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VI Corps (Grande Armée)

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VI Corps
Active1805–1815
CountryFirst French Empire First French Empire
BranchArmy
TypeCorps
EngagementsWar of the Third Coalition
War of the Fourth Coalition
Peninsular War
War of the Fifth Coalition
Russian campaign
War of the Sixth Coalition
War of the Seventh Coalition
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Auguste de Marmont
Georges Mouton
Michel Ney
Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr

The VI Corps of the Grande Armée was a French military unit that existed during the Napoleonic Wars. It was formed at the Camp de Boulogne and assigned to Marshal Michel Ney. From 1805 to 1811, the VI Corps fought under Ney's command in the War of the Third Coalition, the War of the Fourth Coalition, and the Peninsular War. General Jean Gabriel Marchand was in charge of the corps for a period when Ney went on leave. In early 1811, Ney was dismissed by Marshal André Masséna for disobedience and the corps was briefly led by General Louis Henri Loison until the corps was dissolved in May 1811. The VI Corps was revived in 1812 for the French invasion of Russia and placed under Marshal Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr. It consisted entirely of Bavarian soldiers at that time. During the disastrous retreat from Moscow, the corps was virtually destroyed. In 1813, during the War of the Sixth Coalition, it was rebuilt and reorganized with French troops. Marshal Auguste de Marmont took command of the corps and managed it until Napoleon's abdication in 1814. It took part in many battles including Dresden and Leipzig in 1813. During the War of the Seventh Coalition, General Georges Mouton commanded the VI Corps at the Battle of Waterloo.

History

1805–1807

The Battle of Elchingen, engraving by Johann Lorenz Rugendas

Under the command of Ney, the VI Corps crossed the Rhine near Karlsruhe on the evening of 24–25 September, 1805 at the start of the War of the Third Coalition. On 2 October, Napoleon's advancing Grande Armée began to wheel to the right, aiming for the Danube River, with Ney's corps on the right as the pivot. The army reached the Danube near Donauwörth and the troops began to cross to the south bank on 7 October. However, the VI Corps remained on the north bank.[1] On 9 October, Ney's 3rd Division under General Malher defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Günzburg. Two days later, General Pierre Dupont's 1st Division found itself facing 25,000 Austrians in the Battle of Haslach-Jungingen. Surprisingly, the badly outnumbered French fended off the enemy all day, before the discouraged Austrians finally retreated. On 14 October, Ney fought General Johann Sigismund Riesch's small corps at the Battle of Elchingen. Using General Loison's 2nd Division, supported by Malher, Ney crushed Riesch's troops with heavy losses.[2]

The Battle of Jena, by Carle Vernet

Thereafter, Dupont's division and Jacques Louis François Delaistre de Tilly's VI Corps cavalry assisted Marshal Joachim Murat in the destruction of General Franz von Werneck's Austrian corps.[3] Later, Dupont's division was detached from the corps and fought at the Battle of Dürrenstein on 11 November.[4] With the other two divisions, Ney marched into the Tyrol where one column was repulsed at Scharnitz but a second column captured 900 Austrians at Leutasch. Both actions occurred on 4 November 1805.[5]

The corps fought at the Battle of Jena on 14 October 1806 during the War of the Fourth Coalition.[6] Ney's troops were engaged in the Siege of Magdeburg beginning on 22 October. General Franz Kasimir von Kleist surrendered on 11 November with 22,000 Prussian soldiers, 800 officers, 20 generals, and 700 artillery pieces.[7] On 25 December, Marchand, with 6,000 men and 12 guns, defeated 3,000 Prussians at the Battle of Soldau.[8] The corps arrived at 7:15 PM on 8 February 1807 at the Battle of Eylau.[9] Ney's 17,000 men held off 63,000 Russians in a brilliant rear guard action in the Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen on 5 and 6 June.[10] The corps led the successful counterattack at the Battle of Friedland on 14 June 1807.[11]

1808–1811

The VI Corps was sent to Spain where it fought in the Peninsular War from 1808 to 1811. In 1808, the corps numbered about 20,000 men, organized into a cavalry brigade under General Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais, the 1st Division under Marchand, and the 2nd Division under General Joseph Lagrange. Later, General Maurice Mathieu took over from Lagrange.[12] Ney attempted to occupy Galicia in the northwest, but in June 1809, he evacuated the province.[13] Next, the corps participated in a futile attempt to cut off the British Army after the Battle of Talavera.[14] While returning to the north, Ney's troops brushed aside General Robert Thomas Wilson's Portuguese-Spanish column at the Battle of Puerto de Baños on 12 August.[15]

In the autumn of 1809, Marchand led the VI Corps when Ney went on leave. Under Marchand's leadership, the corps suffered a defeat at the Battle of Tamames on 18 October.[16] In the Battle of Alba de Tormes under the command of General François Étienne de Kellermann, the VI Corps gained revenge against the Spanish victors of Tamames on 28 November. General Lorcet's cavalry and Kellermann's dragoon division did most of the fighting, while Marchand's infantry arrived only in time to mop up.[17]

The Battle of Bussaco, 27 September 1810

At end of the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo from 26 April to 9 July 1810, the VI Corps seized the fortress. French casualties were about 1,180, while the Spanish lost 461 killed, 994 wounded, and 4,000 captured.[18] In the Battle of the Coa on 24 July, General Louis Henri Loison's division forced the Anglo-Portuguese Light Division behind the Coa River, nearly trapping the unit. When Ney unwisely ordered his men to rush the bridge, serious casualties resulted.[19] Allied losses totaled 36 killed, 189 wounded, and 83 missing. French casualties numbered 117 killed and 414 wounded. The corps began the Siege of Almeida the day after the battle. On 26 August, a lucky hit blew up the main Portuguese magazine, killing 600 men and leveling parts of the town and defenses. The garrison surrendered the following day.[20]

The VI Corps was heavily engaged at the Battle of Bussaco on 27 September 1810. Loison's division suffered 1,252 casualties, including brigade commander Édouard François Simon who was captured. Marchand's division lost an additional 1,173, while General Julien Augustin Joseph Mermet reported only 24 casualties.[21] During the retreat from Portugal, Ney directed several rear guard actions at Pombal, Redinha, Casal Novo, and Foz do Arouce between 11 and 15 March 1811.[22] A week later, Ney flatly refused to obey a direct order resulting in his dismissal by Marshal André Masséna.[23] Loison led the corps at the Battle of Fuentes de Onoro and General Claude François Ferey took command of Loison's division. In the fighting on 3 May, Ferey's and Marchand's divisions suffered 652 casualties, including 76 killed, 409 wounded, and 167 missing. On 5 May, all three divisions lost 107 killed, 804 wounded, and 33 missing.[24] Soon after the battle, the new army commander Marshal Auguste de Marmont dissolved the corps organizations, including the VI Corps. Among others, Marchand and Mermet were sent home.[25]

While Ney's corps was fighting in Spain, a second VI Corps was formed in Italy during the War of the Fifth Coalition. At the end of April 1809, Napoleon authorized Eugène de Beauharnais to form the Army of Italy from the V Corps, VI Corps, and XII Corps. Eugène assigned General Paul Grenier to lead a VI Corps that consisted of the 8th Hussar Regiment and two infantry divisions under Generals Pierre François Joseph Durutte and Michel Marie Pacthod. As Pacthod had not yet arrived, Brigadier General Louis Jean Nicolas Abbé became acting commander[26] during the Battle of Caldiero on 29 and 30 April[27] and the Battle of Piave River on 8 May.[28] Pacthod assumed leadership of his division in time to take part with Durutte in the Battle of Tarvis between 15 and 17 May 1809.[29] On 25 May, Grenier led Durutte and the attached division of General Jean Mathieu Seras to victory in the Battle of Sankt Michael.[30] At the Battle of Raab, Grenier directed the divisions of Durutte and Seras in the first line, while Pacthod's soldiers were placed in reserve. After the Austrians repulsed the opening attack, Pacthod's division was committed to the battle.[31] Both Pacthod and Durutte fought at the Battle of Wagram. Durutte's division participated in the unsuccessful attack on the evening of 5 May.[32] Both divisions were engaged on 6 May, with Pacthod's troops storming Deutsch-Wagram as Durutte's division moved up the Russbach plateau on their right.[33]

1812–1815

The Battle of Polotsk, 18 August 1812

The VI Corps was reconstituted for the invasion of Russia and placed under the command of General Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr. The corps was composed entirely of Bavarian soldiers.[34] At the First Battle of Polotsk on 16 to 18 August 1812, the Bavarians and the French II Corps together suffered 6,000 casualties, including Bavarian Generals Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy and Siebein killed, and Vincenti and Raglowitsch wounded.[35] Saint-Cyr won his marshal's baton for this costly victory.[36] The corps fought in the Second Battle of Polotsk on 18 to 20 October. This time, the combined Bavarian and French forces sustained 8,000 to 9,000 casualties before withdrawing to the southwest.[37] A body of 2,100 surviving Bavarians was captured at Thorn on 16 April 1813 after a two-month siege.[38]

The corps was rebuilt as a French formation in the spring of 1813. Under Marshal Marmont, the corps fought at the Battle of Lützen on 2 May. The 20th Division under General Compans and the 21st Division under General Jean Pierre François Bonet participated in the engagement.[39] On 20 and 21 May, Marmont led the VI Corps at the Battle of Bautzen. On this occasion, General Friedrichs' 22nd Division joined the other two divisions in the fighting.[40] After the summer armistice expired, the corps fought at the Battle of Dresden on 26 and 27 August. Lagrange replaced Bonet as commander of the 21st Division.[41] During the Battle of Leipzig, Marmont defended the northern sector against Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher's Prussian forces. After bitter fighting on 16 October, the VI Corps was defeated when the Prussians launched a massed cavalry charge. Two days later, the Württemberger cavalry belonging to the corps defected to the Allies.[42] The formation fought against the Bavarians at the Battle of Hanau on 30 and 31 October.[43]

The Battle of Paris, 30 March 1814, by Horace Vernet

The following spring, Marmont led the VI Corps during the Six Days' Campaign. At the Battle of Champaubert on 10 February 1814, they destroyed an understrength Russian corps and captured its commander. Marmont was left to observe part of Blücher's army while Napoleon fell upon the rest.[44] While Marmont capably held off Blücher's advance, Napoleon concentrated his forces behind him. At the Battle of Vauchamps on 14 February, Napoleon attacked Blücher and drove him from the field.[45] In these engagements, Lagrange led the 3rd Division while General Étienne Pierre Sylvestre Ricard directed the 8th Division.[46] Marmont led his men in a minor victory at Gué-à-Tresmes on 28 February.[47] The corps fought again in the Battle of Craonne on 7 March.[48]

Fighting at Plancenoit during the Battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815, by Ludwig Elsholtz

At the Battle of Laon on 9 March, the 10,000 troops of the corps arrived in the early afternoon and captured some positions east of Laon. Satisfied, Marmont called off the attack and the troops went into bivouac. Without warning, Blücher launched an attack in the evening, routing the VI Corps. Two pieces of luck allowed Marmont and his men to escape. General Charles Nicolas Fabvier, sent on a mission with 1,000 men, returned to keep the road open. Meanwhile, 125 soldiers of the Old Guard held off waves of Allied cavalry to hold the Festieux defile.[49] At the Battle of Reims on 13 March, Marmont's corps helped recapture the city.[50] At the Battle of Fère-Champenoise on 25 March, the VI Corps and other troops proved unable to stop the advance of the Coalition armies.[51] After the Battle of Paris, the French abandoned the capital to the Allies. By this time, the VI Corps was a mere shadow of its former self. It went into action with Lagrange's 1,395 troops, Ricard's 726 men, and General Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova's 1,250 soldiers. As a result of the loss of Paris, Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814.[52]

During the Hundred Days, Napoleon reconstituted the corps and appointed Mouton as its commander. The corps arrived in the evening after the Battle of Ligny on 16 June 1815 and camped close to the Prussian outposts.[53] The next day, Napoleon ordered Mouton to march his corps west to a position where it could attack Wellington's British army and attached General Subervie's light cavalry division. At the same time, General Teste's division was detached from the corps to operate with Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy's right wing.[54]

On the morning of the 18th at the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon placed the VI Corps in the second line, with the divisions of Generals Simmer and Jeanin one behind the other just to the west of the Charleroi to Brussels highway.[55] When the approach of the Prussian Army was detected, Lobau's two divisions were moved to the east flank, behind the division of General Durutte and facing east.[56] At about 4:00 PM, General von Bülow gave the order to attack and Lobau found himself outnumbered three-to-one by the Prussians. He quickly shifted his position to occupy Plancenoit with his right flank brigade while the rest of his infantry and the light cavalry divisions of Generals Subervie and Domon covered the left flank. This was the start of a brutal fight for the village.[57] When the Prussians began to overrun the village, the 4,200-strong Young Guard arrived and drove them out.[58] As the reinforced Prussians again began to press forward, 1,100 soldiers of the Old Guard attacked and recaptured Plancenoit. This triumph helped Lobau's troops hold the line north of the village.[59] Eventually, the Prussians cleared the village in vicious no-quarter fighting that went on into the evening.[60] Unaware that Napoleon's army was routed at Waterloo, Teste's detached division attacked and captured the hamlet of Bierges on the morning of the 19th during the Battle of Wavre. This local success forced the Prussian III Corps to retreat.[61]

Order of battle

Ulm: September 1805

Marshal Michel Ney commanded the VI Corps from 1805 to 1811.

Marshal Michel Ney

Source: Smith (1998, pp. 203–204)

Jena: October 1806

VI Corps Commander: Marshal Michel Ney (19,267 men, 24 guns), Chief of Staff: General of Brigade Adrien Jean Baptiste Dutaillis
Division Brigade Regiment Btns/Sqdns/Comps
1st Division:
General of Division Jean Gabriel Marchand 		Brigade:
General of Brigade Eugène-Casimir Villatte 		6th Light Infantry Regiment 1st and 2nd
Brigade:
General of Brigade François Roguet 		39th Line Infantry Regiment 1st and 2nd
69th Line Infantry Regiment 1st and 2nd
76th Line Infantry Regiment 1st and 2nd
2nd Division:
General of Division Gaspard Amédée Gardanne 		Brigade:
General of Brigade Pierre-Louis Binet de Marcognet 		25th Light Infantry Regiment 1st and 2nd
Brigade:
General of Brigade Mathieu Delabassé 		27th Line Infantry Regiment 1st and 2nd
50th Line Infantry Regiment 1st and 2nd
59th Line Infantry Regiment 1st and 2nd
Corps Cavalry Brigade:
General of Brigade Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais 		10th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
3rd Hussar Regiment 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
Corps Artillery
1,323 gunners and train 		Artillery:
4 12-pound cannons
12 8-pound cannons
4 4-pound cannons
4 6-inch howitzers 		1st Foot Artillery Regiment 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th
2nd Horse Artillery Regiment 1st and 5th

Source: Chandler (2005, p. 36)

Spain: 1 February 1809

Jean Gabriel Marchand led a division from 1806 to 1811 and served as commander in Ney's absence in 1809.

Marshal Michel Ney (16,176, 30 guns)

  • 1st Division: General of Division Jean Gabriel Marchand (6,853)
    • 6th Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
    • 39th Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
    • 69th Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
    • 76th Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
  • 2nd Division: General of Division David-Maurice-Joseph Mathieu de La Redorte (6,910)
    • 25th Light Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
    • 27th Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
    • 50th Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
    • 59th Line Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
  • Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Jean-Baptiste Lorcet (840)
    • 3rd Hussar Regiment
    • 15th Chasseurs-à-Cheval Regiment
  • Artillery: (1,534, 30 guns)

Source: Oman (1995, p. 626)

Portugal: 15 September 1810

General Louis Henri Loison briefly led the corps in 1811.

Marshal Michel Ney (23,448)

  • Chief of Staff: Colonel Louis Samuel Bechet de Léocourt
  • 1st Division: General of Division Jean Gabriel Marchand
    • 1st Brigade: General of Brigade Antoine Louis Popon de Maucune
      • 6th Light Infantry Regiment: Colonel Joseph Amy (1,478 in 2 battalions)
      • 69th Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Joseph François Frirjon (1,717 in 3 battalions)
    • 2nd Brigade: General of Brigade Pierre-Louis Binet de Marcognet
      • 39th Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Jacques-Pierre Soyer (1,686 in 3 battalions)
      • 76th Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Jean Chemineau (1,790 in 3 battalions)
  • 2nd Division: General of Division Julien Augustin Joseph Mermet
    • 1st Brigade: General of Brigade Martial Bardet de Maison-Rouge
      • 25th Light Infantry Regiment: Colonel Vincent Martel Deconchy (1,715 in 2 battalions)
      • 27th Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Jean Baptiste Pierre Menne (1,886 in 3 battalions)
    • 2nd Brigade: General of Brigade Mathieu Delabassée
      • 50th Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Fiacre Joseph Frappard (2,121 in 3 battalions)
      • 59th Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Pierre Coste (1,894 in 3 battalions)
  • 3rd Division: General of Division Louis Henri Loison
    • 1st Brigade: General of Brigade Edouard François Simon
      • Légion du Midi: Major Spring (564 in 1 battalion)
      • Hanoverian Legion: Colonel Herrmann (1,158 in 2 battalions)
      • 26th Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Pierre Barrère (1,625 in 3 battalions)
    • 2nd Brigade: General of Brigade Claude François Ferey
      • 32nd Light Infantry Regiment: Colonel Martinel (413 in 1 battalion)
      • 66th Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Jean Pierre Béchaud (1,830 in 3 battalions)
      • 82nd Line Infantry Regiment: Colonel Rocheron (1,236 in 2 battalions)
  • Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Auguste Étienne Lamotte (1,680)
    • 3rd Hussar Regiment: Colonel Louis Marie Leferrière-Levesque (3 squadrons)
    • 15th Chasseurs-à-Cheval Regiment: Colonel Pierre Mourier (3 squadrons)
  • Artillery: General of Brigade Joseph Claude Marie Charbonnel (1,431)

Source: Pelet (1973, p. 518-520)

Polotsk: August 1812

Marshal Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr commanded the corps in Russia.

General of Division Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr (23,228 infantry in 28 battalions)

  • 19th (Bavarian) Division: General-Leutnant Bernhard Erasmus von Deroy †
    • 1st Light Infantry Battalion
    • 1st Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 9th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 3rd Light Infantry Battalion
    • 4th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 10th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 6th Light Infantry Battalion
    • 8th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
  • 20th (Bavarian) Division: General-Leutnant Karl Philipp von Wrede
    • 2nd Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 6th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 4th Light Infantry Battalion
    • 3rd Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 7th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 5th Light Infantry Battalion
    • 5th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
    • 11th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
  • Cavalry: (1,906 in 16 squadrons)
  • Artillery: (55 guns)

Source: Chandler (1966, p. 1111); Smith (1998, p. 386)

Leipzig: October 1813

Marshal Auguste Marmont led the VI Corps in 1813 and 1814.

Marshal Auguste de Marmont

  • 20th Division: General of Division Jean Dominique Compans (5,079)
    • Brigade: General of Brigade Pierre Pelleport
      • 32nd Light Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
      • 1st Naval Artillery Regiment (5 battalions)
    • Brigade: Joseph-Antoine-René Joubert
      • 3rd Naval Artillery Regiment (3 battalions)
      • 20th Provisional Demi-Brigade (2 battalions)
      • 25th Provisional Demi-Brigade (2 battalions)
    • Artillery: Two foot artillery batteries (16 guns)
  • 21st Division: General of Division Joseph Lagrange (5,543)
    • Brigade: Charles-Joseph Buquet
      • 2nd Naval Artillery Regiment (6 battalions)
    • Brigade: Jean Baptiste Jamin
      • 37th Light Infantry Regiment (4 battalions)
      • 4th Naval Artillery Regiment (3 battalions)
      • Joseph Napoleon Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
    • Artillery: Two foot artillery batteries (16 guns)
  • 22nd Division: General of Division Jean Parfait Friedrichs (4,720)
    • Brigade: Claude Gabriel de Choisy
      • 70th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
      • 121st Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
      • 16th Provisional Demi-Brigade (2 battalions)
    • Brigade: Louis Jacques de Coehorn
      • 23rd Light Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
      • 15th Line Infantry Regiment (2 battalions)
      • 11th Provisional Demi-Brigade (2 battalions)
      • 13th Provisional Demi-Brigade (2 battalions)
    • Artillery: Two foot artillery batteries (16 guns)
  • 25th Cavalry Brigade: General-Major von Normann (935)
    • Württemberg Leib Chevau-léger Nr. 2 (4 squadrons)
    • Württemberg König Jägers zu Pferde Nr. 4 (4 squadrons)
    • Artillery: One horse artillery battery (6 guns)
  • Artillery reserve: General of Division Louis François Foucher de Careil
    • 16 12-pound guns in two foot artillery batteries
    • 12 6-pound guns in one horse and one foot artillery batteries

Source: Operational Studies Group (1979); Smith (1998, p. 463)

Waterloo: June 1815

General Georges Mouton commanded the VI Corps at Waterloo.

General of Division Georges Mouton, Count of Lobau

  • 19th Division: General of Division François Martin Valentin Simmer
    • 1st Brigade: General of Brigade Antoine Alexandre Julienne de Bellair
      • 5th Line Infantry Regiment
      • 11th Line Infantry Regiment
    • 2nd Brigade: General of Brigade Jean Baptiste Auguste Marie Jamin de Bermuy †
  • 20th Division: General of Brigade Jean-Baptiste Jeanin
    • 1st Brigade: General of Brigade François Bony
      • 5th Light Infantry Regiment
      • 10th Line Infantry Regiment
    • 2nd Brigade: General of Brigade Jacques Jean Marie François Boudin Tromelin
      • 107th Line Infantry Regiment
  • 21st Division: General of Division François Antoine Teste
    • 1st Brigade: General of Brigade Michel-Pascal Lafitte
      • 8th Light Infantry Regiment
    • 2nd Brigade: General of Brigade Raymond-Pierre Penne †
      • 65th Line Infantry Regiment
      • 75th Line Infantry Regiment
  • Artillery: General of Division Henri Marie Lenoury
    • Four foot artillery batteries
    • One horse artillery battery

Source: Haythornthwaite (1974, p. 181-182)

Notes

  1. ^ Chandler Campaigns, 390–395
  2. ^ Smith 203–204
  3. ^ Smith, 205–206
  4. ^ Smith, 213
  5. ^ Smith, 211
  6. ^ Smith, 223–224
  7. ^ Smith, 232
  8. ^ Smith, 235
  9. ^ Smith, 241
  10. ^ Smith, 246–247
  11. ^ Smith, 249
  12. ^ Gates, 486
  13. ^ Gates, 156–157
  14. ^ Gates, 185–188
  15. ^ Smith, 331
  16. ^ Gates, 196–197
  17. ^ Gates, 204–205
  18. ^ Smith, 343–344
  19. ^ Gates, 227–229
  20. ^ Smith, 344–345
  21. ^ Smith, 347
  22. ^ Smith, 355–356
  23. ^ Gates, 239
  24. ^ Smith, 358–359
  25. ^ Gates, 270
  26. ^ Epstein 83–84
  27. ^ Schneid, 78–79
  28. ^ Schneid, 81
  29. ^ Epstein, 123
  30. ^ Schneid, 86
  31. ^ Schneid, 90–91
  32. ^ Schneid, 94–96
  33. ^ Schneid, 98
  34. ^ Chandler Campaigns, 1111
  35. ^ Smith, 386
  36. ^ Chandler Marshals, 128
  37. ^ Smith, 396
  38. ^ Smith, 415
  39. ^ Smith, 417
  40. ^ Smith, 420
  41. ^ Smith, 444
  42. ^ Chandler Campaigns, 931
  43. ^ Smith, 474
  44. ^ Chandler Campaigns, 969–970
  45. ^ Chandler Campaigns, 974–975
  46. ^ Smith, 496
  47. ^ Smith, 505
  48. ^ Smith, 507–508
  49. ^ Chandler Campaigns, 989–990
  50. ^ Smith, 511
  51. ^ Smith, 513–514
  52. ^ Smith, 515–517
  53. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 232
  54. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 245
  55. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 267
  56. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 283
  57. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 327–328
  58. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 335–336
  59. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 338
  60. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 338
  61. ^ Hamilton-Williams, 352–354

References

  • Chandler, David G. (1966). The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York, N.Y.: Macmillan.
  • Chandler, David G. (2005). Jena 1806: Napoleon Destroys Prussia. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98612-8.
  • Chandler, David G., ed. (1987). Napoleon's Marshals. New York, N.Y.: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-905930-5.
  • Epstein, Robert M. (1994). Napoleon's Last Victory and the Emergence of Modern War. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0664-5.
  • Gates, David (2002). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-9730-6.
  • Haythornthwaite, Philip (1974). Uniforms of Waterloo. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-283-4.
  • Oman, Charles (1995). A History of the Peninsular War Volume II. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole. ISBN 1-85367-215-7.
  • Operational Studies Group (1979). Napoleon at Leipzig war game study folder.
  • Pelet, Jean Jacques (1973). Horward, Donald D. (ed.). The French Campaign in Portugal 1810–1811. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0658-7.
  • Schneid, Frederick C. (2002). Napoleon's Italian Campaigns: 1805-1815. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-96875-8.
  • Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.
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