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Web software has been used to inform the public about the latest state of the pandemic. The [[wiki]] [[Wikipedia coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|Wikipedia]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sachdev|first=Shaan|date=2021-02-26|title=Wikipedia’s Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic|work=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-27|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name="Prevents">{{cite journal |title=How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation |journal=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=15 March 2020 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/ |access-date=24 April 2020 |first=Noam |last=Cohen |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501004048/https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and COVID-19 dashboards<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA COVID-19 Dashboards Give a View of the Virus’s Effects from Above {{!}} NASA Applied Sciences |url=https://appliedsciences.nasa.gov/our-impact/story/nasa-covid-19-dashboards-give-view-viruss-effects-above |website=appliedsciences.nasa.gov |access-date=8 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fsf">{{cite web |title=An introduction to GNU Health Embedded — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software |url=https://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2020/spring/gnu-health-embedded |website=www.fsf.org |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> were used widely for obtaining aggregated, integrated and reliable information about the pandemic.
Web software has been used to inform the public about the latest state of the pandemic. The [[wiki]] [[Wikipedia coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|Wikipedia]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sachdev|first=Shaan|date=2021-02-26|title=Wikipedia’s Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic|work=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-27|issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name="Prevents">{{cite journal |title=How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation |journal=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=15 March 2020 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/ |access-date=24 April 2020 |first=Noam |last=Cohen |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501004048/https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and COVID-19 dashboards<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA COVID-19 Dashboards Give a View of the Virus’s Effects from Above {{!}} NASA Applied Sciences |url=https://appliedsciences.nasa.gov/our-impact/story/nasa-covid-19-dashboards-give-view-viruss-effects-above |website=appliedsciences.nasa.gov |access-date=8 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fsf">{{cite web |title=An introduction to GNU Health Embedded — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software |url=https://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2020/spring/gnu-health-embedded |website=www.fsf.org |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> were used widely for obtaining aggregated, integrated and reliable information about the pandemic.


{{Scholia|Q82069695}}The Wikimedia project [[Scholia (Wikimedia project)|Scholia]] provides a graphical interface around data in [[Wikidata]] – such as literature about a specific coronavirus protein – which may help with research, research-analysis, making data interoperable, automated applications, regular updates, and data-mining.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Waagmeester |first1=Andra |last2=Willighagen |first2=Egon L. |last3=Su |first3=Andrew I. |last4=Kutmon |first4=Martina |last5=Gayo |first5=Jose Emilio Labra |last6=Fernández-Álvarez |first6=Daniel |last7=Groom |first7=Quentin |last8=Schaap |first8=Peter J. |last9=Verhagen |first9=Lisa M. |last10=Koehorst |first10=Jasper J. |title=A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata, a case report |journal=bioRxiv |date=4 June 2020 |pages=2020.04.05.026336 |doi=10.1101/2020.04.05.026336 |url=https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR141188 |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>
{{Scholia|Q82069695}}The Wikimedia project [[Scholia (Wikimedia project)|Scholia]] provides a graphical interface around data in [[Wikidata]] – such as literature about a specific coronavirus protein – which may help with research, research-analysis, making data interoperable, automated applications, regular updates, and data-mining.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Waagmeester |first1=Andra |last2=Willighagen |first2=Egon L. |last3=Su |first3=Andrew I. |last4=Kutmon |first4=Martina |last5=Gayo |first5=Jose Emilio Labra |last6=Fernández-Álvarez |first6=Daniel |last7=Groom |first7=Quentin |last8=Schaap |first8=Peter J. |last9=Verhagen |first9=Lisa M. |last10=Koehorst |first10=Jasper J. |title=A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata, a case report |journal=bioRxiv |date=4 June 2020 |pages=2020.04.05.026336 |doi=10.1101/2020.04.05.026336 |url=https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR141188 |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Waagmeester |first1=Andra |last2=Willighagen |first2=Egon L. |last3=Su |first3=Andrew I. |last4=Kutmon |first4=Martina |last5=Gayo |first5=Jose Emilio Labra |last6=Fernández-Álvarez |first6=Daniel |last7=Groom |first7=Quentin |last8=Schaap |first8=Peter J. |last9=Verhagen |first9=Lisa M. |last10=Koehorst |first10=Jasper J. |title=A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata: aligning resources on human coronaviruses |journal=BMC Biology |date=undefined NaN |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=12 |doi=10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y}}</ref>


A multitude of diverse websites were consulted by citizens proactively striving to learn which activities were allowed and which disallowed – such as during which times curfews apply – which changed continuously throughout the pandemic and also varied by location.
A multitude of diverse websites were consulted by citizens proactively striving to learn which activities were allowed and which disallowed – such as during which times curfews apply – which changed continuously throughout the pandemic and also varied by location.

Revision as of 13:57, 13 April 2021

Various kinds of software have been developed and used for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. These include mobile apps for contact tracing and notifications about infection risks, digital passports verifying one's vaccination status, software for enabling – or improving the effectiveness of – lockdowns and social distancing in general, Web software for the creation of related information services, and software for the research and development for COVID-19 mitigation.

Contact tracing

A contact tracing app

COVID-19 apps include mobile-software applications for digital contact-tracing—i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual—deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Numerous tracing applications have been developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions. Several frameworks for building contact-tracing apps have been developed. Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.

Less overtly intrusive alternatives include the co-option of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. (Bluetooth technology has form in tracking cell-phones' locations.)) On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems. India's COVID-19 tracking app Aarogya Setu became the world's fastest growing application—beating Pokémon Go—with 50 million users in the first 13 days of its release. (Full article...)

Design

Many different contact tracing apps have been developed. Design decisions such as those relating to the users' privacy and data-storage and -security vary between the apps. In most cases the different apps are not interoperable which may reduce their effectiveness when multiple apps are used within a country or when people travel across national borders. It has been suggested that building a single open-source app (or a small set of such) that is usable by all, ensures interoperability, and is developed as a robust app everyone is putting their energy into – for a bundled work force, standardized optimal design and combined maximum innovative capacity, would have been preferable to such highly parallel development.[1][2]

Use and effectiveness

An unincentivized and always entirely voluntary use of such digital contact tracing apps by the public was found to be low[3][4][5] even if the apps are built to preserve privacy, leading to low usefulness of the software for pandemic mitigation as of April 2021. A lack of possible features and persistent, prevalent errors reduced their usefulness further.[6] Use of such an app in general or during specific times is in many or all cases not provable.

Check-in functionality

Some apps also allow "check-ins" that enable contact tracing and exposure notifications after entering public venues such as fitness centres.[7]

Digital vaccination passport

Main article: International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis § COVID-19 vaccination
See also: Immunity passport § COVID-19

Digital vaccine passports are and use software for verifying a person's coronavirus vaccination status.[4]

Such passports may enable vaccinated persons to get access to events, buildings and services in the public such as airplanes, concert venues and health clubs[4] and travel across borders.[8] This may enable partial reopenings.[9][10]

Hurdles and ethical implications

COVID-19 vaccines are usually distributed based on infection risks and granting privileges based on vaccination-status certification has some ethical implications,[9] like any of the other mechanisms/factors by which society grants privileges to individuals. For instance, privileges based on vaccination-status may lead to people not at high risk of COVID-19 infection or of a severe prognosis of the disease to obtain a large share of the limited supply of vaccination doses (via society's mechanisms of finance) and the vaccinated people to be granted permissions that could be seen as "unfair" by unvaccinated people. Moreover, such passports could require a set of tamper-proof, privacy-respecting, verifiable, authenticity-ensuring, data-validity-ensuring, secure digital certification technologies – robust digital signature cryptography-based software that may not exist yet. Furthermore, such privileging mechanisms may exacerbate inequality,[11] and increase risks of deliberate infections or transmission.[8] A large share of elderly do not have smartphones which many digital vaccination passport designs may rely on.[12][13][14]

Design

Several groups have stated that common standards are important and that a single common and optimal standard for each purpose would be best. As no adequate technical swift mechanisms for its collective design – or establishing firm consensus for it – exists, some teams are developing cross-compatible solutions.[4][10] Likewise, the design and development of such technologies is highly parallel, rather than collaborative, efficient and integrative. Governments often like to ensure data sovereignty.[13] According to some experts, national governments should have developed – or helped to develop – a standardized, secure, digital proof of vaccination earlier.[15] It has been argued that "any moves to institute vaccine passports must be coordinated internationally".[14]

The WHO has established a – small and nonparticipative – "working group focused on establishing standards for a common architecture for a digital smart vaccination certificate to support vaccine(s) against COVID-19 and other immunizations".[11][16]

The COVID-19 Credentials Initiative hosted by Linux Foundation Public Health (LFPH) is a global initiative working to develop and deploy privacy-preserving, tamper-evident and verifiable credential certification projects based on the open standard Verifiable Credentials (VCs).[17][18]

Cybersecurity expert Laurin Weissinger argues that it's important for such software to be fully free and open source, to clarify concepts and designs timely, to have it penetration-tested by security experts and to communicate which and how data is collected and processed as such would be needed to build required trust.[19] Jenny Wanger, director of programs at the Linux Foundation, also contends that is essential for such software to be open source.[20] ACLU senior policy analyst Jay Stanley affirms this notion and warns that an "architecture that is not good for transparency, privacy, or user control" could set a "bad standard" for future apps and systems that host credentials.[12]

In Israel, Estonia and Iceland such passports are already being used.[13] In other places like New York pilot programs are being run.[15]

Software for remote work, distance education, telemedicine, product delivery, eGovernment and videoconferencing

Websites

Screenshot of a template on English Wikipedia displaying a collection of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as of 3 April 2021
See also: COVID-19 misinformation § Efforts to combat misinformation

Web software has been used to inform the public about the latest state of the pandemic. The wiki Wikipedia[21][22] and COVID-19 dashboards[23][24] were used widely for obtaining aggregated, integrated and reliable information about the pandemic.

Scholia has a profile for SARS-CoV-2 (Q82069695).

The Wikimedia project Scholia provides a graphical interface around data in Wikidata – such as literature about a specific coronavirus protein – which may help with research, research-analysis, making data interoperable, automated applications, regular updates, and data-mining.[25][26]

A multitude of diverse websites were consulted by citizens proactively striving to learn which activities were allowed and which disallowed – such as during which times curfews apply – which changed continuously throughout the pandemic and also varied by location.

A study found results from a German government-organized hackathon held via Internet-technologies to be "tangible".[27][28]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a group of online archivists have used the open access PHP- and Linux-based shadow library Sci-Hub to create an archive of over 5000 articles about coronaviruses. They confirm that making the archive openly accessible is currently illegal, but consider it a moral imperative.[29] Sci-Hub provides free full access for most scientific publications about the COVID-19 pandemic.

Medical software

GNU Health

GNU Health patient main screen as of 2013

The open source, Qt-[30][31] and GTK-based GNU Health has a variety of default features already built in that makes it useful during pandemics.[24] As the software is open source, it allows many different parties to pool efforts on an existing single integrated program – instead of different programs for different purposes or different clients and multiple programs for each purpose – to enhance its usefulness during the pandemic as well as adapting it to their needs. Already existing features include a way for the clinical information to be made available and get updated immediately in any health institution via the unique "Person Universal ID", lab test report templates and functionalities, functionality for digital signing and encryption of data as well as storage of medical records. Theoretically, the software could be used or modified to aid e.g. COVID-19 testing and research about COVID-19 as securely sharing anonymized patient treatments, medical history and individual outcomes – including by common primary care physicians – may speed up such research and clinical trials. The software has been considered as a possible backbone of a robust, sustainable public health infrastructure based on cooperation.[32]

Software for COVID-19 testing

In Bavaria, Germany a delay in communicating 44,000 test-results was caused by the lack of use or preparatory setup or development of required software.[33]

Vaccination management

See also: § Vaccine productivity

Software is being used to manage to distribution of vaccines, which have to be kept cold, and to record which individuals already received a – and which – vaccination. A lack of use or preparatory setup or development of required software caused delays and other problems.[34]

Screening

In China, Web-technologies were used to screen and direct individuals to appropriate resources. In Taiwan, infrared thermal cameras were used in airports to rapidly detect individuals with fever.[35] Machine learning has been used for rapid diagnosis and risk prediction of COVID-19.[35]

Quarantining

Electronic monitoring hard- and software has been to ensure and verify infected individuals' adherence to quarantine. However, solutions based on mobile apps have been found to be insufficient.[35] Furthermore, various software designs may threaten civil liberties and infringe on privacy.[35]

Nextstrain

SARS-CoV-2 mutations graph clades on Nextstrain

Nextstrain is an open source platform for pathogen genomic data such as about viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and was used widely during the COVID-19 pandemic such as for research about novel variants of SARS-CoV-2.

Data sharing and copyright

See also: Patent § Criticism, and § Vaccine productivity

In March 2021, a proposal backed by a large number of organizations and prominent researchers and experts and initiated mainly by organizations in India and South Africa, called the international authority World Trade Organization (WTO) to reduce copyright barriers to COVID-19 prevention, containment and treatment. In 2020, professor Sean Flynn, noted that "Only a minority of countries authorize sharing text and data mining databases between researchers needed for collaboration, including across borders."[36][37]

Vaccine production

Software has been used in leaks and industrial espionage of vaccine-related data.[38] Machine learning has been applied to improve vaccine productivity.[39]

Modelling software

Further information: List of COVID-19 simulation models

Scientific software models and simulations for SARS-CoV-2, including spread,[40] functional mechanisms and properties,[41][42][40] efficacy of potential treatments,[42][40] transmission risks, vaccination modelling/monitoring, etc. (computational fluid dynamics, computational epidemiology, computational biology/computational systems biology, ...)

Modelling software and related software is also used to evaluate impacts on the environment (see #Websites) and the economy.

Results from such as models are used in science-based policy-making, science-based recommendations and the development of treatments.[40]

Folding@home

The folding@home client

In March 2020, the volunteer distributed computing project Folding@home became the world's first system to reach one exaFLOPS.[43][44][45] The system simulates protein folding, was used for medical research on COVID-19 and achieved a speed of approximately 2.43 x86 exaFLOPS by 13 April 2020 – many times faster than the fastest supercomputer to that date Summit.[46]

COVID-19 drug repurposing research and drug development

Main articles: COVID-19 drug repurposing research and COVID-19 drug development § Computer-assisted research

Supercomputers – including the world's fastest single supercomputers Summit and Fugaku – have been used in attempts[clarification needed] to identify potential treatments by running simulations with data on existing, already-approved medications.[47][48][49][40][42]

See also

References

  1. ^ Faragher, Ramsey. "We Are Losing Sight Of What Contact Tracing Apps Are For". Forbes. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  2. ^ Ranisch, Robert; Nijsingh, Niels; Ballantyne, Angela; van Bergen, Anne; Buyx, Alena; Friedrich, Orsolya; Hendl, Tereza; Marckmann, Georg; Munthe, Christian; Wild, Verina (21 October 2020). "Digital contact tracing and exposure notification: ethical guidance for trustworthy pandemic management". Ethics and Information Technology. doi:10.1007/s10676-020-09566-8. ISSN 1572-8439. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  3. ^ "Too few Germans using coronavirus pandemic tracing app | DW | 17.09.2020". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d "Vaccine passport apps are here. But the technical challenges are still coming". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  5. ^ "96% of Canadians who test positive for coronavirus aren't using COVID Alert app properly". Global News. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  6. ^ "Corona-Warn-App 2.0: Check-in per QR-Code startet nach Ostern". t3n Magazin (in German). Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  7. ^ "Update der Corona-Warn-App: Anonym einchecken per QR-Code". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Covid-status certificates could lead to deliberate infections, scientists warn". The Guardian. 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  9. ^ a b "Government calls for input into Covid-19 vaccine passports". ComputerWeekly.com. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  10. ^ a b Lerman, Rachel. "Vaccine passport apps are here. But the technical challenges are still coming". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  11. ^ a b Cohen, Joshua. "Covid-19 Vaccine Passports Could Exacerbate Global Inequities". Forbes. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  12. ^ a b Elassar, Alaa. "ACLU warns 'a lot can go wrong' with digital vaccine passports". CNN. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  13. ^ a b c "Covid-19 Vaccine Passports Are Coming. What Will That Mean?". Wired. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  14. ^ a b Popescu, Saskia; Phelan, Alexandra (22 March 2021). "Opinion | Vaccine Passports Won't Get Us Out of the Pandemic". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  15. ^ a b "You've been vaccinated. So what should you do with your vaccine card?". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  16. ^ "Smart Vaccination Certificate Working Group". www.who.int. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  17. ^ "COVID-19 Credentials initiative : Home". www.covidcreds.org. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  18. ^ February 8, R. Dallon Adams in Innovation on. "Open source "vaccine passports:" Linux Foundation Public Health talks development, security, and digitally restoring trust". TechRepublic. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "Vaccination passport apps could help society reopen—if they are secure, private and trusted". phys.org. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  20. ^ Mzezewa, Tariro (4 February 2021). "Coming Soon: The 'Vaccine Passport'". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  21. ^ Sachdev, Shaan (2021-02-26). "Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2021-02-27.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ Cohen, Noam (15 March 2020). "How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation". Wired. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  23. ^ "NASA COVID-19 Dashboards Give a View of the Virus's Effects from Above | NASA Applied Sciences". appliedsciences.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  24. ^ a b "An introduction to GNU Health Embedded — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software". www.fsf.org. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  25. ^ Waagmeester, Andra; Willighagen, Egon L.; Su, Andrew I.; Kutmon, Martina; Gayo, Jose Emilio Labra; Fernández-Álvarez, Daniel; Groom, Quentin; Schaap, Peter J.; Verhagen, Lisa M.; Koehorst, Jasper J. (4 June 2020). "A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata, a case report". bioRxiv: 2020.04.05.026336. doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026336. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  26. ^ Waagmeester, Andra; Willighagen, Egon L.; Su, Andrew I.; Kutmon, Martina; Gayo, Jose Emilio Labra; Fernández-Álvarez, Daniel; Groom, Quentin; Schaap, Peter J.; Verhagen, Lisa M.; Koehorst, Jasper J. (undefined NaN). "A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata: aligning resources on human coronaviruses". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  28. ^ Bolton, William S.; Ng, Shu; Lam, Angela; Kinch, James; Parchment, Victor; Foster, William P.; Zimmermann, Manuela R.; Teh, Jye Quan; Simpson, Abigail; Sharma, Karisma; Kerstein, Ryan; Burke, Joshua; Chapman, Stephen J.; Culmer, Peter R.; Jayne, David George (28 December 2020). "Virtual hackathon to tackle COVID-19 unmet needs". BMJ Innovations: bmjinnov. doi:10.1136/bmjinnov-2020-000456. ISSN 2055-8074. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
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  32. ^ Falcón, Luis (9 April 2020). "Tackling the beast: Using GNU Health to help the fight against the | Joinup". joinup.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  33. ^ "German coronavirus tests backlog: 900 positive not yet told". ABC News. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  34. ^ "COVID-19 vaccine rollout may be delayed - with IT system 'failing constantly'". Sky News. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  35. ^ a b c d Whitelaw, Sera; Mamas, Mamas A.; Topol, Eric; Spall, Harriette G. C. Van (1 August 2020). "Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response". The Lancet Digital Health. 2 (8): e435–e440. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30142-4. ISSN 2589-7500. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  36. ^ "International Research Organizations Support WTO TRIPS Waiver for COVID-19 | infojustice". Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  37. ^ "Govt backs vaccine equity | The Star". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  38. ^ Stubbs, Jack (10 December 2020). "Hackers steal Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine data in Europe, companies say". Reuters. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  39. ^ Service, Robert F. (7 August 2020). "AI invents new 'recipes' for potential COVID-19 drugs". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  40. ^ a b c d e "Supercomputers, giant accelerators lend a hand in the fight against coronavirus". University of Chicago News. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  41. ^ "UChicago chemists race to decode RNA of new coronavirus". University of Chicago News. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  42. ^ a b c Gray, Ellen (28 May 2020). "NASA Supercomputers Power COVID-19 Research". NASA. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  43. ^ "Folding@Home Crushes Exascale Barrier, Now Faster Than Dozens of Supercomputers - ExtremeTech". www.extremetech.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  44. ^ "Folding@home crowdsourced computing project passes 1 million downloads amid coronavirus research". VentureBeat. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  45. ^ "The coronavirus pandemic turned Folding@Home into an exaFLOP supercomputer". Ars Technica. 14 April 2020. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  46. ^ Tung, Liam. "CERN throws 10,000 CPU cores at Folding@home coronavirus simulation project". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  47. ^ "San Diego supercomputer uncovers several potential COVID-19 treatments". KGTV. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  48. ^ "Japanese supercomputer finds 30 existing drugs potentially effective to treat COVID-19". Mainichi Daily News. 4 July 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  49. ^ "World's fastest supercomputer finds 77 potential COVID-19 treatments". Futurism. Retrieved 10 April 2021.

External links

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