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Work breakdown structure

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Example of a product-oriented work breakdown structure of an aircraft system.

A work breakdown structure (WBS), in project management and systems engineering, is a deliverable-oriented decomposition of a project into smaller components. A work breakdown structure is a key project deliverable that organizes the team's work into manageable sections. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK 5) defines the work breakdown structure as a "A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables."

A work breakdown structure element may be a product, data, service, or any combination thereof. A WBS also provides the necessary framework for detailed cost estimating and control along with providing guidance for schedule development and control.[1]

Overview

WBS is a hierarchical and incremental decomposition of the project into phases, deliverables and work packages. It is a tree structure, which shows a subdivision of effort required to achieve an objective; for example a program, project, and contract.[2] In a project or contract, the WBS is developed by starting with the end objective and successively subdividing it into manageable components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility (e.g., systems, subsystems, components, tasks, subtasks, and work packages) which include all steps necessary to achieve the objective.

Example of work breakdown structure applied in a NASA reporting structure.[2]

The work breakdown structure provides a common framework for the natural development of the overall planning and control of a contract and is the basis for dividing work into definable increments from which the statement of work can be developed and technical, schedule, cost, and labor hour reporting can be established.[2]

A work breakdown structure permits summing of subordinate costs for tasks, materials, etc., into their successively higher level "parent" tasks, materials, etc. For each element of the work breakdown structure, a description of the task to be performed is generated.[3] This technique (sometimes called a system breakdown structure [4]) is used to define and organize the total scope of a project.

The WBS is organized around the primary products of the project (or planned outcomes) instead of the work needed to produce the products (planned actions). Since the planned outcomes are the desired ends of the project, they form a relatively stable set of categories in which the costs of the planned actions needed to achieve them can be collected. A well-designed WBS makes it easy to assign each project activity to one and only one terminal element of the WBS. In addition to its function in cost accounting, the WBS also helps map requirements from one level of system specification to another, for example a requirements cross reference matrix mapping functional requirements to high level or low level design documents.

The development of the WBS normally occurs at the start of a project and precedes detailed project and task planning.

There are two types of WBS - one that breaks down the work horizontally (Outline type), which is more commonly used in IT-tools such as Microsoft Project, and another that breaks down the work vertically (like an organization chart).

History

The concept of work breakdown structure developed with the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) by the United States Department of Defense (DoD). PERT was introduced by the U.S. Navy in 1957 to support the development of its Polaris missile program.[5] While the term "work breakdown structure" was not used, this first implementation of PERT did organize the tasks into product-oriented categories.[6]

By June 1962, DoD, NASA and the aerospace industry published a document for the PERT/COST system which described the WBS approach.[7] This guide was endorsed by the Secretary of Defense for adoption by all services.[8] In 1968, the DoD issued "Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items" (MIL-STD-881), a military standard requiring the use of work breakdown structures across the DoD.[9]

The document has been revised several times, most recently in 2011. The current version of this document can be found in "Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items" (MIL-STD-881C).[10] It includes WBS definitions for specific defense materiel commodity systems, and addresses WBS elements that are common to all systems.

Example from MIL-HDBK-881, which illustrates the first three levels of a typical aircraft system.[11]

Defense Materiel Item categories from MIL-STD-881C are:

  • Aircraft Systems WBS
  • Electronic Systems WBS
  • Missile Systems WBS
  • Ordnance Systems WBS
  • Sea Systems WBS
  • Space Systems WBS
  • Surface Vehicle Systems WBS
  • Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems WBS
  • Unmanned Maritime Systems WBS
  • Launch Vehicle Systems WBS
  • Automated Information Systems WBS

The common elements identified in MIL-STD-881C, Appendix L are: Integration, assembly, test, and checkout; Systems engineering; Program management; System test and evaluation; Training; Data; Peculiar support equipment; Common support equipment; Operational/Site activation; Industrial facilities; Initial spares and repair parts. The standard also includes additional common elements unique to Space Systems, Launch Vehicle Systems and Automated Information Systems.

In 1987, the Project Management Institute (PMI) documented the expansion of these techniques across non-defense organizations. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide provides an overview of the WBS concept, while the "Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures" is comparable to the DoD handbook, but is intended for more general application.[12]

Design principles

100% rule

An important design principle for work breakdown structures is called the 100% rule.[13] It has been defined as follows:

The 100% rule states that the WBS includes 100% of the work defined by the project scope and captures all deliverables – internal, external, interim – in terms of the work to be completed, including project management. The 100% rule is one of the most important principles guiding the development, decomposition and evaluation of the WBS. The rule applies at all levels within the hierarchy: the sum of the work at the "child" level must equal 100% of the work represented by the "parent" and the WBS should not include any work that falls outside the actual scope of the project, that is, it cannot include more than 100% of the work… It is important to remember that the 100% rule also applies to the activity level. The work represented by the activities in each work package must add up to 100% of the work necessary to complete the work package.[14]

Mutually exclusive elements

Mutually exclusive: In addition to the 100% rule, it is important that there is no overlap in scope definition between different elements of a work breakdown structure. This ambiguity could result in duplicated work or miscommunications about responsibility and authority. Such overlap could also cause confusion regarding project cost accounting. If the WBS element names are ambiguous, a WBS dictionary can help clarify the distinctions between WBS elements. The WBS Dictionary describes each component of the WBS with milestones, deliverables, activities, scope, and sometimes dates, resources, costs, quality.

Plan outcomes, not actions

If the work breakdown structure designer attempts to capture any action-oriented details in the WBS, the designer will likely include either too many actions or too few actions. Too many actions will exceed 100% of the parent's scope and too few will fall short of 100% of the parent's scope. The best way to adhere to the 100% rule is to define WBS elements in terms of outcomes or results, not actions. This also ensures that the WBS is not overly prescriptive of methods, allowing for greater ingenuity and creative thinking on the part of the project participants. For new product development projects, the most common technique to ensure an outcome-oriented WBS is to use a product breakdown structure. Feature-driven software projects may use a similar technique which is to employ a feature breakdown structure. When a project provides professional services, a common technique is to capture all planned deliverables to create a deliverable-oriented WBS.[15] Work breakdown structures that subdivide work by project phases (e.g. preliminary design phase, critical design phase) must ensure that phases are clearly separated by a deliverable also used in defining entry and exit criteria (e.g. an approved preliminary or critical design review).

Level of detail

One must decide when to stop dividing work into smaller elements. This will assist in determining the duration of activities necessary to produce a deliverable defined by the WBS. There are several heuristics or "rules of thumb" used when determining the appropriate duration of an activity or group of activities necessary to produce a specific deliverable defined by the WBS.

  • The first is the "80 hour rule" which means that no single activity or group of activities at the lowest level of detail of the WBS to produce a single deliverable should be more than 80 hours of effort.
  • The second rule of thumb is that no activity or group of activities at the lowest level of detail of the WBS should be longer than a single reporting period. Thus if the project team is reporting progress monthly, then no single activity or series of activities should be longer than one month long.
  • The last heuristic is the "if it makes sense" rule. Applying this rule of thumb, one can apply "common sense" when creating the duration of a single activity or group of activities necessary to produce a deliverable defined by the WBS.

A work package at the activity level is a task that:

  • can be realistically and confidently estimated;
  • makes no sense practically to break down any further;
  • can be completed in accordance with one of the heuristics defined above;
  • produces a deliverable which is measurable; and
  • forms a unique package of work which can be outsourced or contracted out.

Coding scheme

It is common for work breakdown structure elements to be numbered sequentially to reveal the hierarchical structure. The purpose for the numbering is to provide a consistent approach to identifying and managing the WBS across like systems regardless of vendor or service.[16] For example, 1.1.2 Propulsion (in the example below) identifies this item as a Level 3 WBS element, since there are three numbers separated by a decimal point. A coding scheme also helps WBS elements to be recognized in any written context and allows for mapping to the WBS Dictionary.[17]

A practical example of the WBS coding scheme is[18]

1.0 Aircraft System

1.1 Air Vehicle
1.1.1 Airframe
1.1.1.1 Airframe Integration, Assembly, Test and Checkout
1.1.1.2 Fuselage
1.1.1.3 Wing
1.1.1.4 Empennage
1.1.1.5 Nacelle
1.1.1.6 Other Airframe Components 1..n (Specify)
1.1.2 Propulsion
1.1.3 Vehicle Subsystems
1.1.4 Avionics
1.2 System Engineering
1.3 Program Management
1.4 System Test and Evaluation
1.5 Training
1.6 Data
1.7 Peculiar Support Equipment
1.8 Common Support Equipment
1.9 Operational/Site Activation
1.10 Industrial Facilities
1.11 Initial Spares and Repair Parts

An example in the software industry would be as follows:[19]

1267.1 Systems Integration

1267.1.1 Requirements Definition
1267.1.2 Regulations
1267.1.3 Scheduling
1267.1.4 Monitoring & Control
1267.1.5 Procurement Management
1267.1.6 Closeout

1267.2 Design

1267.2.1 Conceptual Design
1267.2.2 Preliminary Design
1267.2.3 Final Design

Terminal element

The lowest element in a tree structure, a terminal element is one that is not further subdivided. In a Work Breakdown Structure such elements (activity or deliverable), also known as work packages, are the items that are estimated in terms of resource requirements, budget and duration; linked by dependencies; and scheduled. At the juncture of the WBS element and organization unit, control accounts and work packages are established and performance is planned, measured, recorded and controlled.[20] A WBS can be expressed down to any level of interest. Three levels are the minimum recommended, with additional levels for and only for items of high cost or high risk,[21] and two levels of detail at cases such as systems engineering or program management,[22] with the standard showing examples of WBS with varying depth such as software development at points going to 5 levels[23] or fire-control system to 7 levels.[24]

Consistent to norms

The higher WBS structure should be consistent to whatever norms or template mandates exist within the organization or domain. For example, shipbuilding for the U.S. Navy must respect that the nautical terms and their hierarchy structure put into MIL-STD[25] are embedded in Naval Architecture [26] and that matching Navy offices and procedures have been built to match this naval architecture structure, so any significant change of WBS element numbering or naming in the hierarchy would be unacceptable.

Example

The WBS construction technique employing the 100% rule during WBS construction.

The figure on the left shows a work breakdown structure construction technique that demonstrates the 100% rule and the "progressive elaboration" technique. At WBS Level 1 it shows 100 units of work as the total scope of a project to design and build a custom bicycle. At WBS Level 2, the 100 units are divided into seven elements. The number of units allocated to each element of work can be based on effort or cost; it is not an estimate of task duration.

The three largest elements of WBS Level 2 are further subdivided at Level 3. The two largest elements at Level 3 each represent only 17% of the total scope of the project. These larger elements could be further subdivided using the progressive elaboration technique described above.

WBS design can be supported by software (e.g. a spreadsheet) to allow automatic rolling up of point values. Estimates of effort or cost can be developed through discussions among project team members. This collaborative technique builds greater insight into scope definitions, underlying assumptions, and consensus regarding the level of granularity required to manage the projects.

Misconceptions

  • A WBS is not an exhaustive list of work. It is instead a comprehensive classification of project scope.
  • A WBS is neither a project plan, a schedule, nor a chronological listing. It specifies what will be done, not how or when.
  • A WBS is not an organizational hierarchy, although it may be used when assigning responsibilities. See also: responsibility assignment (RACI) matrix (also called a Staffing Matrix).

See also

References

  1. ^ Booz, Allen & Hamilton Earned Value Management Tutorial Module 2: Work Breakdown Structure, Office of Science, Tools & Resources for Project Management, science.energy.gov. Accessed 27. Dec 2011.
  2. ^ a b c NASA (2001). NASA NPR 9501.2D. May 23, 2001.
  3. ^ Electronic Industries Alliance Standard Systems Engineering Capability Model EIA-731.1
  4. ^ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process IEEE Std 1220-2005
  5. ^ Fleming, Quentin W., Joel M. Koppelman "Earned Value Project Management" CROSSTALK: The Journal of Defense Software Engineering July 1998, p 20
  6. ^ Haugan, Gregory T., Effective Work Breakdown Structures, pp7-8
  7. ^ DOD and NASA Guide, PERT/COST System Design, June 1962
  8. ^ Hamilton, R. L., Study of Methods for Evaluation of the PERT/Cost Management System, MITRE Corporation, June 1964
  9. ^ MIL-STD-881, 1 November 1968
  10. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011
  11. ^ Systems Engineering Fundamentals. Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001
  12. ^ Haugan, Gregory T., The Work Breakdown Structure in Government Contracting, Management Concepts, 2003 ISBN 978-1567261202
  13. ^ Effective Work Breakdown Structures By Gregory T. Haugan, Published by Management Concepts, 2001, ISBN 1567261353, p.17
  14. ^ Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures (Second Edition), published by the Project Management Institute, ISBN 1933890134, page 8
  15. ^ Swiderski, Mark A., PMP workbreakdownstructure.com, PMBOK-Work Breakdown Structures. Accessed 16. June 2013.
  16. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶4.3
  17. ^ Ashe, Kenneth, Work Breakdown Structure, Accessed 23. May 2016.
  18. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011 Appendix A, ¶A.3
  19. ^ Taylor, Michael, WBS Examples, PM Hut. Accessed 17. Oct 2009.
  20. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶3.1.4
  21. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶1.4.1
  22. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶2.2.4.2
  23. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶Fig.3-6
  24. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶Fig.3-1
  25. ^ MIL-STD-881C, Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, 3 October 2011, ¶Appendix E
  26. ^ Gilmer, Thomas (1982-08-04). Introduction to Naval Architecture. pp. pg98. ISBN 9780870213182. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

Further reading

  • Carl L. Pritchard. Nuts and Bolts Series 1: How to Build a Work Breakdown Structure ISBN 1-890367-12-5
  • Project Management Institute. Project Management Institute Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures, Second Edition (2006) ISBN 1-933890-13-4 (Note: The Second Edition is an extensive re-write of the Practice Standard.)
  • Gregory T. Haugan. Effective Work Breakdown Structures (The Project Management Essential Library Series) ISBN 1-56726-135-3
  • Dennis P. Miller, PMP, "Building Your Project Work Breakdown Structure -- Visualizing Your Objectives, Deliverables, Activities and Schedule". ISBN 1-42006969-1 (Note: This new book is essentially a facilitator's guide for planning a project based on the WBS.)
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