Jump to content

Viral vector vaccine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by John P. Sadowski (NIOSH) (talk | contribs) at 17:36, 2 April 2021 (→‎Vector viruses: organization). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material coding for a desired antigen into the patient's host cells.[1]

Mechanism

Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of one virus as a vector to deliver to a cell a nucleic acid coding for an antigen for another infectious agent. Viral vector vaccines do not cause infection with either the virus used as the vector, or the source of the antigen. The genetic material delivered by the viral vector does not integrate into a person’s genome.[1]

Vector viruses

Adenovirus

Zabendo, the first dose of the Zabdeno/Mvabea Ebola vaccine, is derived from human adenovirus serotype 26 expressing the glycoprotein of the Ebola virus Mayinga variant.[2] Both doses are non-replicating vectors and carry the genetic code of several Ebola virus proteins.[3]

As of April 2021, four adenovirus vector vaccines for COVID-19 have been authorized in at least one country:

Others

The RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is an Ebola vaccine. It is a recombinant, replication-competent vaccine[13] consisting of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) genetically engineered[14] so that the gene for the natural VSV envelope glycoprotein is replaced with that from the Kikwit 1995 Zaire strain Ebola virus.[15][16][17]

Mvabea, the second dose of the Zabdeno/Mvabea Ebola vaccine, is a modified vaccinia Ankara vector.[2] Both doses are non-replicating vectors and carry the genetic code of several Ebola virus proteins.[3]

Other viruses that have been investigated as vaccine vectors include poxvirus, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, lentivirus, cytomegalovirus, and Sendai virus,[18] as well as influenza virus and measles virus.[1]

History

Human clinical trials were conducted for viral vector vaccines against several infectious diseases including Zika virus, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, HIV, and malaria, before the vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.[1]

Two Ebola vaccines using viral vector technology were used in Ebola outbreaks in West Africa (2013-2016) and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2018-2020).[1] The RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine was approved for medical use in late 2019 in the European Union[19] and the United States.[20][21] Zabdeno/Mvabea was approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2020.[22][23][24]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Understanding and Explaining Viral Vector COVID-19 Vaccines". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2021-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b Clinical trial number NCT02313077 for "A Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Heterologous Prime-Boost Ebola Vaccine Regimens in Healthy Participants" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  3. ^ a b "Johnson & Johnson Announces European Commission Approval for Janssen's Preventive Ebola Vaccine" (Press release). Johnson & Johnson. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-07-16 – via Reuters.
  4. ^ "Investigating a Vaccine Against COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine. 26 May 2020. NCT04400838. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  5. ^ "A Phase 2/3 study to determine the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the candidate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19". EU Clinical Trials Register. European Union. 21 April 2020. EudraCT 2020-001228-32. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  6. ^ Corum J, Carl Z (8 January 2021). "How Gamaleya's Vaccine Works". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  7. ^ "An Open Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of the Drug 'Gam-COVID-Vac' Vaccine Against COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 22 June 2020.
  8. ^ "A Study of Ad26.COV2.S in Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  9. ^ "A Study of Ad26.COV2.S for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2-Mediated COVID-19 in Adult Participants". ClinicalTrials.gov. US National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020.
  10. ^ FDA Briefing Document Janssen Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine for the Prevention of COVID-19 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Zhu FC, Guan XH, Li YH, Huang JY, Jiang T, Hou LH, et al. (August 2020). "Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial". Lancet. 396 (10249): 479–488. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31605-6. PMC 7836858. PMID 32702299.
  12. ^ "Phase IIb Clinical Trial of A COVID-19 Vaccine Named Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  13. ^ Marzi, Andrea; et al. (November 2011). "Vesicular Stomatitis Virus–Based Ebola Vaccines With Improved Cross-Protective Efficacy". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 204 (suppl 3): S1066–S1074. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir348. PMC 3203393. PMID 21987743. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  14. ^ "Ervebo (Ebola Zaire Vaccine, Live) Suspension for intramuscular injection" (PDF). Merck Sharp & Dohme.
  15. ^ Martínez-Romero C, García-Sastre A (2015). "Against the clock towards new Ebola virus therapies". Virus Res. 209: 4–10. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.025. PMID 26057711.
  16. ^ Choi WY (January 2015). "Progress of vaccine and drug development for Ebola preparedness". Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 4 (1): 11–16. doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.11. PMC 4313103. PMID 25648233.
  17. ^ Regules JA; et al. (April 2015). "A Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Ebola Vaccine – Preliminary Report". N Engl J Med. 376 (4): 330–341. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414216. PMC 5408576. PMID 25830322.
  18. ^ Ura, Takehiro; Okuda, Kenji; Shimada, Masaru (2014-07-29). "Developments in Viral Vector-Based Vaccines". Vaccines. 2 (3): 624–641. doi:10.3390/vaccines2030624. ISSN 2076-393X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ "Ervebo EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 12 December 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  20. ^ "First FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health preparedness and response". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 19 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  21. ^ "Ervebo". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 19 December 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  22. ^ "Johnson & Johnson Announces European Commission Approval for Janssen's Preventive Ebola Vaccine" (Press release). Johnson & Johnson. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-07-16 – via Reuters.
  23. ^ "Zabdeno EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 26 May 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  24. ^ "Mvabea EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 26 May 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viral_vector_vaccine&oldid=1015646796"