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The tradition to which Rasul Mir belongs is quite complex one. Essentially rooted in folklore and folk sensibility, the tradition has been widened and enriched by influences from diverse sources; particularly [[Persian literature|Persian poetry]]. From this point of view the most remarkable Persian poets are [[Saadi Shirazi|Sadi]], [[Hafez]], [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]], [[Rumi]], [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]], [[Ferdowsi|Firdausi]], [[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Bedil]] and [[Gani Kashmiri|Ghani Kashmiri]]. Sadi's works - ''Gulistan'', ''Bostaan'' and ''Pandnamah'' (popularly known as '''''Karima''''')- constituted the first formal syllabus of conventional education in Kashmir, besides the religious texts. This was the education that Rasul Mir had in his childhood and boyhood.<ref name=":0" />
The tradition to which Rasul Mir belongs is quite complex one. Essentially rooted in folklore and folk sensibility, the tradition has been widened and enriched by influences from diverse sources; particularly [[Persian literature|Persian poetry]]. From this point of view the most remarkable Persian poets are [[Saadi Shirazi|Sadi]], [[Hafez]], [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]], [[Rumi]], [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]], [[Ferdowsi|Firdausi]], [[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Bedil]] and [[Gani Kashmiri|Ghani Kashmiri]]. Sadi's works - ''Gulistan'', ''Bostaan'' and ''Pandnamah'' (popularly known as '''''Karima''''')- constituted the first formal syllabus of conventional education in Kashmir, besides the religious texts. This was the education that Rasul Mir had in his childhood and boyhood.<ref name=":0" />


The most predominant theme of Rasul Mir's poetry, both [[vatsun]] and [[ghazal]], is the theme of love. It is not love treated in all or most of it's ramifications; Rasul Mir limits himself to one particular form of it; physical dimensions, that he perceives to romanticise. With him this passion is almost an obsession which he can never elude. The Ideal women- an embodiment of physical charm- that he loves is an epitome of the whole beauty that permeates the whole universe of existence. His utmost love and devotion and worship is meant for her as she embodies in herself not only the beauty of physical objects but also the sanctity of the most cherished and revered symbols of religious life. If love is the theme of Rasul Mir's poetry, music is it's technique. Rasul Mir's poetry is something that is to be ''sung'' not read. Primarily a singer, Mir led a singing party, moving from place to place and singing ''<nowiki/>'chakhri and rouf'<nowiki/>'', the most popular form of singing during Rasul Mir's day and continued to retain some of its popularity till the beginning of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]] in the [[Kashmir conflict|valley]]. Another form of communal singing prevalent in Kashmir was ''<nowiki/>'nende baeth''' (songs sung while deweeding paddy fields). Such communal singing was a common feature of 19th century [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]. Every village had one or more such singing companies. The aesthetic underlying this kind of poetry suited the feudal ethos. The singing companies would usually sing during the night in large gatherings. The social value of these musical concerts was to wash away care and anxiety from laden hearts through nights of singing and revelry. Rasul Mir is always alive to the musical possibilities of language and exploits them to the maximum. Most of his songs were composed for occasions of singing and would surely have been different if written with some different purpose. His poems, ''"Dil hai nyunam tsuri lo lo", "Tsuv mai jami jamai", "Kout goum" and "Rind posh maal"'' are metrically what they are because they were written for certain occasion of singing<ref name=":0" />.
The most predominant theme of Rasul Mir's poetry, both [[vatsun]] and [[ghazal]], is the theme of love. It is not love treated in all or most of it's ramifications; Rasul Mir limits himself to one particular form of it; physical dimensions, that he perceives to romanticise. With him this passion is almost an obsession which he can never elude. The Ideal women- an embodiment of physical charm- that he loves is an epitome of the whole beauty that permeates the whole universe of existence. His utmost love and devotion and worship is meant for her as she embodies in herself not only the beauty of physical objects but also the sanctity of the most cherished and revered symbols of religious life. If love is the theme of Rasul Mir's poetry, music is it's technique. Rasul Mir's poetry is something that is to be ''sung'' not read. Primarily a singer, Mir led a singing party, moving from place to place and singing ''<nowiki/>'chakhri and rouf''', the most popular form of singing during Rasul Mir's day and continued to retain some of its popularity till the beginning of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]] in the [[Kashmir conflict|valley]]<ref name="Kazi">{{Cite book |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=0&_pos=1 |title=Gender and Militarization in Kashmir |last=Kazi |first=Seema |work=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Once known for its extraordinary beauty, the valley of Kashmir now hosts the biggest, bloodiest and also most obscure military occupation in the world. With more than eighty thousand people dead in an anti-India insurgency backed by Pakistan, the killing fields of Kashmir dwarf those of Palestine and Tibet. In addition to the everyday regime of arbitrary arrest, curfews, raids, and checkpoints enforced by nearly 700,000 Indian soldiers, the valley’s four million Muslims are exposed to extrajudicial executions, rape, and torture (An anthology to Kashmir for freedom, Mishra, 2011, p. 1)."
}}</ref><ref name="Mathur2016">{{cite book |author=Shubh Mathur |title=The Human Toll of the Kashmir Conflict: Grief and Courage in a South Asian Borderland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnL-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-1-137-54622-7 |pages=21–|quote=writers like Baba (2014), Bose (2005), Schofield (2010) and Robinson (2013) see it as an indigenous Kashmiri response to the decades of political repression and the denial of the Kashmiri right to self-determination.}}</ref>. Another form of communal singing prevalent in Kashmir was ''<nowiki/>'nende baeth'<nowiki/>'' (songs sung while deweeding paddy fields). Such communal singing was a common feature of 19th century [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]. Every village had one or more such singing companies. The aesthetic underlying this kind of poetry suited the feudal ethos. The singing companies would usually sing during the night in large gatherings. The social value of these musical concerts was to wash away care and anxiety from laden hearts through nights of singing and revelry. Rasul Mir is always alive to the musical possibilities of language and exploits them to the maximum. Most of his songs were composed for occasions of singing and would surely have been different if written with some different purpose. His poems, ''"Dil hai nyunam tsuri lo lo", "Tsuv mai jami jamai", "Kout goum" and "Rind posh maal"'' are metrically what they are because they were written for certain occasion of singing<ref name=":0" />.


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==

Revision as of 00:26, 22 January 2021

imām-e-ishqiya shairi

Rasul Mir

Shahabadi
Rasul Mir on cover of Sahitya Akademi 1990 edition
Rasul Mir on cover of Sahitya Akademi 1990 edition
Native name
رسول مِیر شهبادي
Born1840
Dooru Shahabad, Anantnag, Kashmir
Died1870
Resting placeKhanqah Faiz Panah[1](shrine of Amir-i-Kabir), Dooru Shahabad, Anantnag, Kashmir
OccupationPoet, Muqdam
LanguageKashmiri
EducationPersian literature
GenreGhazal, Vatsun, Nazm (Naʽat)
Literary movementRomanticism, Sufism
Notable worksRind Posh Maal, Gaste Wesiye, Bal Maraeyo, Lalas vantai chus sawaal, Ashka Tsuro
Influences :

Muhammad • Hafez • Saadi Shirazi • Bedil • Firdausi • Shah-e-Hamadan • Rumi • Nizami • Attar • Ghani Kashmiri


Influenced :

Mahjoor • Abdul Ahad Azad • Prof. Mohiuddin Hajni • Prof. G.N Firaq • Zarif Ahmad Zarif • Rahman Rahi • Miskin • Mohammad Taing

Rasul Mir (Kashmiri: رسول مِیر, also known as Rasul Mir Shahabadi) was one of the leading romantic poets of Kashmir in 19th century. He was born at Doru Shahabad, a historic town in Anantnag district of Kashmir. He is oftenly referred to as 'imām-e-ishqiya shairi' (The epitome of romantic poetry) for his literary contribution to Kashmiri romanticism. Mir was said to have been alive in around 1855 when Mahmood Gami and Soch Kral saeb died. He died a few years before Maqbool Shah Kralawari. Though, Muhammad Y. Taing, in his book Kulliyat-e-Rasul Mir[2][3] mentions of a document from Revenue Department, Anantnag, dated 5th April 1889, acknowledging Rasul Mir as a muqdam (village chieftain, in accord to the agrarian system of Kashmir).

He is one of the most celebrated Kashmiri poets and is popularly called as the John Keats of Kashmir.[4] He formally inaugurated Gazal to Kashmiri poetry.[1] Gazals with rivers, valleys, birds, fruits and imagery of Kashmir are his forte.

One of his famous poems is:

Gaste wesiye lal chhum durey

Mea chhu mooray lalvun naar

Translation:

Go, my friend,
My love stays for away.

I have to nurture the fire of love everyday.

The last couplet of this poem is:

Rasul Mir chhuy Shahabad Duray,
Aem chhu trovmut ashq dukaan!

Yeevo ashkow cheyiv turi turay
Mae chu mooray lalvun naar

Translation:

Rasul Mir of Shahabad Dooray,
He has opened a love tavern

Come lovers, drink cupfuls away.
I have to nurture the fire of love everyday

— Rasul Mir

It is believed that he formed his own way into the basic principles of poetry prevalent in his times and did not follow the conventional principles of poetry. In the skilful use of alliteration-assonace and the shuffling interplay of internal rhymes, Rasul Mir stands unrivalled in Kashmiri literature.

Early life

Rasul Mir was born in Dooru Shahabad, an administrative unit in Anantnag district of Kashmir. The only thing certain about his early life is the name of the place and the era he lived in. His year of birth and death, remains a debatable subject. According to oral traditions, the poet lived in a house adjacent to khanqah 'Faiz Panah' constructed by Hazrat Mir Mohammad Hamadani, the son of Hazrat Amir-i-Kabir Shah-e-Hamadan.[1] The house has since been demolished, and a vegetative garden can be found in its place there. It is widely believed that he had attended a local traditional makhtab (an academy), where he was introduced to the Persian language. He descended from a family of zamindars (landowners), who used to be the village heads in Mir Maidan at Dooru. It is said that the poet was a tall, handsome man with a fair complexion, who used to cover his head with a turban and sported a long moustache extending across his face.

The Mughal Garden at Acchabal, the deep woods of Kokar Nag and Vernag Lake, are not far from the place where Rasul Mir lived. The poet, with his romantic bend of mind, must have been influenced by the abundance of natural beauty all around him. He was often seen mentioning the name of these picturesque places in several of his poems. Rasul Mir's life spans over the reigns of three different sets of rulers in Kashmir - Afghan, Sikh and Dogra empire. He was born during the later years of Afghan rule over Kashmir[1] which began in the year 1752 till 1819 with the Sikh conquest of Kashmir. Of the three sets of rulers, the Afghans were the worst. Their rule was a period of relentless persecution, ruthless economic exploitation of the masses and, politically, a period of continuous instability. As Lawrence suggests, the Sikh rule, though mild in degree, was no better than the Afghan rule. The first ruler of Sikh empire, Ranjit Singh, had banned Azaan (the islamic call for prayer) and the gathering of Muslims in Jama Masjid, Srinagar for 21 years[5]. The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws[6], which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter too[7]. The Sikhs ruled for twenty-seven years- the years of Rasul Mir's youth and manhood.

It was also during the Sikh rule in 1831 that Kashmir experienced a great famine. Godfrey Vigne, who visited the valley in 1835 after the great famine, writes :

The villages were fallen in decay. The rich-ground was uncultivated for want of labour and irrigation. Shupian was a miserable place, and Islamabad was but a shadow of its former self [8]

The Sikh rule ended in 1846 when, under the Treaty of Amritsar, Kashmir was handed over by the British to the Dogra ruler, Gulab Singh, in return of seventy-five lakh Nanakshahee rupees and some political concessions. With the accession of Dogras to the throne of Kashmir there was, however, a change for the better. It was during this time that Rasul Mir and most of his contemporaries died. Dooru, Shahabad is famous for its numerous lakes and ponds. The famous stone carrying its name was also quarried there. His well known contemporary Mahmud Gami, and the colonial Indian-Pakistani writer Saadat Hasan Manto's family had also originated from Dooru Shahabad.[9]

The tradition to which Rasul Mir belongs is quite complex one. Essentially rooted in folklore and folk sensibility, the tradition has been widened and enriched by influences from diverse sources; particularly Persian poetry. From this point of view the most remarkable Persian poets are Sadi, Hafez, Nizami, Rumi, Attar, Firdausi, Bedil and Ghani Kashmiri. Sadi's works - Gulistan, Bostaan and Pandnamah (popularly known as Karima)- constituted the first formal syllabus of conventional education in Kashmir, besides the religious texts. This was the education that Rasul Mir had in his childhood and boyhood.[1]

The most predominant theme of Rasul Mir's poetry, both vatsun and ghazal, is the theme of love. It is not love treated in all or most of it's ramifications; Rasul Mir limits himself to one particular form of it; physical dimensions, that he perceives to romanticise. With him this passion is almost an obsession which he can never elude. The Ideal women- an embodiment of physical charm- that he loves is an epitome of the whole beauty that permeates the whole universe of existence. His utmost love and devotion and worship is meant for her as she embodies in herself not only the beauty of physical objects but also the sanctity of the most cherished and revered symbols of religious life. If love is the theme of Rasul Mir's poetry, music is it's technique. Rasul Mir's poetry is something that is to be sung not read. Primarily a singer, Mir led a singing party, moving from place to place and singing 'chakhri and rouf', the most popular form of singing during Rasul Mir's day and continued to retain some of its popularity till the beginning of insurgency in the valley[10][11]. Another form of communal singing prevalent in Kashmir was 'nende baeth' (songs sung while deweeding paddy fields). Such communal singing was a common feature of 19th century Kashmir. Every village had one or more such singing companies. The aesthetic underlying this kind of poetry suited the feudal ethos. The singing companies would usually sing during the night in large gatherings. The social value of these musical concerts was to wash away care and anxiety from laden hearts through nights of singing and revelry. Rasul Mir is always alive to the musical possibilities of language and exploits them to the maximum. Most of his songs were composed for occasions of singing and would surely have been different if written with some different purpose. His poems, "Dil hai nyunam tsuri lo lo", "Tsuv mai jami jamai", "Kout goum" and "Rind posh maal" are metrically what they are because they were written for certain occasion of singing[1].

Personal life

After having made several inquiries about Rasul Mir's personal life, Taing writes in his book Kulliyat-e-Rasul Mir, that the poet was in love with a Hindu Brahman maiden named 'Kongg' (English: kʊŋ) of his own native place. Kongg and Rasul were companions of one another from the early days of Rasul Mir's boyhood and initial elementary education. Mir's association with kongg matured into a life-long love-affair, serving him as a source of inspiration and fittingly celebrated in his poetry. It is widely believed that the poet wrote all of his love poems addressed to this young women, though there is no mention of the poet being married to her. He has exhausted all beautiful names and tender epithets to address his first love. His poems 'Rind Posh maal', 'Bal Maraeyo', 'Konggi havtay paan' are some notable works written in remembrance of her.

Rasul Mir expressing his abode of love

Somewhere these heady portraits of the lover and beloved mingle into one whole. 'The Kashmiri Gazal', says Abdul Ahad Azad, is a female seeking the lover, who is male. In Persian, from where 'Kashmiri gazal' derives its inspiration, the object of love is a male sought by a male singer. In Rasul Mir's persuasion, the singer changes from woman to man, the poems, and the elements of female beauty get mixed with distinctly male attributes producing a bivalent image. Azad calls it a 'defect of conception'. This defected concept, runs in the Kashmiri gazals from Mahmood Gami to Mahjoor. It certainly mars a distinctive characteristic of Kashmiri gazals, that set it apart from Persian and its offspring Urdu gazal. This trait has been preserved in female poetesses alone, like Habba Khatoon and Arnimaal where there could be no confusion. Rasul also gets into the gazal a boldness that is characteristically masculine. A male poet, to be successful in this form, would always have to maintain such a pose may be easier in a dramatic work but is essentially difficult in lyrical form, like the vatsun, which, in essence, is the expression of the author's personality. Rasul Mir was aware of the artistic implications of this problem and tried to effect a bold and revolutionary change by altering the sex of the speaking voice from female to male in most of his lyrics. This lent a note of realism and authenticity to his poetry and made it appear more natural as the speaking voice was freed from the fetters of an artificial pose. That is Rasul Mir - bold, beautiful poet of exquisite love, singer of fervent lyrics. The breath of vibrant air, that sent its freshness over cobwebs of cloistered verses. Almost single handedly, he turned Kashmiri poetry into a bubbling love, gushing forth helplessly, sincerely, fervently, as it should in a vale of beauty.[12]

Notable works

Mir emphasised romance in his poems, and delved less on Tasavvuf (mysticism).[13] He had turned his back on mysticism as he was not a mystic but whatever he wrote was something pure and straight from his heart. His language does not give the impression of flaunting a foreign medium, which was in his time considered the language of culture. His genius lay in acclimatising Persian words and phrases so that the reader does not get an impression that he is being served a foreign fare. He confined himself to the theme of human love- not on the exalted platonic plane but on the human level. He was sensuous, uninhabited and lavish. His expression is passionate and spontaneous, with the added asset of melody and rhyme.

Rasul Mir by G.R Malik 1990 edition

The Kalaam (poetic works) of Rasul Mir is limited to seventy-nine poems[1] or Baeths (a Kashmiri lyrical ballad), including a ghazal in Persian. Of the seventy-nine poems, the authorship of four is doubtful. In Taing's standard edition, these are those poems entitled, "Nar lalawun thovnam moori lo lo", "Karinam gray kot goum", "Suy goum travith bal bave kasty" and "Gatte mye mar sone kane doorani". The solitary ghazal in Persian is just an in occasional amateurish exercise and has no special merit. Rasul Mir's poetic method and stature is, therefore, to be judged by the remaining seventy-five poems. Genre-wise, these poems, apart from one about the death of prophet Muhammad, consist of vatsun and ghazal forms of Kashmiri lyric[1]. There is mention too, of native myths, like Kashmir’s famed fable, Himal and Nagrai, in his poems, including the legend of Yusuf and Zulaikha.[14] Even though, with some limited works, he has already been embodied in the integral Kashmiri oral tradition. His notable works include 'Rind poshmal', 'Bal maraeyo', 'Gaste wesiye', 'Baeliye ruthai mea yaar', 'Lo lati lo', 'Ashkh tsuro' and many more.

Death

Rasul Mir was known to be open to experience and had very few inhibitions. He believed in living a free, full and inhibited life. Though, he was well conscious of the fact, that having a romantic character and writing sensual poetry; having a life of free love, and non-conformist nature, had cost him his name and reputation. Rasul Mir realised that he was getting a bad name in the society in general, and among his contemporaries in particular, without being perturbed by this, he wrote:

Rasul, even though you are infamous for your love of 'tulip-lips', be happy, for seldom do the lovers complain of thy in-attention[15]

Gravesite of Rasul Mir (south to the third window of Faiz Panah) at Dooru

Rasul Mir's later life, however, seems to have been quite sober and serene. He became a disciple of a murshid (spritual guide), Sheikh Ahmad Tarabali[16][17][1] and, according to a report, had another murshid at Tral. It was during these days he tried to dabble in mystic poetry which was not, by any sketch of imagination, his forte, and wrote a poem on the death of the prophet Muhammad. In his later life, the poet was often seen sitting alone, as if in an intoxicated state, near the Vernag Spring, absorbed in his own thoughts with moonlight shimmering on its blue waters.

It is said that during the last days of his life, he sat at the south window on the ground floor of the khanqah and spent his time in solitude. He famously wished to be buried under the same window.[1]

Including others, the following verse has been inscribed on his gravestone:

Rasul chhuy zainith deen-o-mazhab,

rokh te zulf chon,

kav zaini kya gov,

kufur te Islaam nigaro?

Translated

Rasul has conquered religion and faith,

your face and your tresses.

What does he know about

Blasphemy and Islam, my love?

In pop culture

Renowned Kashmiri revolutionary poet- Mahjoor was significantly influenced by Rasul Mir. He spoke of himself as the reincarnation of him:

Rasul Mir unveiled the bewitching face of love and compassion

And was reborn in the form of Mahjoor[1]

— Mahjoor

Prominent Kashmiri artists - Shameema Dev Azad,[18] Abdul Rashid Hafiz,[19] Gulzar Ahmad Mir, Yawar Abdal, Tanveer Ali, Abhay Sopori, Funkaar Noor Mohammad,[20] and many others have composed songs rendering poetry of Rasul Mir.

Yawar Abdal performing 'Bal Maraeyo' live at Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi

Amongst others, Academian, Poet, Director Radio Kashmir, Srinagar and DD Srinagar; Ashraf Sahil was also profoundly influenced by Rasul Mir.[21][22]

In remembrance of the late poet, Verinag Development Authority and Cultural Academy would observe Rasul Mir's Day in the month of July, but as of 2015 the event has seen to be losing attention from any former authority.[23][24]

A park near the khanqah has also been named after the poet by Verinag Development Authority.[25]

Bibliography


  • Rasul Mir by G.R Malik (1990)


  • Kalaam-e-Rasul Mir, Ghulam Nabi Aatash


  • Aslobiyat (Mehmud Gami ta Rasul Mir), Mohammad Shahban Nurpuri, 1997.[26]


  • 'Rasul Mir: Nadir Sukhan Goe' by Nazir Azaad (2011)[27]


  • Rasul Mir : The Romantic Poet of Kashmir (2014), Shiban K.Kachru

Essays

Filmography

File:A picture from the sets of the film Rasul Mir by Bashir Badgami.png

Director, Writer and Producer - Bashir Budgami filmed a black and white documentary drama in the year 1975, based on the life of Rasul Mir. The film premiered at Golden Prague International television festival, Prague Czechoslovakia, 1978.[28][29]

Filmmaker Musa Syeed's directorial debut Valley of Saints (2012), features a song named Thar Thar Chum (Nightingale's lament; Gulzar Bhat)[30] by Rasul Mir. The film featured at International film festival Rotterdam, and Sundance film festival where it won the Alfred P. Sloan Prize and the Audience award.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rasul Mir by G.R Malik (1990). Rasul Mir by G.R Malik. Rabindra Bhavan, 35, Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi 110001: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 16, 17, 18, 26, 36. The ghazal was formally inaugurated in Kashmiri by Rasul Mir{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ Kulliyat-i-Rasul Mir. OCLC 499723598. Retrieved 26 November 2020. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Kulyat-e-Rasul Mir". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 7 December 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ IJHSSI. "Rasul Mir - John Keats of Kashmir". Dokumen. Retrieved 28 November 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ Handoo, Bilal (29 October 2012). "The Legend Of Jamia Masjid". Kashmir Life.
  6. ^ Zutshi 2003, pp. 39–41.
  7. ^ Schofield 2010, pp. 5–6.
  8. ^ Islamic Culture in Kashmir, p. 294
  9. ^ Reeck, Matt; Ahmed Aftab (2012) "In a tongue-in-cheek letter addressed to Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, he (Manto) went so far as to suggest that being 'beautiful' was the second meaning of being Kashmiri" p. 3
  10. ^ Kazi, Seema. Gender and Militarization in Kashmir. Oxford University Press. Once known for its extraordinary beauty, the valley of Kashmir now hosts the biggest, bloodiest and also most obscure military occupation in the world. With more than eighty thousand people dead in an anti-India insurgency backed by Pakistan, the killing fields of Kashmir dwarf those of Palestine and Tibet. In addition to the everyday regime of arbitrary arrest, curfews, raids, and checkpoints enforced by nearly 700,000 Indian soldiers, the valley's four million Muslims are exposed to extrajudicial executions, rape, and torture (An anthology to Kashmir for freedom, Mishra, 2011, p. 1)." {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Shubh Mathur (2016). The Human Toll of the Kashmir Conflict: Grief and Courage in a South Asian Borderland. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-1-137-54622-7. writers like Baba (2014), Bose (2005), Schofield (2010) and Robinson (2013) see it as an indigenous Kashmiri response to the decades of political repression and the denial of the Kashmiri right to self-determination.
  12. ^ kashmiri poets: Rasool Mir. "Kashmiri Poets- Rasool Mir". koausa. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ Jayalal Kaul. “Kashmir : The Facts" Indian Literature. ""Kashmir : The Facts", Jayalal Kaul". JSTOR. 16: 252, 253. JSTOR 24157465.
  14. ^ Daak - Postcards from the attic. "Daak - Postcards from the attic, Rasul Mir". Daak. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ Rasul Mir - The poet of bubbling love. "Rasul Mir - The poet of bubbling love, R.L Bhat". Scribd. Retrieved 11 December 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ ''Kashri Adbuk Tawarikh'', 1978, Naji Munwar and Shafi Shauq, Jammu and Kashmir Cultural Academy
  17. ^ Shahida Bilqies. "Sheikh Ahmad Tarabali رحمة الله عليه: A 19th Century Kashmiri Sufi and his Spiritual Thought". Semantic Scholar. 1 – via Semantic Scholar.
  18. ^ Shameema Azad songs. "Shameema Dev Azad (Che Yewaan Roshe)". Gyawun.
  19. ^ Rashid Hafiz. "Kashmiri music". Kashmirwalla. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ Kashmir Life. "Melancholic Melody". Kashmir Life. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  21. ^ Ashraf Sahil - My Rasul Mir. "Ashraf Sahil - My Rasul Mir". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 28 November 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ Preserving History. "Preserving History". Kashmir Life. Retrieved 28 November 2020. There was some revival in Radio Kashmir when late Ashraf Sahil took over as the director of the station. It was under his tenure that the daily current affair program Shaherbeen was started {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Greater Kashmir. "Rasool Mir day at Dooru". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 3 December 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ Kashmir Observer. "Keats of Kashmir remembered at Dooru". Kashmir Observer. Retrieved 3 December 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ Rasul Mir park. "Verinag- Gateway of Kashmir tourism". Retrieved 3 December 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ Curriculum Vitae. "Aslobiyat by Mohammad Shaban". University of Kashmir. 1: 256 – via Kashmir University.
  27. ^ Allama Iqbal Library KU. "Rasul Mir by Nazir Azaad released at AIL, KU". Kashmir University. Retrieved 10 December 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ "Kashmiri filmmakers myopic about social issues". Rising Kashmir. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  29. ^ "Rasul Mir - India's First Telefilm". Daily Excelsior. 14 August 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  30. ^ Apple iTunes. "Nightingale's lament (Gulzar Bhat)". Apple iTunes. Retrieved 26 November 2020.

External links

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