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Gardenia

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For other uses, see Gardenia (disambiguation).

Gardenia
Gardenia jasminoides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Subfamily: Ixoroideae
Tribe: Gardenieae
Genus: Gardenia
J.Ellis
Species

See text.

Gardenia is a genus of flowering plants in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Madagascar, Pacific Islands,[1] and Australia.[2]

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus and John Ellis after Alexander Garden (1730–1791), a Scottish naturalist.[3] The type species is Gardenia jasminoides, as first published by Ellis in 1961.[4]

Description

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Gardenia species typically grow as shrubs or small trees, however some species, such as those native to New Guinea, may grow to 20-30m tall.[1][5][6][7][8] A small number of species found in tropical East Africa and southern Africa grow as small pyrophytic subshrubs.[5][8] At least one species, Gardenia epiphytica, native to Gabon and Cameroon, grows as an epiphyte.[9][10][11] Most species are unarmed and spineless, but some species such as some of those found in Africa are spinescent.[1][5][6][7][8]

The leaf arrangement is typically opposite or verticillate may (arranged in whorls). Leaves vary by species; many species are glossy with a distinctly coriaceous (or leathery) texture such as that seen in Gardenia jasminoides, whilst in others, leaves may be thin and chartaceous (or paper-like).[1][5][6][7][8]

The flowers, particularly in the species most commonly grown in gardens, may be large and showy and white, cream or pale yellow in color, with a pleasant and strong, sometimes overpowering scent that may be more noticeable at night, something quite typical of moth-pollinated plants.[8][12]

Gardenia flowers are hermaphrodite (or bisexual) with each individual flower having both as both male and female structures (that is, having both stamens and carpels) with the flower.[1] The arrangement of the flowers on the plant are solitary or in small terminal clusters or fascicles. The flowers vary across species, but most commonly have a funnel- or cylindrical-shaped corolla tube, normally elongated and narrow distally, surrounded by 5-12 or more lobes (petals) contorted or arranged in an overlapping pattern.[1][5][6][7][8]

Phytochemistry

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Crocetin is a chemical compound usually obtained from Crocus sativus, which can also be obtained from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides.[13] Gordonin is a novel methoxylated flavonol secreted in golden-colored resinous droplets of Gardenia gordonii,[citation needed] which is one of several critically endangered species of the Fiji Islands.

Many of the native gardenias of the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the paleotropics contribute towards the production of a diverse array of natural products. Methoxylated and oxygenated flavonols, flavones, and triterpenes accumulate on the vegetative and floral buds as yellow to brown droplets of secreted resins. Many focused phytochemical studies of these bud exudates have been published, including a population-level study of two rare, sympatric species of Fiji, G. candida and G. grievei.[14] The evolutionary significance of the gums and resins of gardenias in attracting or repelling invertebrate herbivores, has yet to be explored by ecologists.[citation needed]

Species

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As of July 2022 Plants of the World Online recognises 128 species in this genus, as follows:[15]

Cultivation and uses

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Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in size in some species.[16]

Gardenia jasminoides (syn. G. grandiflora, G. florida) is cultivated as a house plant. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high humidity to thrive, and bright (but not direct) light. It flourishes in acidic soils with good drainage and thrives on temperatures of 20–23 °C (68–73 °F)[17] during the day and 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) in the evening. Potting soils developed especially for gardenias are available. G. jasminoides grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoors. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can attain a height of 6 feet. If water touches the flowers, they will turn brown.[18][volume & issue needed][unreliable source?]

In Eastern Asia, Gardenia jasminoides is called zhīzi (梔子) in China, chija (치자) in Korea, and kuchinashi (梔子) in Japan. Its fruit is used as a yellow dye,[19] used on fabric and food (including the Korean mung bean jelly called hwangpomuk). Its fruits are also used in traditional Chinese medicine for their clearing, calming, and cooling properties.[20]

In France, gardenias are the flower traditionally worn by men as boutonnière when in evening dress. In The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton suggests it was customary for upper-class men from New York City to wear a gardenia in their buttonhole during the Gilded Age.,[21]

Sigmund Freud remarked to the poet H.D. that gardenias were his favorite flower.[22]

In tiki culture, Donn Beach, aka Don the Beachcomber, frequently wore a fresh lei of gardenias almost every day at his tiki bars, allegedly spending $7,800 for flowers over the course of four years in 1938.[23] He named one of his drinks the mystery gardenia cocktail. Trader Vic frequently used the gardenia as a flower garnish in his tiki drinks, such as in the scorpion and outrigger tiara cocktails.[24]

Several species occur in Hawaii, where gardenias are known as naʻu or nānū.

Hattie McDaniel famously wore gardenias in her hair when she accepted an Academy Award, the first for an African American, for Gone with the Wind. Mo'Nique Hicks later wore gardenias in her hair when she won her Oscar, as a tribute to McDaniel.

[edit]
  • Gardenia brighamii
    Gardenia brighamii
  • Gardenia jasminoides 'Plena'
    Gardenia jasminoides 'Plena'
  • Gardenia jasminoidesl 'Radicans'
    Gardenia jasminoidesl 'Radicans'
  • Gardenia psidioides
    Gardenia psidioides
  • Gardenia taitensis
    Gardenia taitensis
  • Pollen grains of Gardenia gummifera
    Pollen grains of Gardenia gummifera
  • Gardenia thunbergia by Edith Struben (1868-1936)
    Gardenia thunbergia by Edith Struben (1868-1936)
  • Gardenia volkensii flower
    Gardenia volkensii flower
  • Gardenia volkensii flowers, foliage, fruit
    Gardenia volkensii flowers, foliage, fruit
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (1 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (1 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (2 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (2 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (3 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (3 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (4 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (4 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (5 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (5 of 6)
  • Blooming stages of gardenia flower (6 of 6)
    Blooming stages of gardenia flower (6 of 6)

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Chen, Tao; Taylor, Charlotte M., "Gardenia J. Ellis, Philos. Trans. 51: 935. 1761", Flora of China online, vol. 19
  2. ^ Puttock, C. F. (1988). "A revision of Gardenia Ellis (Rubiaceae) from north-eastern Queensland". Austrobaileya. 2 (5): 433–449. JSTOR 41738712.
  3. ^ "LXXXII. An account of the plants Halesia and Gardenia : In a letter from John Ellis, Esq; F.R.S. To Philip Carteret Webb, Esq; F.R.S.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 51: 929–935. 1759. doi:10.1098/rstl.1759.0084. S2CID 186210416.
  4. ^ Ellis J. Gardenia; in Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 51(2): 935, t. 23 (1761) nom. conserv.
  5. ^ a b c d e Rubiaceae, B. Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1976
  6. ^ a b c d Timothy M. A. Utteridge and Laura V. S. Jennings (2022). Trees of New Guinea. Kew Publishing. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
  7. ^ a b c d M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
  8. ^ a b c d e f Rubiaceae, D.M.Bridson & B.Verdcourt. Flora Zambesiaca 5:3. 2003
  9. ^ Jongkind, C.C.H. 2005. A new species of Gardenia (Gardenieae, Rubiaceae) from Gabon. Systematics and Geography of Plants 75(2): 259-262.
  10. ^ Onana, J.M. and Cheek, M. 2011. Red Data Book of the Flowering Plants of Cameroon: IUCN Global Assessments. Kew Publishing, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.
  11. ^ IUCN (2020-08-12). Gardenia epiphytica: Lovell, R. & Cheek, M.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T110093586A110093588 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t110093586a110093588.en.
  12. ^ "Gardenia thunbergia Thunb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  13. ^ Yamauchi, M; Tsuruma, K; Imai, S; Nakanishi, T; Umigai, N; Shimazawa, M; Hara, H (2011). "Crocetin prevents retinal degeneration induced by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses via inhibition of caspase activity". European Journal of Pharmacology. 650 (1): 110–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.081. PMID 20951131.
  14. ^ Miller, J. M.; Sotheeswaran, S. (1993). "Bud exudate composition and ecogeography of Fijian Gardenia species (Rubiaceae)". Biotropica. 25 (1): 117–122. Bibcode:1993Biotr..25..117M. doi:10.2307/2388985. JSTOR 2388985.
  15. ^ "Gardenia J. Ellis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Gardenia Flowers Gardening". 7 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  17. ^ "Gardenia Care". Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  18. ^ Reader's Digest. Success with House Plants. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. New York/Montreal. 217
  19. ^ Ozaki, A.; Kitano, M.; Furusawa, N.; Yamaguchi, H.; Kuroda, K.; Endo, G. (2002), "Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components", Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40 (11): 1603–1610, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00118-7, PMID 12176087
  20. ^ "Zhi Zi (Gardenia, Cape Jasmine Fruit), Fructus Gardeniae Jasminoidis - Chinese Herb". Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
  21. ^ Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence, Wordsworth Classic, 1999, p. 4
  22. ^ H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). "Tribute to Freud." New Directions, Boston 1974 p11
  23. ^ Bitner, Arnold (2001). Hawai'i Tropical Rum Drinks by Don the Beaschcomber. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing. p. 18.
  24. ^ Vic, Trader (1972). Bartender's Guide, Revised (revised ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. p. 179.
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