Zosterops
Zosterops | |
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Black-capped white-eye Zosterops atricapilla | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Zosteropidae |
Genus: | Zosterops Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 |
Species | |
see text. |
Zosterops (meaning "eye-girdle"[1]) is a genus of birds containing the typical white-eyes. They are traditionally placed in the white-eye family, Zosteropidae, which, however, is now considered part of the Timaliidae.[2][3]
This genus has the highest number of species among the white-eyes by far. They occur in the Afrotropic ecoregion, the Indomalaya zone, and the Australasia ecozone. Typical white-eyes can reach a length between 8 and 15 cm. Their most characteristic feature is the conspicuous white feather ring around the eye, though some species lack it. The species in this group vary in the structural adaptations of the tongue.[4] The Zosterops [griseotinctus] group is an example of a "great speciator" inhabiting a vast area and showing a remarkable morphological differentiation on islands, some of which maybe as close as 2 km apart[5].
Systematics
The genus Zosterops was introduced by the naturalists Nicholas Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827.[6] The type species was subsequently designated as the Malagasy white-eye.[7] The name combines the Ancient Greek words zōstēros "belt" or "girdle" and ōpos "eye".[8]
A review of new DNA sequence data (Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006) suggests the genus might not be monophyletic. Few species have been researched, however, with the highest density of sampled taxa being from Micronesia. There, it appears, a more distinct eastern lineage and a western one closer to East Asian species occur. The relationships of the former to the Rukia white-eyes need investigation.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/White-eyes.jpg/170px-White-eyes.jpg)
There are 90 species in the genus. This includes three species (denoted by a dagger † in the list below) that have become extinct since the sixteenth century.[9]
- Fernando Po speirops (Zosterops brunneus)
- Forest white-eye (Zosterops stenocricotus)
- Príncipe speirops (Zosterops leucophaeus)
- Black-capped speirops (Zosterops lugubris)
- Mount Cameroon speirops (Zosterops melanocephalus)
- Chestnut-flanked white-eye (Zosterops erythropleurus)
- Japanese white-eye (Zosterops japonicus)
- Lowland white-eye (Zosterops meyeni)
- Oriental white-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus)
- Sri Lanka white-eye (Zosterops ceylonensis)
- Rota white-eye (Zosterops rotensis)
- Bridled white-eye (Zosterops conspicillatus)
- Citrine white-eye (Zosterops semperi)
- Plain white-eye (Zosterops hypolais)
- Enggano white-eye (Zosterops salvadorii)
- Black-capped white-eye (Zosterops atricapilla)
- Everett's white-eye (Zosterops everetti)
- Yellowish white-eye (Zosterops nigrorum)
- Mountain white-eye (Zosterops montanus)
- Yellow-ringed white-eye (Zosterops wallacei)
- Javan white-eye (Zosterops flavus)
- Lemon-bellied white-eye (Zosterops chloris)
- Ashy-bellied white-eye (Zosterops citrinella)
- Pale-bellied white-eye (Zosterops consobrinorum)
- Pearl-bellied white-eye (Zosterops grayi)
- Golden-bellied white-eye (Zosterops uropygialis)
- Black-ringed white-eye (Zosterops anomalus)
- Cream-throated white-eye (Zosterops atriceps)
- Sangihe white-eye(Zosterops nehrkorni)
- Black-crowned white-eye (Zosterops atrifrons)
- Togian white-eye (Zosterops somadikartai)
- Seram white-eye (Zosterops stalkeri)
- Black-fronted white-eye (Zosterops minor)
- Tagula white-eye (Zosterops meeki)
- Bismarck white-eye (Zosterops hypoxanthus)
- Biak white-eye (Zosterops mysorensis)
- Capped white-eye (Zosterops fuscicapilla)
- Buru white-eye (Zosterops buruensis)
- Ambon white-eye (Zosterops kuehni)
- Papuan white-eye (Zosterops novaeguineae)
- Yellow-throated white-eye (Zosterops metcalfii)
- Christmas white-eye (Zosterops natalis)
- Canary white-eye (Zosterops luteus)
- Louisiade white-eye (Zosterops griseotinctus)
- Rennell white-eye (Zosterops rennellianus)
- Vella Lavella white-eye (Zosterops vellalavella)
- Gizo white-eye (Zosterops luteirostris)
- Ranongga white-eye (Zosterops splendidus)
- Solomons white-eye (Zosterops kulambangrae)
- Dark-eyed white-eye (Zosterops tetiparius)
- Kolombangara white-eye (Zosterops murphyi)
- Grey-throated white-eye (Zosterops rendovae)
- Malaita white-eye (Zosterops stresemanni)
- Santa Cruz white-eye (Zosterops sanctaecrucis)
- Vanikoro white-eye (Zosterops gibbsi)
- Samoan white-eye (Zosterops samoensis)
- Fiji white-eye (Zosterops explorator)
- Vanuatu white-eye (Zosterops flavifrons)
- Small Lifou white-eye (Zosterops minutus)
- Green-backed white-eye (Zosterops xanthochroa)
- Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis)
- Slender-billed white-eye (Zosterops tenuirostris)
- † Robust white-eye (Zosterops strenuus)
- † White-chested white-eye (Zosterops albogularis)
- Large Lifou white-eye (Zosterops inornatus)
- Kosrae white-eye (Zosterops cinereus)
- Grey-brown white-eye (Zosterops ponapensis)
- Olive-colored white-eye (Zosterops oleagineus)
- Dusky white-eye (Zosterops finschii)
- Abyssinian white-eye (Zosterops abyssinicus)
- Cape white-eye (Zosterops virens)
- Orange River white-eye (Zosterops pallidus)
- African yellow white-eye (Zosterops senegalensis)
- Montane white-eye (Zosterops poliogastrus)
- Kikuyu white-eye (Zosterops kikuyuensis)
- Taita white-eye (Zosterops silvanus)
- Réunion grey white-eye (Zosterops borbonicus)
- Mauritius grey white-eye (Zosterops mauritianus)
- Príncipe white-eye (Zosterops ficedulinus)
- São Tomé white-eye (Zosterops feae)
- Annobón white-eye (Zosterops griseovirescens)
- Malagasy white-eye (Zosterops maderaspatanus)
- Kirk's white-eye (Zosterops kirki)
- Mayotte white-eye (Zosterops mayottensis)
- † Marianne white-eye (Zosterops semiflavus)
- Seychelles white-eye (Zosterops modestus)
- Karthala white-eye (Zosterops mouroniensis)
- Réunion olive white-eye (Zosterops olivaceus)
- Mauritius olive white-eye (Zosterops chloronothos)
- Pemba white-eye (Zosterops vaughani)
References
- ^ Carnaby, Trevor (2008). Beat about the bush: Birds (1st ed.). Johannesburg: Jacana. p. 31. ISBN 9781770092419.
- ^ Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)". Zool. Scripta. 35 (2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x.
- ^ Christidis L & Boles WE (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO, Canberra.
- ^ Moreau RE, Mary Perrins & J. Trevor Hughes (1969). "Tongues of the Zosteropidae (White-eyes)" (PDF). Ardea: 29–47.
- ^ Robert G. Moyle, Christopher E. Filardi, Catherine E. Smith, Jared Diamond. Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a “great speciator”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2009, 106 (6) 1863-1868; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809861105.
- ^ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward; Horsfield, Thomas (1827). "Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (in English and Latin). 15 (1): 170-334 [234]. The title page is dated 1826.
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. Volume 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 290.
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has extra text (help) - ^ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
Further reading
- Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta 35(2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x (HTML abstract)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
- Zosterops photos & videos on the Internet Bird Collection