphies. I believe they discuss these briefly but relating them to how they evolved and why they evolved the synapomorphies is very interesting in my opinion and should be added.

Check a few citations:

Are they properly formatted?

Yes and no, some of the authors aren't listed within the citation but others are. But there are links for all citations listed.

Do the links work?

Yes and no, some of the the links worked, others did not.

Does the source support the claims in the article?

The sources that were listed that worked when link clicked on were mostly supportive.

Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?

Most articles appeared neutral besides an article about how sharks are intelligent. This article is quite biased explaining how sharks are friendly.

Are there any instances of plagiarism on the page?

Besides some of the incorrect citations and non working links, appears there is no plagiarism.

Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?

I believe that the five synapomorphies could benefit this article along with discussing ocean acidification.

Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?

There isn't much talk on the talk page actually. Only a few suggestions of things to add.

How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?

It was rated as a "Good article" or a "level-4 vital article". Article is apart of 4 WikiProjects.

How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

The five synapomorphies not discussed in article and some of the shark phylogeny was discussed differently in this article when compared to class.

Did you choose to review one of the articles on comparative anatomists that I posted or did you find your own?

I chose to review one the ones posted.

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  23. ^ Argyriou, Thodoris (Jan 6, 2016). "Exceptional preservation reveals gastrointestinal anatomy and evolution in early actinopterygian fishes". Science reports. 6.
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  27. ^ Hasegawa, Kumi (April 27, 2016). "Sulfate transporters involved in sulfate secretion in the kidney are localized in the renal proximal tubule II of the elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii)". American Journal of Physiology. 1: 66–78.
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