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Your addition of 化外之地 etc. is very interesting. I believe this terminology is associated with Confucianism and the "transforming" properties of Confucianism. This was, incidentally, a controversial issue with Yongzheng and Qianlong, revolving around their responses to the anti-Manchu works of Zeng Jing. The Yongzheng approach was that the Manchus had been transformed (化) and were thus fit to rule China. The Qianlong approach was that the Qing were fit to rule because the Qing emperor "reified Heaven's will in the magnificence of his regime". (This very brief note being based on Pamela Crossley's "A Translucent Mirror"). See Treason by the Book.
