User talk:Immcarl17

Welcome!

Hello, Immcarl17, and welcome to Wikipedia! My name is Ian and I work with the Wiki Education Foundation; I help support students who are editing as part of a class assignment.

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If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Ian (Wiki Ed) (talk) 20:19, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Hi!

Nice to meet you! My name is Vianne Gao and I am a sophomore at Carleton College hoping to major in Biology. I grew up in Shenzhen, China but also lived in Australia for a few years. I love traveling, meeting new people, cooking and so much more. My favorite places at Carleton are Weitz and Boliou, and my favorite vegetable is cabbage. Immcarle8 (talk) 06:31, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

Hi!

Hi, my name is Dani! My favorite color is pink! I am Immcarle1 if you could reply.Immcarle1 (talk) 22:09, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

Sup!

My name is Ximou, I hope you are having a good day, I'm looking forward to the rest of this class! I'm Immcarle22 (talk) 02:02, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

Hi everyone!

Hi guys, it's so nice to see all these Immcarls on this page! I'm Cynthia Chang, a junior at Carleton College. I'm a biology major and I'm excited to edit Immunology-related pages! Immcarle2 (talk) 03:57, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

Assignment #1

Jan 9th: Taking my second training module and learning how to edit in the Wikipedia Sand box feature. Sandbox is a feature that allows users to practice making edits on a practice page before making edits to live articles.

Assignment #2

I added a couple sentences to the Developmental section in the Microfold cells article.

Assignment #3

Articles I am interested in the following topics. For the microfold cell page, I will have the opportunity to add a couple citations, but mainly add content. There is no talk discussions on this topic yet. I am interested in this concept because it is from a new lineage and there is new research being done that I can explore. The article for Peyer's patch is also scarce and there is plenty of research, so I will be able to fill the article with lots of existing research. There is one comment on the talk which I can also respond to. The breastmilk page has a lot of information, but the immunity and benefits section can be updated with current research. Updating research is also true for the gut flora page. There is one particular comment on this page about paragraphs being "gibberish" that I can address.

Microfold cell

Peyer's patch

Breastmilk

Gut flora

Immcarl17 (talk) 04:21, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

Assignment #4

I have chosen to work on the Microfold cell article as my final topic. My topic has been added to the course page as well.

Bibliography:

1. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. New York: Garland Science; 2001.

2. Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-.

3. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Contraceptive Research and Development; Harrison PF, Rosenfield A, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1996.

4. Gut flora

Immcarl17 (talk) 21:44, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

Assignment #5: Improving existing article: Microfold Cell

The section of the Microfold cell article I am most interested in the development section, which happens to also be the section with the least information.

I would like to fill this section with information regarding what we know about the development of these cells, but with some context or reference to the research or experimentation used to arrive at these conclusions. I am also hoping to create a figure or adapt a figure from a recent review article so that we have some visualization about the position, location, and thus function of these cells.

Here is what I wrote on the talk page for the Microfold article:

I will be working on editing and updating this article as part of an undergraduate level Immunology class assignment.

The section of the Microfold cell article I am most interested in the development section, which happens to also be the section with the least information. I would like to fill this section with information regarding what we know about the development of these cells, but with some context or reference to the research or experimentation used to arrive at these conclusions. I am also hoping to create a figure or adapt a figure from a recent review article so that we have some visualization about the position, location, and thus function of these cells. I am welcome to any feedback or collaboration!

Today, I have drafted a new lead section that incorporates the summary of the proposed changes I have to the development section. I have also summarized some information from other sections of the article that is also reflected in the lead section. Here is a draft of my updated lead section:

Microfold cells (or M cells) are found in the follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyer's patch as well as in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). They transport organisms and particles from the gut lumen to immune cells across the epithelial barrier, and thus are important in stimulating mucosal immunity. Many pathogens including Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and prions in Bovine spongiform encephalitis enter the gut through the exploitation of M cells. M cells differentiate and mature when they receive signals from the Peyer's patch and these molecular identities of these signals are yet to be uncovered.

Unlike their neighbouring cells, they have the unique ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine via endocytosis or phagocytosis, and then deliver it via transcytosis and phagocytosis to dendritic cells (an antigen presenting cell) and lymphocytes (namely T cells) located in a unique pocket-like structure on their basolateral side. [citation needed]

More research (annotated bibliography, see assignment 4 for all other sources):

5. Rouch JD, Scott A, Lei NY, Solorzano- Vargas RS, Wang J, Hanson EM, et al. (2016) Development of Functional Microfold (M) Cells from Intestinal Stem Cells in Primary Human Enteroids. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0148216. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0148216

This is a primary article, however, it is brand new (less than a month old), it has some great figures. And even though M cells have medical applications that can be discussed in the wikipedia article, we first need to create a strong lead section and flesh out the sub sections. I will be working on the development section and this seems like a great article to explain the development of these cells from intestinal stem cells.

6. Hiroshi Ohno, Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22

This is a good review paper, with even better and more understandable figures. A few experiments are also outlined.

7. Role of M Cells in Intestinal Barrier FunctionT. KUCHARZIK,a,b N. LÜGERING,a K. RAUTENBERG,a A. LÜGERING,aM.A. SCHMIDT,c R. STOLL,a AND W. DOMSCHKEaaDepartment of Medicine B and cCenter for Molecular Biology of Inflammation,University of Münster, 48129 Münster, Germany

Another excellent, thorough review. Still need to read this one though.

Immcarl17 (talk) 23:15, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

Assignment #6: Complete first draft

Feb 17th:

This is the current lead section from the wikipedia page for M cells. I will be updated it to include a few more sentences to a whole paragraph about the function, morphology, and development of these cells. I have also added a citation for the last sentence on the current lead section.

Existing lead section Microfold cells (or M cells) are found in the follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyer's patch as well as in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). They transport organisms and particles from the gut lumen to immune cells across the epithelial barrier, and thus are important in stimulating mucosal immunity.

Unlike their neighbouring cells, they have the unique ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine via endocytosis or phagocytosis, and then deliver it via transcytosis to dendritic cells (an antigen presenting cell) and lymphocytes (namely T cells) located in a unique pocket-like structure on their basolateral side [citation needed].

Lead section (with my edits) Microfold cells ( M cells or intestinal membranous cells) are found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the Peyer's patch and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). These cells initiate mucosal immune responses on the apical membrane of the M cells and allow for transport of microbes and particles from the gut lumen into immune cells across the epithelial barrier.

M cells express the protease cathepsin E, similar to other antigen presenting cells. Unlike their neighbouring cells, M cells have the unique ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine via endocytosis or phagocytosis, and then deliver it via transcytosis to dendritic cells (another antigen presenting cell) and lymphocytes (namely T cells). This process takes place in a unique pocket-like structure on their basolateral side [5]. Recognition of antigens is done via expression cell surface receptors such as glycoprotein-2 (GP2) that detect and specifically bind to bacteria possessing Type I pili. Cellular prion protein (PrP) has also been identified as an antigen-uptake receptor on the surface of these cels.

M cells lack microvilli and they are characterized by strong cell junction to function as a barrier and thus defense line in the immune system. Despite these characteristics, some antigens are able to infiltrate the M cell barrier and infect the nearby epithelial cells or enter the gut [7].

Morphology Section M cells are distinguished from other intestinal epithelial cells by their morphological differences. They are characterized by short microvilli or lack of these protrusions on the cellsurface. When they present microvilli, they are short, irregular, and present on the apical surface or pocket-like invagination on the basolateral surface of these cells. When they lack microvilli, they are characterized by microfolds, and hence receive their commonly known name. These cells can also be identified by cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix components expressed at the edge of cells or on their cell surfaces, such as actin, villin, cytokeratin, and vimentin [7].

Development Section B cells have been implicated in the developmental of M cells, since they are also localized in high numbers in the follicular-associated epithelium. FAE lacking B cell populations result in a decrease in the number of M cell lining the Peyer's patch [6]. Similarly, a human lymphoma cell line, called Raji cells, are also known to cause transition of adenocarcinoma cells to M cells. Though many studies have shown various cell types directing the differentiation of M cells, the field is at a point of characterizing the molecular pathways that guide M cell differentiation. More recently, through loss-of-function and rescue-phenotype studies, RANKL has been shown to be a receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and play a role in differentiation of M cells [8]. Interestingly, microbes found among existing intestinal epithelium are also known to direct M cell development. For example, the type III secretion system effector protein SopB activates the transition of M cells from enterocytes [9].

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. . 12. .

Immcarl17 (talk) 05:41, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

Assignment #7:Peer reviewee

I will be peer reviewing the following article titled, T helper 17 cell.

Assignment #8: Complete first draft

Summary of edits: I wanted the opening paragraphs to establish why this topic is relevant and should be well studied and thus included on a wikipedia article. That is why I added the last sentence in the first paragraph. I still believe for how much we know at this point in this field, that my sources from 2005 and 2007 are still relevant and important. They discuss the edge of our knowledge on this topic. However, I did look up newer research and added a citation to my revised lead section. The newer sources since 2009 are more experimental data that demonstrate how we know what we know. I have added citations [brackets] to more words that have wikipedia articles to make the article I am adding more accessible and understandable to a broader range of audiences. The lead section needed additional editing for sentence structure, which I revised. I also added a second paragraph to the developmental section of the article. I thought this paragraph was relevant in describing the implication of the development of these cells, and how their differentiation pathways can be hijacked by pathogens and allow for invasion of host cells. I am also planning to revisit the paragraphs that I did not write, mainly the structure and function and pathology paragraphs and add citations and write them out more thoroughly. Mainly, I decided to merge the morphology section I wrote and the existing structure and function section. This includes changes like added citations/brackets to other wiki pages, rewording some sentences, and adding citations to review papers. Lastly, I added a passive immunity section that allows our examination of M cells to focus on their role in delivering antibodies to mother's breast milk.

Lead section (with my edits) Microfold cells ( M cells or intestinal membranous cells) are found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the Peyer's patch and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). These cells initiate mucosal immune responses on the apical membrane of the M cells and allow for transport of microbes and particles from the gut lumen into immune cells across the epithelial barrier. Due this function, they are often considered an antigen sampling system in the immune system [10].

M cells express the protease cathepsin E, similar to other antigen presenting cells. Unlike their neighbouring cells, M cells have the unique ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine via endocytosis or phagocytosis, and then deliver it via transcytosis and phagocytosis to dendritic cells (another antigen presenting cell) and lymphocytes (namely T cells). This process takes place in a unique pocket-like structure on their basolateral side [5]. Recognition of antigens is done via expression cell surface receptors such as glycoprotein-2 (GP2) that detect and specifically bind to bacteria possessing Type I pili. Cellular prion protein (PrP) has also been identified as an antigen-uptake receptor on the surface of these cels.

M cells lack microvilli and they are characterized by strong cell junction to function as a barrier and thus defense line in the immune system. Despite these characteristics, some antigens are able to infiltrate the M cell barrier and infect the nearby epithelial cells or enter the gut [7].

Morphology Section M cells are distinguished from other intestinal epithelial cells by their morphological differences. They are characterized by short microvilli or lack of these protrusions on the cell surface. When they present microvilli, they are short, irregular, and present on the apical surface or pocket-like invagination on the basolateral surface of these cells. When they lack microvilli, they are characterized by microfolds, and hence receive their commonly known name. These cells can also be identified by cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix components expressed at the edge of cells or on their cell surfaces, such as actin, villin, cytokeratin, and vimentin [7].

Development Section B cells have been implicated in the developmental of M cells, since they are also localized in high numbers in the follicular-associated epithelium. FAE lacking B cell populations result in a decrease in the number of M cell lining the Peyer's patch [6]. Similarly, a human lymphoma cell line, called Raji cells, are also known to cause transition of adenocarcinoma cells to M cells. Though many studies have shown various cell types directing the differentiation of M cells, the field is at a point of characterizing the molecular pathways that guide M cell differentiation. More recently, through loss-of-function and rescue-phenotype studies, RANKL has been shown to be a receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and play a role in differentiation of M cells [8]. Interestingly, microbes found among existing intestinal epithelium are also known to direct M cell development. For example, the type III secretion system effector protein SopB activates the transition of M cells from enterocytes [9].

Pathogens can take advantage of cell differentiation pathways in order to invade the host cells. This is done by inducing differentiation of enterocytes into M cell type in gut epithelium[11]. In one case, the SopB effector protein mentioned above, is secreted by S. Typhimurium to trigger fast differentiation of enterocytes located in the FAE by initiation epithelial to mesenchymal transition of these cells.When SopB activates differentiation of enterocytes, it acts via the activation of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway and triggers the RANKL and its receptor, implicated in regulating cell apoptosis[12].

Passive Immunity:

M cells play a role in passive immunity, or the transfer of active humoral immunity. Specifically, fetuses rely on antibodies specific to their mother's intestinal antigens, which move from the mother's gut and enter the breast milk. These antibodies are able to move into the milk supply through the lymphatic system. In females that are not lactating, when M cells recognize antigen in the gut, they stimulate production of many Immunoglobin A (IgA) antibodies. These antibodies are released into the gut mucosa, salivary glands, and lymph nodes. However, in females that are lactating, M cells recognize antigen and subsequent IgA production is directed from the gut to the mammary gland. IgA traveling from the gut to breast milk supply is controlled by hormones, cheekiness, and cytokines. Thus, the mammary gland and breast milk has a critical role along side M cells in mucosal immune system [13].

5. [1] 6. [2] 7. [3] 8. [4] 9. [5] 10. [6] 11. [7] 12. [8] 13. [9]

Assignment 9: Peer Reviews

Peer reviewer feedback:

Opening paragraph: The context for the remaining sections of the article is well set up, especially by introducing their relationship to T reg cells and their role in other immunological system functions. Alluding to experimental evidence also provides context tot he research and the nature of the field. The second sentence is a little confusing to me about the signals that encourage one also discourage the other. Maybe its as simple as terminology/ word choice changes?

Grammar/punctuation: I have emailed you a copy of your text corrected for grammar and punctuation.

Technical/appropriate audience: I think the lead, function, and Th17 cells in disease are not too technical. They set up ideas and define terms that allow reader to follow through easily. The more technical sections are differentiation, role of Th17 cells in autoimmune disorders, and loss of Th17 cells in HIV pathogenesis. It is harder to follow the description in these paragraphs, but as an Immunology student I have a lot of appreciation for them!. You can consider adding a citation to the last sentence of the differentiation paragraph, even if you did not write it yourself. I have found it helpful to cite in brackets, the other wikipedia articles referring to the vocabulary words you used. I would also keep defining more terms, like interleukin, for example.

Recent citations: You have well over 5 current citations. They are all from the past decade or so. Especially your Loss of Th17 cells in HIV pathogenesis section, where you have research from the past five years or so.

Copy-edit: I have emailed you the word document with some of the my grammar, punctuation, and other minor edits and suggestions. Hopefully these are helpful, let me know if you have any questions!

3-5 new paragraphs/1-3 paragraph modifications: It seems to me like you contributed most to the Loss of Th17 cells in HIV pathogenesis sections. You have 3-4 paragraphs here. I can also see in your view history that you have made significant change stop the lead sections and some changes to the differentiation and function sections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Immcarl17

Immcarl17 (talk) 15:07, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

Assignment 9: Feedback Immcarle7 (talk) 03:12, 27 February 2016 (UTC)Feedback on article from Elly

You've made significant edits to the lead section, development section, and you added the passive immunity section entirely. All and all, your edits to this page have been substantial. Your citations are very recent, most of them from within the past 10 years and many from within the past 5. I have copy-edited your primary sections (lead, development, passive immunity) and emailed them to you in a word document. I also asked for some clarifying details. Feel free to ask me questions about any edits I made.

The lead section introduces the page well. The first paragraph has some slightly confusing wording that I noted in the word doc with edits. The second paragraph on antigen uptake by M cells may be a little too detailed for the lead section (perhaps it warrants its own section) but I think the information is solid. The third paragraph about cell junctions should emphasize how M cells maintain the epithelial barrier a little more before going into pathogen or microbe infiltration into the lamina propia. I think it is written at an acceptable and understandable level for a general audience with some familiarity with biology.

The development section looks good. I suggested splitting the first big paragraph into two smaller ones for ease of reading and understanding. Your mention of Raji cells could use a little more development or maybe less specificity? Right now I'm not sure why they are important. Also I think adding a little more about RANKL could be helpful to your reader. Your brief introduction of experimental methods also looks good. I might also introduce or develop the type secretion system a little more. Again, I think the level is good for an audience with some biological familiarity. I think you would have to sacrifice a lot of detail for more accessibility. Perhaps adding a summary sentence at the top could improve this?

You added the entire passive immunity section! How impressive! I thought this whole section looked very good. Do you know anything about how M cells redirect IgA production during lactation? Very understandable and succinct.

Assignment 10: Edits reflecting peer review comments

First of all, I want to thank Elly for her helpful and reassuring comments!

Things I need to do: 1. Lead paragraph confusing wording 2. Less detail in 2nd paragraph of lead 3. emphasize, reorder sentences 4. split the first big para 5. Raji, explain or take out, why are they important 6. more about RANKL 7. add summary sentence to secretion system 8. research how m cells redirect IgA production

What I have done to fix the comments from above: 1. Readjusted wording for 1st and 2nd paragraphs. Made it more succinct and made the connection between movement of these microbes from one location to the next more clear. 2. I took out the type of pili and the secretion system for PrP so that the paragraph would not be dense with details. 3. I have reworded the sentence to emphasize epithelial cells as a immune system defense line due to its function as a physical barrier. 4. I ended up splitting the paragraph into two. The first paragraph explains the transition of cell types to M cells. The second paragraph characterizes the molecular factors that play a role in the differentiation. 5. I decided that the lymphoma cell line did not need to be named and that it only made the description more confusing. I took out the term Raji cells. 6. Added couple more phrases about RANKL and added a citation 7. I think adding a wiki citation and link here is sufficient. They can look up the secretion system if necessary. 8.

Corrections incorporated in copy below:

Microfold cells (or M cells) are found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the Peyer's patch and in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). These cells are known to initiate mucosal immunity responses on the apical membrane of the M cells and allow for transport of microbes and particles across the epithelial barrier from the gut lumen and into immune cells.[1]

M cells express the protease cathepsin E, similar to other antigen presenting cells. Unlike their neighbouring cells, M cells have the unique ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine via endocytosis, phagocytosis, or transcytosis. Antigens are delivered to antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and lymphocytes (namely T cells). This process takes place in a unique pocket-like structure on their basolateral side [5]. Antigens are recognized via expression of cell surface receptors such as glycoprotein-2 (GP2) that detect and specifically bind to bacteria pili on bacteria. Cellular prion protein (PrP) is another example of a cell surface receptor on M cells.[2]

As epithelial cells, M cells lack microvilli and they are characterized by strong cell junction to function. This provides a physical barrier and thus defense line in the immune system of the host. Despite the epithelial barrier, some antigens are able to infiltrate the M cell barrier and infect the nearby epithelial cells or enter the gut.[3]

Development Factors promoting the differentiation of M cells have yet to be elucidated, but they are thought to develop in response to signals from immune cells found in the developing Peyer's patch.[8] B cells have been implicated in the developmental of M cells, since they are also localized in high numbers in the follicular-associated epithelium. FAE lacking B cell populations result in a decrease in the number of M cell lining the Peyer's patch [6]. Similarly, a human lymphoma cell line is also known to undergo transition from adenocarcinoma cells to M cells.

Though many studies have shown various cell types directing the differentiation of M cells, the field is at a point of characterizing the molecular pathways that guide M cell differentiation. More recently, through loss-of-function and rescue-phenotype studies, RANKL has been shown to be a receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and play a role in the temporal differentiation of M cells. RANKL is expressed throughout the small intestine, facilitates uptake of pathogens such as Salmonella, and is the most critical factor M cell differentiation.[9] Interestingly, microbes found among existing intestinal epithelium are also known to direct M cell development. For example, the type III secretion system effector protein SopB activates the transition of M cells from enterocytes.[10] M cells undergo the differentiation process for up to four days before reaching full maturation. Recent studies have suggested they arise distinctly from the lymphoid and myeloid lineages.[11]

Pathogens can take advantage of cell differentiation pathways in order to invade the host cells. This is done by inducing differentiation of enterocytes into M cell type in gut epithelium.[12] In one case, the SopB effector protein mentioned above, is secreted by S. Typhimurium to trigger fast differentiation of enterocytes located in the FAE by initiation epithelial to mesenchymal transition of these cells.When SopB activates differentiation of enterocytes, it acts via the activation of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway and triggers the RANKL and its receptor, implicated in regulating cell apoptosis.[13] Immcarl17 (talk) 05:47, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

Assignment 11: Final article

I have made the following changes to the article today and this will be my final version to submit:

Sentences re-ordered for lead and morphology and function. Several grammar mistakes in Development and Passive Immunity sections. Some rewording in 2nd and 3rd paragraphs for Development section.

Immcarl17 (talk) 22:43, 6 March 2016 (UTC)

Assignment 12: Portfolio and final summary

My portfolio will be in power point format with screen shots from all the intermediate assignments. I emailed Debby about my computer crashing and the fact that I lost all of my screen shots after 2/23. What I have done is taken screen shots today from my talk page, the live page for the microfold cell article, as well as from the history of that page to show Debby the work I did since 2/23. For tasks that I knew I had a screen shot for earlier, but don't anymore, I made a note on the power point file. The power point also includes a narrative of what I was doing for each deadline.

Final summary:

I thought this was an excellent assignment for a couple different reasons. First, it helped me navigate wikipedia which is a useful skill to have. I have always wanted to edit on Wikipedia, but did not have the courage to do it before now. Second, it was an incredible way for us to communicate our learning of a topic in Biology and specifically Immunology that we are new to, in a way that a non-bio or even a non-science person can understand. Third, it made me aware of how variable, accurate/inaccurate information on Wikipedia can be. I have always strongly believed the information I see on Wikipedia, because I assume only professors, scientists, or professionals in the field will made edits. I did not realize that really anyone can make changes and mistakes and purposeful inadequacies is always a possibility. Fourth, this assignment provided me an opportunity to write science and communicate my understanding an work, to quite literally, everyplace and person in the world. This sort of platform to produce meaningful work is limited at an undergraduate level, but we had the opportunity to do this.

I definitely think that I improved certain aspects of my research skills. I have often gone into a research project for an assignment, knowing some background of the field or topic (even comps). Studying Immunology and picking up this assignment at the beginning of the term allowed me to start researching something, I really knew nothing about beforehand. This meant I had to be more thoughtful and purposeful in what kind of sources I was reading. I needed to understand the topic as well as the field.

I remember to the first weeks of class where we had just brushed over the topic of M cells. Since then, I know so much more about their development which I was most interested about, but also their morphology which is unique as an epithelial cell type and how they are connected to other parts of the immune system that we have studied about. I especially found the relevance to my breast feeding and its immunological significance in context of M cells very interesting.

If I were given more time on this project, I would definitely go back to the section that I had not written and make significant changes to it. I think it was poorly written before, which I changed slightly. Moreover, there are unrelated ideas that I wish I could fill out and complete. I would also like to add more information to the passive immunity paragraph that I wrote entirely. I would include more mechanisms that may potentially explain how antibodies produced are diverted to the mammary gland. I would also have liked to create an image or figure to include to this page.