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Cyber–physical system

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A cyber-physical (also styled cyberphysical) system (CPS) is a mechanism that is controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the Internet and its users. In cyber-physical systems, physical and software components are deeply intertwined, each operating on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibiting multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interacting with each other in a lot of ways that change with context.[1] Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, robotics systems, and automatic pilot avionics.[2]

CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches, merging theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, design and process science.[3][4][5] The process control is often referred to as embedded systems. In embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements, and less on an intense link between the computational and physical elements. CPS is also similar to the Internet of Things (IoT), sharing the same basic architecture; nevertheless, CPS presents a higher combination and coordination between physical and computational elements.[6]

Precursors of cyber-physical systems can be found in areas as diverse as aerospace, automotive, chemical processes, civil infrastructure, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, entertainment, and consumer appliances.[2]

Overview

Unlike more traditional embedded systems, a full-fledged CPS is typically designed as a network of interacting elements with physical input and output instead of as standalone devices.[7] The notion is closely tied to concepts of robotics and sensor networks with intelligence mechanisms proper of computational intelligence leading the pathway. Ongoing advances in science and engineering will improve the link between computational and physical elements by means of intelligent mechanisms, dramatically increasing the adaptability, autonomy, efficiency, functionality, reliability, safety, and usability of cyber-physical systems.[8] This will broaden the potential of cyber-physical systems in several dimensions, including: intervention (e.g., collision avoidance); precision (e.g., robotic surgery and nano-level manufacturing); operation in dangerous or inaccessible environments (e.g., search and rescue, firefighting, and deep-sea exploration; coordination (e.g., air traffic control, war fighting); efficiency (e.g., zero-net energy buildings); and augmentation of human capabilities (e.g., healthcare monitoring and delivery).[9]

Mobile cyber-physical systems

Mobile cyber physical systems, in which the physical system under study has inherent mobility, are a prominent subcategory of cyber-physical systems. Examples of mobile physical systems include mobile robotics and electronics transported by humans or animals. The rise in popularity of smartphones has increased interest in the area of mobile cyber-physical systems. Smartphone platforms make ideal mobile cyber-physical systems for a number of reasons, including:

  • Significant computational resources, such as processing capability, local storage
  • Multiple sensory input/output devices, such as touch screens, cameras, GPS chips, speakers, microphone, light sensors, proximity sensors
  • Multiple communication mechanisms, such as WiFi, 3G, EDGE, Bluetooth for interconnecting devices to either the Internet, or to other devices
  • High-level programming languages that enable rapid development of mobile CPS node software, such as Java,[10] Objective C, JavaScript, ECMAScript or C#
  • Readily-available application distribution mechanisms, such as the Play Store and Apple App Store
  • End-user maintenance and upkeep, including frequent re-charging of the battery

For tasks that require more resources than are locally available, one common mechanism for rapid implementation of smartphone-based mobile cyber-physical system nodes utilizes the network connectivity to link the mobile system with either a server or a cloud environment, enabling complex processing tasks that are impossible under local resource constraints.[11] Examples of mobile cyber-physical systems include applications to track and analyze CO2 emissions,[12] detect traffic accidents, insurance telematics[13] and provide situational awareness services to first responders,[14][15] measure traffic,[16] and monitor cardiac patients.[17]

Examples

Common applications of CPS typically fall under sensor-based communication-enabled autonomous systems. For example, many wireless sensor networks monitor some aspect of the environment and relay the processed information to a central node. Other types of CPS include smart grid,[18] autonomous automotive systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, distributed robotics, and automatic pilot avionics.

A real-world example of such a system is the Distributed Robot Garden at MIT in which a team of robots tend a garden of tomato plants. This system combines distributed sensing (each plant is equipped with a sensor node monitoring its status), navigation, manipulation and wireless networking.[19]

A focus on the control system aspects of CPS that pervade critical infrastructure can be found in the efforts of the Idaho National Laboratory and collaborators researching resilient control systems. This effort takes a holistic approach to next generation design, and considers the resilience aspects that are not well quantified, such as cyber security,[20] human interaction and complex interdependencies.

Another example is MIT's ongoing CarTel project where a fleet of taxis work by collecting real-time traffic information in the Boston area. Together with historical data, this information is then used for calculating fastest routes for a given time of the day.[21]

In industry domain, the cyber-physical systems empowered by Cloud technologies have led to novel approaches[22][23][24] that paved the path to Industry 4.0 as the European Commission IMC-AESOP project with partners such as Schneider Electric, SAP, Honeywell, Microsoft etc. demonstrated.

Cyber-physical models for future manufacturing—With the motivation a cyber-physical system, a "coupled-model" approach was developed.[25] The coupled model is a digital twin of the real machine that operates in the cloud platform and simulates the health condition with an integrated knowledge from both data driven analytical algorithms as well as other available physical knowledge. The coupled model first constructs a digital image from the early design stage. System information and physical knowledge are logged during product design, based on which a simulation model is built as a reference for future analysis. Initial parameters may be statistically generalized and they can be tuned using data from testing or the manufacturing process using parameter estimation. The simulation model can be considered as a mirrored image of the real machine, which is able to continuously record and track machine condition during the later utilization stage. Finally, with ubiquitous connectivity offered by cloud computing technology, the coupled model also provides better accessibility of machine condition for factory managers in cases where physical access to actual equipment or machine data is limited. These features pave the way toward implementing cyber manufacturing.[26][27]

Design

A challenge in the development of embedded and cyber-physical systems is the large differences in the design practice between the various engineering disciplines involved, such as software and mechanical engineering. Additionally, as of today there is no "language" in terms of design practice that is common to all the involved disciplines in CPS. Today, in a marketplace where rapid innovation is essential, engineers from all disciplines need to be able to explore system designs collaboratively, allocating responsibilities to software and physical elements, and analyzing trade-offs between them. Recent advances show that coupling disciplines by using co-simulation will allow disciplines to cooperate without enforcing new tools or design methods.[28] Results from the MODELISAR project show that this approach is viable by proposing a new standard for co-simulation in the form of the Functional Mock-up Interface.

Designing and deploying a cyber-physical production system can be done based on the 5C architecture (connection, conversion, cyber, cognition, and configuration).[29] In the "Connection" level, devices can be designed to self-connect and self-sensing for its behavior. In the "Conversion" level, data from self-connected devices and sensors are measuring the features of critical issues with self-aware capabilities, machines can use the self-aware information to self-predict its potential issues. In the "Cyber" level, each machine is creating its own "twin" by using these instrumented features and further characterize the machine health pattern based on a "Time-Machine" methodology. The established "twin" in the cyber space can perform self-compare for peer-to-peer performance for further synthesis. In the "Cognition" level, the outcomes of self-assessment and self-evaluation will be presented to users based on an "infographic" meaning to show the content and context of the potential issues. In the "Configuration" level, the machine or production system can be reconfigured based on the priority and risk criteria to achieve resilient performance.[30]

The original twin model idea came from [31], in which a physical operation was coupled with a virtual operation by means of an intelligent reasoning agent. The detailed version of this concept is presented in [32].

Importance

The US National Science Foundation (NSF) has identified cyber-physical systems as a key area of research.[33] Starting in late 2006, the NSF and other United States federal agencies sponsored several workshops on cyber-physical systems.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]

See also

References

  1. ^ "US National Science Foundation, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)"
  2. ^ a b Khaitan et al., "Design Techniques and Applications of Cyber Physical Systems: A Survey", IEEE Systems Journal, 2014.
  3. ^ Hancu, O.; Maties, V.; Balan, R.; Stan, S. (2007). "Mechatronic approach for design and control of a hydraulic 3-dof parallel robot". The 18th International DAAAM Symposium, "Intelligent Manufacturing & Automation: Focus on Creativity, Responsibility and Ethics of Engineers".
  4. ^ Lee, E.A., Seshia, S.A.: Introduction to Embedded Systems - A Cyber-Physical Systems Approach. LeeSeshia.org, 2011.
  5. ^ Suh, S.C., Carbone, J.N., Eroglu, A.E.: Applied Cyber-Physical Systems. Springer, 2014.
  6. ^ Rad, Ciprian-Radu; Hancu, Olimpiu; Takacs, Ioana-Alexandra; Olteanu, Gheorghe (2015). "Smart Monitoring of Potato Crop: A Cyber-Physical System Architecture Model in the Field of Precision Agriculture". Conference Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture. 6: 73–79.
  7. ^ Lee, Edward (January 23, 2008). "Cyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges". University of California, Berkeley Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2008-8. Retrieved 2008-06-07. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ C.Alippi: Intelligence for Embedded Systems. Springer Verlag, 2014, 283pp, ISBN 978-3-319-05278-6.
  9. ^ "Cyber-physical systems". Program Announcements & Information. The National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230, USA. 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  10. ^ "Virtual Machine for running Java Applications on a CPS". Retrieved 2012-04-12.
  11. ^ White, Jules; Clarke, S.; Dougherty, B.; Thompson, C.; Schmidt, D. "R&D Challenges and Solutions for Mobile Cyber-Physical Applications and Supporting Internet Services" (PDF). Springer Journal of Internet Services and Applications. Retrieved 2011-02-21. {{cite web}}: External link in |author= (help)
  12. ^ J. Froehlich, T. Dillahunt, P. Klasnja, J. Mankoff, S. Consolvo, B. Harrison, and J. Landay, "UbiGreen: investigating a mobile tool for tracking and supporting green transportation habits," in Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, 2009, pp. 1043–1052.
  13. ^ P. Handel, I. Skog, J. Wahlstrom, F. Bonawide, R. Welsh, J. Ohlsson, and M. Ohlsson: Insurance telematics: opportunities and challenges with the smartphone solution, Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, IEEE, vol.6, no.4, pp. 57-70, winter 2014, doi: 10.1109/MITS.2014.2343262
  14. ^ Thompson, C.; White, J.; Dougherty, B.; Schmidt, D. C. (2009). "Optimizing Mobile Application Performance with Model–Driven Engineering". Software Technologies for Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5860. p. 36. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10265-3_4. ISBN 978-3-642-10264-6.
  15. ^ Jones, W. D. (2001). "Forecasting traffic flow". IEEE Spectrum. 38: 90. doi:10.1109/6.901153.
  16. ^ Rose, G. (2006). "Mobile Phones as Traffic Probes: Practices, Prospects and Issues". Transport Reviews. 26 (3): 275–291. doi:10.1080/01441640500361108.
  17. ^ Leijdekkers, P. (2006). "Personal Heart Monitoring and Rehabilitation System using Smart Phones". 2006 International Conference on Mobile Business. p. 29. doi:10.1109/ICMB.2006.39. ISBN 0-7695-2595-4.
  18. ^ S. Karnouskos: Cyber-Physical Systems in the Smart Grid (PDF; 79 kB). In:Industrial Informatics (INDIN), 2011 9th IEEE International Conference on, July 2011. Retrieved 20 Apr 2014.
  19. ^ "The Distributed Robotics Garden". people.csail.mit.edu. 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  20. ^ Loukas, George (June 2015). Cyber-Physical Attacks A growing invisible threat. Oxford, UK: Butterworh-Heinemann (Elsevier). p. 65. ISBN 9780128012901.
  21. ^ "CarTel [MIT Cartel]". cartel.csail.mit.edu. 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  22. ^ A. W. Colombo, T. Bangemann, S. Karnouskos, J. Delsing, P. Stluka, R. Harrison, F. Jammes, and J. Lastra: Industrial Cloud-based Cyber- Physical Systems: The IMC-AESOP Approach. Springer Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-319-05623-4.
  23. ^ Wu, D.; Rosen, D.W.; Wang, L.; Schaefer, D. (2014). "Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing: A New Paradigm in Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation". Computer-Aided Design. 59: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2014.07.006.
  24. ^ Wu, D., Rosen, D.W., & Schaefer, D. (2014). Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing: Status and Promise. In: Schaefer, D. (Ed): Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing: A Service-Oriented Product Development Paradigm for the 21st Century, Springer, London, UK, pp.1-24.
  25. ^ Lee, Jay; Bagheri, Behrad; Kao, Hung-An (2014). "Recent Advances and Trends of Cyber-Physical Systems and Big Data Analytics in Industrial Informatics". IEEE Int. Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) 2014.
  26. ^ Lee, Jay; Lapira, Edzel; Bagheri, Behrad; Kao, Hung-an. "Recent advances and trends in predictive manufacturing systems in big data environment". Manufacturing Letters. 1 (1): 38–41. doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2013.09.005.
  27. ^ Predictive manufacturing system
  28. ^ J .Fitzgerald, P.G. Larsen, M. Verhoef (Eds.): Collaborative Design for Embedded Systems: Co-modelling and Co-simulation. Springer Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-54118-6.
  29. ^ "IMS_CPS — IMS Center". www.imscenter.net.
  30. ^ Lee, Jay; Bagheri, Behrad; Kao, Hung-An (January 2015). "A Cyber-Physical Systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems". Manufacturing Letters. 3: 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001.
  31. ^ Lee, Jay (January 1998). "Teleservice engineering in manufacturing: challenges and opportunities". International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 38: 901–910. doi:10.1016/S0890-6955(97)00135-1.
  32. ^ Lee, Jay (1993). "Analysis of machine degradation using a neural network based pattern discrimination model". Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 12: 379–387. doi:10.1016/0278-6125(93)90306-E.
  33. ^ Wolf, Wayne (November 2007). "The Good News and the Bad News (Embedded Computing Column". IEEE Computer. 40 (11): 104–105. doi:10.1109/MC.2007.404.
  34. ^ "NSF Workshop On Cyber-Physical Systems". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-06-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Beyond SCADA: Networked Embedded Control for Cyber Physical Systems". Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved 2008-06-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "NSF Cyber-Physical Systems Summit". Archived from the original on 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2008-08-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "National Workshop on High-Confidence Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems". Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-08-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "National Workshop on Composable and Systems Technologies for High-Confidence Cyber-Physical Systems,". Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  39. ^ "National Workshop on High-Confidence Software Platforms for Cyber-Physical Systems (HCSP-CPS),". Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  40. ^ "New Research Directions for Future Cyber-Physical Energy Systems". Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  41. ^ "Bridging the Cyber, Physical, and Social Worlds". Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2011-02-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "NIST Foundations for Innovation in Cyber-Physical Systems Workshop". Retrieved 2012-02-08.

Further reading

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