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Rare breed

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This article is about rare breeds of animals. For other uses, see Rare breed.
The American Cream Draft is listed as critically endangered by the American Livestock Conservancy

In modern agriculture, a rare breed is a breed of poultry or livestock that has a very small breeding population, usually from a few hundred to a few thousand. Because of their small numbers, rare breeds may have a threatened conservation status, and they may be protected under regional laws. Many countries have organizations devoted to the protection and promotion of rare breeds, for which they each have their own definition. In botany and horticulture, the parallel to rare animal breeds are heirloom plants, which are rare cultivars.[1]

Definitions

A rare breed Manx Loaghtan sheep at Cregneash, Isle Of Man. There are fewer than 1,500 registered breeding Manx Loaghtan females in the United Kingdom.[2]

There are several definitions of "breed" and "rare breed". Breeds may be defined as a group of animals that share visible characteristics, such as Pinto horses, which are all spotted.[3] A stricter definition insists that breeds are "consistent and predictable genetic entities", which means that individuals from that breed will produce offspring that is predictably similar to their genitors, and that this similarity is genetically based.[4] This biological definition is useful for conservation, which treats breeds as reliable sources of genetic diversity.[5]

Conservation organisations each have their own definition of what constitutes a rare breed. The Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST) and the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (ALBC) both divide rare breeds into five categories, "critical" being the rarest. The ALBC places a livestock breed under "critical" status when it has "fewer than 200 annual registrations in the United States and estimated global population less than 2,000".[6] The RBST determines the status of a breed by the number of its breeding females in the United Kingdom. For horses and sheep, fewer than 300 is considered "critical", whereas goats and pigs must have fewer than 100 to join that category.[7]

The Poultry Club of Great Britain considers a poultry breed "Rare" when it does not have its own breed club. These "Rare Breeds" are catered by the Rare Poultry Society (RPS).[8] The RPS does not look after breeds that count few individuals but have their own breed club.[9]

Causes

The importating of foreign animal breeds can cause traditional breeds in that country to become rare, or even extinct. In postwar Britain, for example, the introduction of the Poland China pig and the Texel sheep had an impact on populations of historic breeds, which were seen as less profitable for farmers.[10]

Conservation

The Tamworth is a pig breed that is rare in both its native country and abroad.[7][11]

Several organizations – the Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations), the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (ALBC), the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK), Rare Breeds Canada, the SVF Foundation (US) – promote conservation of heritage livestock and poultry for their unique traits, which can contribute to genetic diversity among animals important to human food supplies and economies, as well as general biodiversity and improvements in animal husbandry.

In 2009, the ALBC launched an online classified advertising service entitled "www.ALBCrarebreedclassifieds.org" for promoting rare breeds. It allowed the general public to "browse listings of rare breed livestock and poultry for sale, rare breed products such as meats and wools and other items that help secure the future of rare breeds".[12]

Other interests of rare breeds

Beyond the concerns of conservation organisations, there are other reasons for individuals or groups to keep rare breed animals. Rare breeds can be popular with hobby farmers, as they often require less intensive management.[13] Some rare breeds are kept by tourist attractions for their value in attracting visitors.[14] Some farmers also prefer to sell meat from rare breeds, as they believe such breeds offer higher quality produce.[15]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Dohner 2002[page needed]
  2. ^ "Manx Loaghtan". Rare Breeds Survival Trust watch list. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  3. ^ Sponenberg & Bixby 2007, p. 8.
  4. ^ Sponenberg & Bixby 2007, p. 7.
  5. ^ Sponenberg & Bixby 2007, p. 8–9.
  6. ^ "Parameters of Breeds on the Conservation Priority List". The Livestock Conservancy. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Watchlist". Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  8. ^ "Breed Classification" (PDF). Poultryclub.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  9. ^ Hams 1999, p. 38.
  10. ^ Yarwood & Evans 1999, p. 80.
  11. ^ Dohner 2002, p. 182-183.
  12. ^ "New Classified Service for Rare Breeds and Rare Breed Products". Grit.com. 2009-08-28. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  13. ^ Yarwood & Evans 1999, p. 81–83.
  14. ^ Yarwood & Evans 1999, p. 81.
  15. ^ Yarwood & Evans 1999, p. 83.

Bibliography

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