Xarnego
 | This article possibly contains original research. (October 2009) |
Xarnego (Catalan pronunciation: [ʃərˈnɛɣu], from Spanish: lucharniego or nocharniego 'nocturn') is a pejorative or descriptive term used primarily in the 1950s-70s in the Catalonia region of Spain to denote a person who had immigrated to Catalonia (typically due to a depressed economy[1] in their place of origin) from other parts of Spain, often Andalusia, but who did not speak or learn Catalan, the primary language spoken in the region and one of Spain's four official languages. A xarnego can also be someone born in Catalonia with immigrant or mixed heritage. The word is never used to refer to the latest wave of immigrants from outside of Spain - it has a historical nature.
The original meaning of the word in Spanish was a type of 'hound' (the Xarnego Valenciano), although this has changed a great deal over the course of several centuries of use. The latest meaning of the word came about in the 1950s and 1960s due to massive immigration from other Spanish speaking regions of Spain to Catalonia.
The majority of immigrants did not take up speaking Catalan or learning Catalan traditions based upon the premise that while they had moved, they were still within Spain, which at the time, due to fascist policies of Franco, considered Spanish the only official language of the country. Catalan was banned from being taught in schools until 1958 and even being spoken in public, although it was spoken in private and returned to the public sphere upon the death of Franco and democratization of Spain in 1978.
In the Land of Valencia, the term xurro (from Spanish churro) is used for the speakers of inland Valencia who do not speak Valencian/Catalan, but speak a Castilian dialect with Aragonese and Valencian features (Churro Castilian).