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Arctic ground squirrel

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Arctic ground squirrel
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Genus: Urocitellus
Species:
U. parryii
Binomial name
Urocitellus parryii
Subspecies

10 ssp., see text

Synonyms

Spermophilus parryii

The Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) (Inuktitut: ᓯᒃᓯᒃ, siksik)[2] is a species of ground squirrel native to the Arctic and Subarctic of North America and Asia. People in Alaska, particularly around the Aleutians, refer to them as "parka" squirrels, most likely because their pelt is good for the ruff on parkas and for clothing.[3]

Taxonomy

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Subspecies listed alphabetically.[4]

  • U. p. ablusus Osgood, 1903
  • U. p. kennicottii Ross, 1861 – Barrow ground squirrel (northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and northern Northwest Territories)
  • U. p. kodiacensis Ross, 1861
  • U. p. leucostictus Brandt, 1844
  • U. p. lyratus Hall and Gilmore, 1932
  • U. p. nebulicola Osgood, 1903
  • U. p. osgoodi Merriam, 1900
  • U. p. parryii Richardson, 1825
  • U. p. plesius Osgood, 1900
  • U. p. stejnegeri J. A. Allen, 1903

Description

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The Arctic ground squirrel has a beige and tan coat with a white-spotted back. This squirrel has a short face, small ears, a dark tail and white markings around its eyes. Arctic ground squirrels undergo a coat change from summer to winter. Summer coats include red/yellow colorations along the cheeks and sides of the animal. In fall, these red patches are replaced with silvery fur. The average length of an Arctic ground squirrel is approximately 39 cm (15 in). Since Arctic ground squirrels undergo drastic seasonal changes in body mass, it is difficult to give an average mass,[5] but for adult females it is close to 750 g (26 oz), however, males generally are around 100 g (3.5 oz) heavier than females.[6]

Distribution and habitat

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The Arctic ground squirrel can be found in regions of Northern Canada ranging from the Arctic Circle to northern British Columbia, and down to the southern border of the Northwest Territories, as well as Alaska and Siberia.[1]

The Arctic ground squirrel is native to the North American Arctic tundra, where its main habitats are on mountain slopes, river flats, banks, lakeshores and tundra ridges of the arctic tundra. Ground squirrels live in sandy soil due to easy digging and good drainage.[7] Arctic ground squirrels make shallow burrows in areas where the permafrost does not prevent them from digging.[8] The Arctic ground squirrel inhabits dry Arctic tundra and open meadows in the most southern habitats of this species.[6]

Fossil record

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The Arctic ground squirrel has an extensive fossil record from the Pleistocene. During the Last Glacial Maximum, it was abundant in areas such as the Klondike region where it is currently rare or absent.[9] Fossilised Arctic ground squirrel nests and caches have also been used for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction; Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex albonigra, and Koeleria sp. are common in caches from Late Pleistocene Alaska, indicating the presence of an aerially extensive mammoth steppe ecosystem in the region at this time.[10]

On tundra, Kugluktuk, Nunavut

Behaviour

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20,000-year-old Arctic ground squirrel mummy

The diurnal Arctic ground squirrel lives on the tundra and is prey to the Arctic fox, the red fox, the wolverine, Canada lynx, Eurasian lynx, the brown bear, and eagles. It is one of the few Arctic animals, along with their close relatives the marmots[11] and the un-related little brown bat, that hibernate.[12] In the summer it forages for tundra plants, seeds, and fruit to increase body fat for its winter hibernation. By late summer the male Arctic ground squirrel begins to store food in its burrow so that in the spring[13] it will have edible food until the new vegetation has grown. The burrows are lined with lichens, leaves, and muskox hair.

Communication between squirrels is done through both vocal and physical means. When they meet, nose to nose contact is made or other body parts are pressed together. The "tsik-tsik" calls are made in response to threats and vary as between different predators. Deep guttural sounds are used to indicate land-based predators while short "band whistle" chatter indicates danger from the air.[6]

Hibernation

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The Arctic ground squirrel hibernates over winter from early August to late April in adult females and from late September to early April for adult males,[14] at which time it can reduce its body temperatures from 37 °C (99 °F) to as little as −3 °C (27 °F).[15] During hibernation, its core body temperature reaches temperatures down to −2.9 °C (26.8 °F)[16] and its heart rate drops to about one beat per minute. Peripheral, colonic, and blood temperatures become subzero. The best theory as to why the squirrel's blood doesn't freeze is that the animal is able to cleanse their bodies of ice nucleators which are necessary for the development of ice crystals. In the absence of ice nucleators, body fluids can remain liquid while in supercooled state. This process is being studied with the hope that mechanism present in arctic ground squirrels may provide a path for better preservation of human organs for transplant.[17] The connections between brain cells also wither away in this state. The damage should have resulted in death, but research on related species show that these connections regrow after waking up. In the warmer months, the squirrel is active during the day.

Diet

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This squirrel feeds on grasses, sedges, mushrooms, bog rushes, bilberries, willows, roots, stalks, leaves, leaf buds, flowers, catkins, and seeds. They will also eat insects, and occasionally they will even feed on carrion (such as mice, snowshoe hares and caribou)[18] as well as juvenile Arctic ground squirrels.[19] Sometimes these squirrels carry food back to their den in their cheeks.[6]

Reproduction

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During the mating season, males engage in male-male aggressive encounters for mating rights.[20]

Arctic ground squirrels live individually in burrow systems. Mating occurs between mid-April and mid-May (depending on latitude) after winter hibernation. Mating includes male-male competition for access to females, and litters are typically sired by multiple males. Gestation is approximately 25 days, and results in a litter of 5 to 10, 10 g (0.35 oz) hairless pups. After 6 weeks the pups are weaned and this is followed by rapid growth to prepare for the upcoming winter.[6]

Conservation

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Arctic ground squirrel in Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge

Although Environment Yukon has not estimated their population size, their conservation status is currently said to be "secure" (Environment Yukon 2013).[13] The Arctic ground squirrel is classified as least concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (Arkive 2013).[21]

References

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  1. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus parryii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20488A22262403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20488A22262403.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Welcome to Tusaalanga | Inuktut Tusaalanga". tusaalanga.ca. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  3. ^ Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions
  4. ^ Urocitellus parryii, MSW3
  5. ^ Buck, C.L.; Barnes, B.M. (1999). "Annual cycle of body composition and hibernation in free-living arctic ground squirrels". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (2): 430–442. doi:10.2307/1383291. JSTOR 1383291.
  6. ^ a b c d e Animal Diversity Web
  7. ^ Nadler C, Hopkins RS (1976). Patterns of evolution and migration in the arctic ground squirrel, Spermophilus parryii (Richardson). [Internet]. Chicago (ZL) U.S.A.: Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, and the University of Kansas, Lawrence (KS) U.S.A.: Museum of Natural History and Department of Systematics and Ecology; [updated 1976 Oct 20; cited 2013 Nov 10]. Available from: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/z77-097.
  8. ^ "BBC Nature - Arctic ground squirrel videos, news and facts". BBC Earth. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  9. ^ Zazula, Grant D.; Froese, Duane G.; Elias, Scott A.; Kuzmina, Svetlana; Mathewes, Rolf W. (April 2007). "Arctic ground squirrels of the mammoth-steppe: paleoecology of Late Pleistocene middens (∼24000–29450 14C yr BP), Yukon Territory, Canada". Quaternary Science Reviews. 26 (7–8): 979–1003. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.12.006. Retrieved 12 August 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  10. ^ Gaglioti, Benjamin V.; Barnes, Brian M.; Zazula, Grant D.; Beaudoin, Alwynne B.; Wooller, Matthew J. (November 2011). "Late Pleistocene paleoecology of arctic ground squirrel ( Urocitellus parryii ) caches and nests from Interior Alaska's mammoth steppe ecosystem, USA". Quaternary Research. 76 (3): 373–382. Bibcode:2011QuRes..76..373G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.08.004. ISSN 0033-5894. Retrieved 27 August 2024 – via Cambridge Core.
  11. ^ Alaska Marmot Archived June 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ The Long Sleep: Which Animals Hibernate?
  13. ^ a b "Arctic Ground Squirrel". Environment Yukon. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  14. ^ Buck, C.L.; Breton, A.; Kohl, F.; Toien, O.; Barnes, B.M. (2008). "Overwinter body temperature patterns in free-living Arctic Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus parryii)". Hypometabolism in Animals: Hibernation, Torpor and Cryobiology: 317–326.
  15. ^ Barnes, Brian M. (1989-06-30). "Freeze Avoidance in a Mammal: Body Temperatures Below 0°C in an Arctic Hibernator" (PDF). Science. 244 (4912). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1593–1595. doi:10.1126/science.2740905. PMID 2740905. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  16. ^ Liu Y, Hu W, Wang H, Lu M, Shao C, Menzel C, Yan Z, Ying L, Zhao S, Khaitovich P, Liu M, Chen W, Barnes BM, and Yan J: Genomic analysis of miRNAs in an extreme mammalian hibernator, the Arctic Ground Squirrel. Physiological Genomics Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine 42A:39-51. (2010)
  17. ^ Asher, Claire. "When your veins fill with ice". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  18. ^ Torsten Bernhardt. "Canadian Biodiversity: Species: Mammals: Arctic Ground Squirrel". Canadian Biodiversity. Redpath Museum; McGill University. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  19. ^ McLean, Ian G (1983). "Paternal behaviour and killing of young in Arctic ground squirrels". Animal Behaviour. 31 (1): 32–44. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80171-7. S2CID 53147479.
  20. ^ Buck, C.L.; Barnes, B.M. (2003). "Androgen in free-living arctic ground squirrels: seasonal changes and influence of staged male-male aggressive encounters". Hormones and Behavior. 43 (2): 318–326. doi:10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00050-8. PMID 12694642. S2CID 37114468.
  21. ^ Arkive, 2013. Arctic Ground Squirrel. [Internet]. [Cited November 7th 2013]. Available from: http://www.arkive.org/arctic-ground-squirrel/spermophilus-parryii/image-G78548.html Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

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  • Hall, E. Raymond (1981). The Mammals of North America. 2 volumes. Ronald Press.
  • Helgen, K. M.; Cole, F. R.; Helgen, L. E.; Wilson, D. E. (2009). "Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus". Journal of Mammalogy. 90 (2): 270–305. doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-309.1.
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman (2005). Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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