Women's police station
Women's police stations (also units or offices) – Spanish: Comisaría de la Mujer, Portuguese: Delegacia da mulher – are police stations specializing in crimes with female victims. The women's police station, also called "WPS" was first introduced in Kozhikode District of Kerala, India on 27th October 1973. In 1985 the same was introduced in Brazil and are numerous in Latin America.[1] According to Latin American Perspectives, the first women's police station was opened in São Paulo, Brazil and processed over 2,000 reports in their first six months of operations.[2]
Officers at these stations are only allowed to respond to certain crimes, such as psychological violence, domestic violence, family violence, as well as specific types of threats and sexual violence. Some units offer financial help, counseling, and medical care for women who are having trouble.[1]
In India, a study found "the establishment of 188 women's police stations resulted in a 23 percent increase in reporting of crimes against women and children and a higher conviction rate between 2002 and 2004".[1] A 2020 study found that women who lived near women's police stations in Brazil had higher trust in the police.[3] A 2020 study found that the implementation of all-women's police stations in India had counterproductive impacts on victims of gender-based violence.[4]
Aim
[edit]Women's police stations are located in mostly Latin American countries where rates of rape and violence against women are high.[5] Americasquarterly.org states, "Femicide—the killing of women—has reached alarming levels in Latin America. The most recent region-wide statistics available, from 2003, show that seven Latin American countries score among the worst 10 nations when measuring the rate of femicide per one million women in 40 countries."[6] Women's police stations are also in Ghana, India, Pakistan, Kosovo, Liberia, Nicaragua, Peru, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda and Uruguay. A policewoman at a station in Pakistan states, "Even if a woman is being beaten and psychologically tortured, she's told to consider her husband's honor and not go to the police station."[7] Some women in Latin America do not even know their rights, Endvawow.org states, "Only in Brazil had a majority of women surveyed receiving training or information about their rights one or more times (by any source): 54% in Brazil, 42% in Nicaragua, 34% in Peru, and 23% in Ecuador."[8] According to Hautzinger in her article Criminalising Male Violence in Brazil's Women's Police Stations, in Salvador, Brazil in regular police stations in spousal violence cases less than 2% actually went to court and the punishments the men did get were very minor.[9] Endvawnow states that women police stations are an important first step for crimes to enter the justice system.[8]
Results
[edit]Women's police stations have greatly expanded since 1985. As of 2010, Brazil had the most WPS, with 475, followed by 34 in Ecuador, 59 in Nicaragua, and 27 in Peru.[8] In Santos' article Engendering the Police states, "They [women's police stations] expanded victims' citizenship rights, allowing them to denounce violence that not long ago was invisible and considered a private matter. In 2000, for example, 310,058 complaints of violence against women were registered in the women's police stations of São Paulo."[10] Language barriers and the inability to get to a station is still a problem. According to Endvawnow.org, women's police stations are located in more populated areas making it hard for women in rural areas to get to them, and women who do not speak the same language as the policewomen can not communicate effectively.[8] Endvawnow.org also states "It was also found that poor and less educated women are sometimes ignored in the WPS. Also, despite psychological violence being illegal in all four countries, operators frequently prioritize those cases in which women have severe visible physical injuries, and may resist accepting complaints of psychological violence."[8]
Over 80% of Brazilians consider WPS the most effective government policy to address domestic violence while more than 50% of citizens in cities with WPS can identify their locations.[11] However, the effectiveness of WPS is heavily contingent on perceptions of police legitimacy to encourage reporting. Empirical evidence suggests that WPS in Brazil can produce positive effects on perceptions of trust in police for both men and women, contributing to better evaluations of police effectiveness.[3] There is also evidence on the positive effect of WPS in men's attitudes condemning violence against women in municipalities in Brazil with the specialized services.[12]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Women's police stations / units". UN Women. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ Nelson, Sara (1996). "Constructing and Negotiating Gender in Women's Police Stations in Brazil". Latin American Perspectives. 23 (1): 131–148. doi:10.1177/0094582X9602300109. JSTOR 2633942. S2CID 143740475.
- ^ a b Córdova, Abby; Kras, Helen (2020). "Addressing Violence Against Women: The Effect of Women's Police Stations on Police Legitimacy". Comparative Political Studies. 53 (5): 775–808. doi:10.1177/0010414019879959. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 211395636.
- ^ Jassal, Nirvikar (2020). "Gender, Law Enforcement, and Access to Justice: Evidence from All-Women Police Stations in India". American Political Science Review. 114 (4): 1035–1054. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000684. ISSN 0003-0554.
- ^ "Fast facts: Statistics on violence against women and girls".
- ^ Gasman, Nadine. "Gender: Violence Against Women". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ Ahmed, Beenish (22 August 2015). "Why This Police Force's Gender Problem Is Bad News For Women". thinkprocess.org. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Women's Police Stations in Latin America Case Study: An Entry Point for Stopping Violence and Gaining Access to Justice (Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Nicaragua)" (PDF). Endvawnow.org. December 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ Hautzinger, Sarah (2002). "Criminalising Male Violence in Brazil's Women's Police Stations: from awed essentialism to imagined communities". Journal of Gender Studies. 11 (3): 243–251. doi:10.1080/0958923022000021278. S2CID 144437774.
- ^ Santos, Cecilia (21 January 2004). "EN-GENDERING THE POLICE: > Women's Police Stations and Feminism in Sao Paulo*". Latin American Research Review. 39 (3): 29–55. doi:10.1353/lar.2004.0059. S2CID 144853157.
- ^ Instituto Patrícia Galvão. "Percepções da população brasileira sobre feminicídio" (PDF).
- ^ Córdova, Abby; Kras, Helen (2022-01-01). "State Action to Prevent Violence against Women: The Effect of Women's Police Stations on Men's Attitudes toward Gender-Based Violence". The Journal of Politics. 84 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1086/714931. ISSN 0022-3816.
