Bismuth-209
General | |
---|---|
Symbol | 209Bi |
Names | bismuth-209, 209Bi, Bi-209 |
Protons (Z) | 83 |
Neutrons (N) | 126 |
Nuclide data | |
Natural abundance | 100% |
Half-life (t1/2) | 2.01×1019 years[1] |
Isotope mass | 208.9803986 Da |
Spin | 9/2− |
Excess energy | −18258.461±2.4 keV |
Binding energy | 7847.987±1.7 keV |
Parent isotopes | 209Pb (β−) 209Po (β+) 213At (α) |
Decay products | 205Tl |
Decay modes | |
Decay mode | Decay energy (MeV) |
Alpha emission | 3.1373 |
Isotopes of bismuth Complete table of nuclides |
Bismuth-209 (209Bi) is an isotope of bismuth, with the longest known half-life of any radioisotope that undergoes α-decay (alpha decay). It has 83 protons and a magic number[2] of 126 neutrons,[2] and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 amu (atomic mass units). Primordial bismuth consists entirely of this isotope.
Decay properties
[edit]Bismuth-209 was long thought to have the heaviest stable nucleus of any element, but in 2003, a research team at the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale in Orsay, France, discovered that 209Bi undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of ≈19 exayears (1.9×1019, or 19 quintillion years),[3][4] over 109 times longer than the estimated age of the universe.[5] The heaviest nucleus considered to be stable is now lead-208 and the heaviest stable monoisotopic element is gold (gold-197).
Theory had previously predicted a half-life of 4.6×1019 years. It had been suspected to be radioactive for a long time.[6] The decay produces a 3.14 MeV alpha particle plus thallium-205.[3][4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Decay_Chain%284n%2B1%2C_Neptunium_Series%29.svg/200px-Decay_Chain%284n%2B1%2C_Neptunium_Series%29.svg.png)
Bismuth-209 forms 205Tl:
- 209
83Bi
→ 205
81Tl
+ 4
2He
[7]
If perturbed, it would join in lead-bismuth neutron capture cycle from lead-206/207/208 to bismuth-209, despite low capture cross sections. Even thallium-205, the decay product of bismuth-209, reverts to lead when fully ionized.[8]
Due to its hugely long half-life, for nearly all applications 209Bi can be treated as non-radioactive. It is much less radioactive than human flesh, so it poses no real radiation hazard. Though 209Bi holds the half-life record for alpha decay, it does not have the longest known half-life of any nuclide; this distinction belongs to tellurium-128 (128Te) with a half-life estimated at 7.7 × 1024 years by double β-decay (double beta decay).[9][10][11]
The half-life of 209Bi was confirmed in 2012 by an Italian team in Gran Sasso who reported (2.01±0.08)×1019 years. They also reported an even longer half-life for alpha decay of 209Bi to the first excited state of 205Tl (at 204 keV), was estimated at 1.66×1021 years.[12] Even though this value is shorter than the half-life of 128Te, both alpha decays of 209Bi hold the record of the thinnest natural line widths of any measurable physical excitation, estimated respectively at ΔΕ~5.5×10−43 eV and ΔΕ~1.3×10−44 eV in application of the uncertainty principle[13] (double beta decay would produce energy lines only in neutrinoless transitions, which has not been observed yet).
Applications
[edit]Because all primordial bismuth is bismuth-209, bismuth-209 is used for all normal applications of bismuth, such as being used as a replacement for lead,[14][15] in cosmetics,[16][17] in paints,[18] and in several medicines such as Pepto-Bismol.[5][19][20] Alloys containing bismuth-209 such as bismuth bronze have been used for thousands of years.[21]
Synthesis of other elements
[edit]210Po can be manufactured by bombarding 209Bi with neutrons in a nuclear reactor.[22] Only around 100 grams of 210Po are produced each year.[23][22] 209Po and 208Po can be made through the proton bombardment of 209Bi in a cyclotron.[24] Astatine can also be produced by bombarding 209Bi with alpha particles.[25][26][27] Traces of 209Bi have also been used to create gold in nuclear reactors.[28][29]
209Bi has been used as a target for the creation of several isotopes of superheavy elements such as dubnium,[30][31][32][33] bohrium,[30][34] meitnerium,[35][36][37] roentgenium,[38][39][40] and nihonium.[41][42][43]
Formation
[edit]Primordial
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg/200px-S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg.png)
In the red giant stars of the asymptotic giant branch, the s-process (slow process) is ongoing to produce bismuth-209 and polonium-210 by neutron capture as the heaviest elements to be formed,[44] and the latter quickly decays.[44] All elements heavier than it are formed in the r-process, or rapid process, which occurs during the first fifteen minutes of supernovas.[45][44] Bismuth-209 is also created during the r-process.[44]
Radiogenic
[edit]Some 209Bi was created radiogenically from the neptunium decay chain.[46] Neptunium-237 is an extinct radionuclide, but it can be found in traces in uranium ores because of neutron capture reactions.[46][47] Americium-241, which is used in smoke detectors,[48] decays to neptunium-237.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Red horizontal lines with a circle in their right ends represent neutron captures; blue arrows pointing up-left represent beta decays; green arrows pointing down-left represent alpha decays; cyan/light-green arrows pointing down-right represent electron captures.
References
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