Volcán Wolf
| Volcán Wolf | |
|---|---|
 Wolf Volcano, 2001, NASA Landsat 7 image | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,707 m (5,600 ft) |
| Prominence | 1,707 m (5,600 ft) |
| Listing | Ultra |
| Coordinates | 0°2′31″N 91°20′01″W / 0.04194°N 91.33361°W |
| Geography | |
  Volcán Wolf Galápagos Islands | |
| Location | Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Shield volcano |
| Last eruption | May to June 2015 |
Wolf Volcano (Spanish: Volcán Wolf), also known as Mount Whiton,[1] is the highest peak in the Galapagos Islands. It is situated on Isabela Island and reaches 1,707 m (5,600 ft). It is a shield volcano with a characteristic upturned soup bowl shape.
The volcano was named after Theodor Wolf, a German geologist who studied the Galapagos Islands in the 19th century. Wolf Island in the north of the Galapagos is also named after the geologist.
Its height makes Wolf Volcano an "ultra prominent peak", which is a peak with a topographic prominence of over 1500m.[2]
Geology
In a process similar to the formation of the Hawaiian islands, the Galapagos (along with associated hotspot) appear to be created from a mantle plume. This plume stays in place while the Nazca Plate moves above it; the relative movement of this plate is 0.46 degrees per million years.[3][4] The volcano itself is estimated to be less than half a million years old;[5] the oceanic plate beneath it is theorized to be around 10 million years old.
Wolf is situated at the northern end of Isabela Island in the Galapagos, and sits on the Equator, one of six coalescing volcanoes that make up this island (the others being Ecuador, Darwin, Alcedo, Sierra Negra, and Cerro Azul). Along with the Fernandina Island volcano, the western Galapagos volcanoes have similar structures that differ from the volcanoes in the eastern part of the archipelago. The western volcanoes are higher and have larger calderas than those to the east, they are also shaped like an upturned soup bowl.
Wolf reaches a height of over 1700 metres; the caldera is 6 by 7 km and has a depth of 700m. Only Cerro Azul has a caldera of similar depth in the Galapagos. Following the last eruption, there was collapse in the caldera, causing its stepped appearance. Wolf has very steep slopes reaching 35 degrees in places, making access difficult. The first historical eruption in the Galapagos was recorded for this volcano in 1797; a further ten eruptions have been recorded since then, the last being on May 25, 2015.[6] Eruptions prior to 1797 have been dated from analysis of surface exposures. The newest lavas are on the eastern and southern sides as well as within the caldera.[7][8]
Lava flows from Wolf are unusual for a mid-ocean island and also differ from the two volcanoes next to it, Ecuador and Darwin, and other volcanoes closer to the centre of the plume. The lavas from Wolf are similar to those erupted from the Galapagos Spreading Center, a mid-ocean ridge over 200 km away, which may be due to interaction between the plume, which is centred on Fernandina, and the upper mantle.[4]
Wildlife
As is common in the Galapagos, Wolf Volcano has unique fauna, differing from not only the other islands in the group but also its neighbouring volcanoes on the same island. It has its own subspecies of Galapagos tortoise, Chelonoidis nigra becki [9] which has a saddleback shell and is found on the northern and western slopes of the volcano,[10] away from the more recent lava flows where there is denser vegetation. However, tortoise subspecies from many different Galapagos islands have been abandoned at Wolf Volcano by ships which at one time collected the tortoise as a food source. C. n. becki is threatened due to population pressures such as predation by feral cats.[11] During a 2008 survey of over 1600 specimens on Wolf Volcano, all morphologies of tortoise were found, including two that in shape are similar to Lonesome George. DNA studies of these specimens are currently being undertaken.[12][13]
In 2009, a new species of land iguana, the pink land iguana, was identified on the slopes of Wolf Volcano.[14] The pink land iguana had been discovered by park rangers in 1986 and studied by scientists since 2000, and identified as a separate species in 2009. Scientists are unsure where the species developed, as it is believed to have separated from the other land iguana of Galapagos prior to the formation of Wolf volcano or Isabela Island.[15]
Ecology
The natural habitat is under threat from the introduction of goats. The Galapagos National Park has instituted Project Isabela to eradicate feral goats from around Wolf.[16]
2015 eruption
Inactive for 33 years, the Wolf volcano erupted May 25, 2015. The volcano is not located near a populated area. The lava is flowing down the volcano's east and southeast sides, so the pink land iguana inhabiting the north and west sides have not been endangered.[17][18][19][20]
See also
References
- ^ "Volcán Wolf". Chinci World Atlas. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ de Ferranti, Jonathan; Maizlish, Aaron (2005). "Ecuador: 15 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater". peaklist.org. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Gripp, Alice E.; Gordon, Richard G. (July 1990). "Current plate velocities relative to the hotspots incorporating the NUVEL-1 global plate motion model". Geophysical Research Letters. 17 (8): 1109–1112. doi:10.1029/GL017i008p01109. (deg/m.y. figure is on page 1110)
- ^ a b Geist, Dennis J.; Naumann, Terry R.; Standish, Jared J.; Kurz, Mark D.; Harpp, Karen S.; White, William M.; Fornari, Daniel J. (June 13, 2005). "Wolf Volcano, Galápagos Archipelago: Melting and Magmatic Evolution at the Margins of a Mantle Plume". Journal of Petrology. 46 (11). Oxford University Press: 2197–2224. doi:10.1093/petrology/egi052. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
- ^ Scott, Michon; Allen, J. (February 13, 2009). "Wolf Volcano, Galapagos Islands". Earth Observatory: Images. EOS Project Science Office, NASA Godard Space Flight Center. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
- ^ "Galápagos Islands volcanic eruption could threaten pink iguana species". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ "Volcan Wolf". Galapagos Geology on the Web. Cornell University Department of Geological Sciences. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
- ^ "Wolf". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ Rothman, Robert H. "Giant Tortoise". Reptiles. Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
- ^ Swingland, Ian R.; Klemens, Michael W.; The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, eds. (1989), "The Conservation Biology of Tortoises" (PDF), Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, pp. 24–28, ISBN 2880329868, retrieved June 17, 2013
{{citation}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonoidis nigra spp. becki". IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1996. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Emanuel, Janet Rettig (May 11, 2007). "Study of Galápagos tortoises' DNA may locate mate for 'Lonesome George'". Yale Bulletin & Calendar. 35 (28). Yale University. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
- ^ Galapagos Conservancy Archived June 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Black, Richard (January 5, 2009), "Pink iguana rewrites family tree", BBC News, retrieved June 18, 2013
- ^ "An overlooked pink species of land iguana in the Galápagos". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (2). National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 507–511. 2009. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806339106. PMC 2626733. PMID 19124773.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "Ecosystem Restoration: Project Isabela". Galapagos Conservancy: Conservation: Project Areas. Galapagos Conservancy. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ^ "Wolf volcano erupts on Galapagos island - BBC News". Retrieved 2015-05-27.
- ^ "Volcano Erupts in Galapagos Islands, Home to Unique Pink Iguanas". Retrieved 2015-05-27.
- ^ Galápagos, Parque. "Ministerio del Ambiente evalúa erupción del volcán Wolf". Parque Nacional Galápagos. Archived from the original on 2015-05-27. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ June 11, 2015 NASA photograph
External links
- Wolf Volcano at NASA Earth Observatory