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Fascist Italy has returned, this time, with 5 different sources.
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|[[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[One-party state|one-party]] [[Socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]]
|[[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[One-party state|one-party]] [[Socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]]
|[[Eurasia]]
|[[Eurasia]]
|-
|{{Flagicon|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Kingdom of Italy]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gentile|first=Emilio|date=2008|title=Fascism and the Italian Road to Totalitarianism|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00492.x|journal=Constellations|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=291–302|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00492.x|issn=1467-8675}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Morgan|first=Philip|title=The Construction of the ‘Totalitarian’ State, 1925–29|date=2004|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_4|work=Italian Fascism, 1915–1945|pages=96–124|editor-last=Morgan|editor-first=Philip|series=The Making of the 20th Century|place=London|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_4|isbn=978-0-230-80267-4|access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=David D.|date=2009|title='Political Religion' and the Totalitarian Departures of Inter-War Europe: On the Uses and Disadvantages of an Analytical Category|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40542793|journal=Contemporary European History|volume=18|issue=4|pages=381–414|issn=0960-7773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Totalitarianism in Italy - 1224 Words {{!}} 123 Help Me|url=https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Totalitarianism-in-Italy-94360|access-date=2021-08-20|website=www.123helpme.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century, 4th Edition {{!}} Wiley|url=https://www.wiley.com/en-sa/Hitler%2C+Stalin%2C+and+Mussolini%3A+Totalitarianism+in+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+4th+Edition-p-9781118765920|access-date=2021-08-20|website=Wiley.com|language=en-sa}}</ref>
|1925
|[[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|1943]]
|[[Benito Mussolini]]
|[[National Fascist Party]]
|[[Fascism]]
[[Mussolinism]]

[[Ultranationalism]]

[[Corporatism]]
|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] under a [[Fascism|fascist]] [[one-party state]]
|[[Europe]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Manchukuo}} [[Manchukuo|Empire of Manchuria]] (Manchukuo)<ref>https://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/cap-events/evolution-manchukuo-concordia-association-1932-1945-political-institution-and-vanguard</ref>
|{{flagicon|Manchukuo}} [[Manchukuo|Empire of Manchuria]] (Manchukuo)<ref>https://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/cap-events/evolution-manchukuo-concordia-association-1932-1945-political-institution-and-vanguard</ref>

Revision as of 06:08, 20 August 2021


This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

List

Country Start of
totalitarianism 		End of
totalitarianism 		Leader(s) Ruling party Ideology Government Continent
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolian People's Republic[2][3][4][5] 1921 1953 Joseph Stalin (de facto)
(1924-1953)
Khorloogiin Choibalsan
(1937-1952) 		Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism

Marxism-Leninism Stalinism

Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic Asia
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[6] 1924[6] 1953[6][7][8][9] Joseph Stalin Communist Party of the Soviet Union Stalinism
Soviet socialist patriotism
Marxism–Leninism
Soviet communism 		Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic Eurasia
Fascist Italy Kingdom of Italy[10][11][12][13][14] 1925 1943 Benito Mussolini National Fascist Party Fascism

Mussolinism

Ultranationalism

Corporatism

Unitary constitutional monarchy under a fascist one-party state Europe
Manchukuo Empire of Manchuria (Manchukuo)[15] 1932 1945 Puyi Concordia Association of Manchukuo Fascism[16]
Monarchism
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism
Anti-communism 		One-party constitutional monarchy and de facto puppet state of the Empire of Japan Asia
Nazi Germany Greater German Reich[6] 1933[6] 1945[6] Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism
Pan-Germanism
Antisemitism
Scientific racism 		Unitary National Socialist one-party state[17] Europe
Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946) Kingdom of Hungary[18][19][20][21] 1944 1945 Ferenc Szálasi Arrow Cross Party Hungarism Unitary Hungarist one-party state under a de jure constitutional monarchy[22] Europe
People's Socialist Republic of Albania[23][24][25] 1946 1990 Enver Hoxha (1946–1985)
Ramiz Alia (1985–1990) 		Party of Labour of Albania Communism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism
Anti-revisionism 		Unitary Hoxhaist one-party republic Europe
North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea[26][27][6] 1948 Active Kim dynasty Workers' Party of Korea Juche
Songun 		Unitary one-party socialist republic[28] Asia
Hungarian People's Republic Hungarian People's Republic[29][30][31][32] 1949 1953 Mátyás Rákosi Hungarian Working People's Party Stalinism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic Europe
China People's Republic of China[33][34] 1949 1976[6] Mao Zedong[6] Chinese Communist Party Chinese communism
Marxism–Leninism
Maoism 		Unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic Asia
East Germany German Democratic Republic[35][36] 1949 1989 Wilhelm Pieck
(1949-1960)

Walter Ulbricht
(1960-1973)

Erich Honecker (1976-1989)

Socialist Unity Party of Germany Communism
Marxism-Leninism
Stalinism (until 1953) 		Unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic Europe
Myanmar Myanmar Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[37] 1962 1988 Ne Win Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea[38] 1968 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema United National Workers' Party Socialism[39]

Anti-colonialism[40]
Anti-intellectualism

Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic Africa
Socialist Republic of Romania[41][42] 1971 1989 Nicolae Ceaușescu Romanian Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
National Communism 		Unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic Europe
Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea[37][43] 1975 1979 Pol Pot Communist Party of Kampuchea Agrarianism
Communism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism 		Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic Asia
Turkmenistan Republic of Turkmenistan[44][45][46] 1991 Active[47] Saparmurat Niyazov (1991-2006)
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (2006-present) 		Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism
Secularism
Social conservatism[48] 		Unitary one-party presidential republic Asia
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[49][50] 1996 2001 Mohammed Omar[51][52] Taliban (de facto) Deobandi fundamentalism[53]
Islamism[53]
Pashtunwali[54]
Religious nationalism[54]
Salafist jihadism[51] 		Unitary Deobandi–Islamic theocracy administered by shura councils Asia
Eritrea State of Eritrea[55][56] 2001[57] Active Isaias Afwerki People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Secularism 		Unitary one-party presidential republic Africa

References

  1. ^ Sondrol, Paul C. (2009). "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Studies. 23 (3): 599–620. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015868. S2CID 144333167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-10.
  2. ^ "Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  3. ^ Assignment - Secrets of the Steppe (22nd October 1991), retrieved 2021-08-17
  4. ^ "Mass grave uncovered in Mongolia". 2003-06-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ May, Timothy (May 2001), Review of Sandag, Shagdariin; Kendall, Harry H., Poisoned Arrows: The Stalin-Choibalsan Mongolian Massacres, 1921-1941, H-Russia, H-Review, retrieved 2021-08-17
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Totalitarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018.
  7. ^ Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-39241-9. after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
  8. ^ Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-64619-0. The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
  9. ^ von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-319-01559-0. The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
  10. ^ Gentile, Emilio (2008). "Fascism and the Italian Road to Totalitarianism". Constellations. 15 (3): 291–302. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00492.x. ISSN 1467-8675.
  11. ^ Morgan, Philip (2004), Morgan, Philip (ed.), "The Construction of the 'Totalitarian' State, 1925–29", Italian Fascism, 1915–1945, The Making of the 20th Century, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 96–124, doi:10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_4, ISBN 978-0-230-80267-4, retrieved 2021-08-20
  12. ^ Roberts, David D. (2009). "'Political Religion' and the Totalitarian Departures of Inter-War Europe: On the Uses and Disadvantages of an Analytical Category". Contemporary European History. 18 (4): 381–414. ISSN 0960-7773.
  13. ^ "Totalitarianism in Italy - 1224 Words | 123 Help Me". www.123helpme.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  14. ^ "Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century, 4th Edition | Wiley". Wiley.com. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  15. ^ https://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/cap-events/evolution-manchukuo-concordia-association-1932-1945-political-institution-and-vanguard
  16. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=L77chgc58X8C&q=concordia+association+fascist+manchukuo&pg=PA74
  17. ^ "Foundations of the Nazi State". www.ushmm.org.
  18. ^ Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 354. ISBN 978-963-197-628-1. OCLC 1081799738. [...] totalitárius egypártrendszer jött létre 1944 októberében. A politikai pártokat és szervezeteket betiltották, a parlament a továbbiakban gyakorlatilag nem működött. [...] A totalitárius-nemzetiszocialista egypártrendszer és pártállam egyre szűkülő területen regnált, 1945 tavaszán pedig az egész országban összeomlott. [[...] a totalitarian one-party system was established in October 1944. Political parties and organizations were banned, the parliament was practically no longer functioning. [...] The totalitarian-National Socialist one-party system and party state reigned in an ever-shrinking area and collapsed throughout the country in the spring of 1945.]
  19. ^ Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A nyilas diktatúra" [The Arrow Cross dictatorship]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 461. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. A totalitárius berendezkedésnek megfelelően a hungarista mozgalom pártja meghatározó szerepet töltött be az államügyek vitelében. [In accordance with the totalitarian system, the party of the Hungarist movement played a decisive role in the conduct of state affairs.]
  20. ^ Paksa, Rudolf (2013). "Hatalmon" [In Power]. Magyar nemzetiszocialisták: Az 1930-as évek új szélsőjobboldali mozgalma, pártjai, politikusai, sajtója [Hungarian National Socialists: The New Far-right Movement, Parties, Politicians and Press of the 1930s] (in Hungarian). Budapest: MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet, Osiris Kiadó. p. 290. ISBN 978-963-276-232-6. OCLC 1166865459. A hungarista állam kiépítése az államszervezet radikális átalakítását és totális egypártrendszer bevezetését jelentette. Ennek jegyében Szálasi november elején az ország 'nemzetvezetőjévé' neveztette ki magát, ezzel egy kézben egyesítve az államfői, miniszterelnöki és az állampárttá emelkedett Nyilaskeresztes Párt - Hungarista Mozgalom pártvezetői tisztét. [The establishment of the Hungarist state meant a radical transformation of the state organization and the introduction of a totalitarian one-party system. Accordingly, Szálasi had himself appointed 'leader of the nation' at the beginning of November, thereby merging the position of head of state, prime minister and party leader of the Arrow Cross Party - Hungarist Movement into one.]
  21. ^ Cipek, Tihomir (2015). "Konzervativizmus – Magyarország és Horvátország komparatív perspektívában 1918–1945 / Konzervativizam – Mađarska i Hrvatska u komparativnoj perspektivi 1918. – 1945." [Conservativism: Hungary and Croatia in a comparative perspective, 1918–1945]. In Fodor, Pál; Sokcsevits, Dénes; et al. (eds.). A horvát–magyar együttélés fordulópontjai: Intézmények, társadalom, gazdaság, kultúra / Prekretnice u suživotu Hrvata i Mađara: Ustanove, društvo, gospodarstvo i kultura [Turning Points of the Croato-Hungarian Coexistence: Institutions, Society, Economy, Culture] (in Hungarian and Croatian). Budapest, Zagreb: MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet, Hrvatski institut za povijest. pp. 707, 742. ISBN 978-963-416-019-9. OCLC 1014904840. Mindkét mozgalom radikális fasiszta ideológiával legitimálta totalitárius politikai rendszerét, mely egy sor rasszista elemet tartalmazott. [...] Oba pokreta su svoj totalitarni politički poredak legitimirala radikalnom fašističkom ideologijom, koja je u sebi imala niz rasističkih elemenata. [Both movements (i.e., Ustaše and the Hungarist movement) legitimized their totalitarian political system with a radical fascist ideology that had a number of racist elements.]
  22. ^ Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A nyilas diktatúra" [The Arrow Cross dictatorship]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 460–461. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. A párt kizárólagosságát garantálta továbbá az a belügyminiszteri rendelet, mely még a szövetséges szélsőjobboldali politikai pártok működését sem engedélyezte, s így meghonosította az egypárti diktatúrát. [...] Az állam formáját illetően a nyilaskeresztes vezetés nem tervezett változtatásokat. A szentkorona-eszme és az ezeréves magyar államiságra épített jogfolytonossági felfogás képezte a legitimáló ideológiát a magyar alkotmánytörténettől teljesen idegen modell meghonosításához. [The party's exclusivity was also guaranteed by a decree of the Minister of the Interior that did not even allow the operation of allied far-right political parties, thus introducing a one-party dictatorship. [...] Regarding the form of government, the Arrow Cross leadership did not plan any changes. The doctrine of the Holy Crown and the concept of legal continuity built on the millennial-old Hungarian statehood formed the legitimizing ideology for the introduction of a model completely foreign to Hungarian constitutionalism.]
  23. ^ Mullahi, Anila; Dhimitri, Jostina (2015). "Education Issues in a Totalitarian State (Case of Albania)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 174: 4103–4107. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1161.
  24. ^ Bedini, Belina (2014). "The Legitimation of the Albanian Totalitarian Regime". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5 (16): 500–5. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p500.
  25. ^ "Albania's EU aspirations still hampered by totalitarian past | DW | 22.03.2012".
  26. ^ "North Korea country profile". BBC News. 9 April 2018.
  27. ^ "Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state". Washington Post.
  28. ^ Inc, Encyclopaedia Britannica (1 March 2014). Britannica Book of the Year 2014. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 9781625131713. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  29. ^ Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 367. ISBN 978-963-197-628-1. OCLC 1081799738. Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával. [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
  30. ^ Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)" [The Soviet-type state system in Hungary (1949–1956)]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. [...] a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. [...] A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést. [[...] the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. [...] The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
  31. ^ Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója" [The tradition of the communist era]. A magyar politikai rendszer [The Hungarian Political System] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21. ISBN 978-963-389-963-2. OCLC 1088039656. A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált [...] A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt. [Political power has become total in nature [...] The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
  32. ^ Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra" [The Rákosist dictatorship]. Magyarország története a XX. században [History of Hungary in the 20th Century] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 337. ISBN 978-963-276-179-4. OCLC 1081699371. Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949-re kialakult magyar rendszer [...] kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát. [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 [...] exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
  33. ^ Pei, Minxin. “China: Totalitarianism’s Long Shadow.” Journal of Democracy 32, no. 2 (2021): 5–21.
  34. ^ Roger Garside, "Totalitarian China: Outwardly Strong, Inwardly Weak", Journal of Political Risk, Vol. 9, No. 5, May 2021
  35. ^ Meuschel, Sigrid (2000-11-01). "The Other German Dictatorship: Totalitarianism and Modernization in the German Democratic Republic". Thesis Eleven. 63 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1177/0725513600063000005. ISSN 0725-5136.
  36. ^ "An Intimate Look at Totalitarian Repression". Intercollegiate Studies Institute. 2015-06-04. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  37. ^ a b Rummel, R.J. (1994). "Democide in totalitarian states: Mortacracies and megamurderers.". In Charney, Israel W. (ed.). Widening circle of genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 5. There is much confusion about what is meant by totalitarian in the literature, including the denial that such systems even exist. I define a totalitarian state as one with a system of government that is unlimited constitutionally or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic secret and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was thus totalitarian, as was Mao's China, Pol Pot's Cambodia, Hitler's Germany, and U Ne Win's Burma
  38. ^ "Equatorial Guinea | EG Justice". www.egjustice.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  39. ^ "Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica > Búsqueda › 'Hoja Oficial del lunes : editada por la Asociación de la..." prensahistorica.mcu.es. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  40. ^ OTABELA, Joseph-Désiré; ONOMO-ABENA, Sosthène (2009-02-16). Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo (in Spanish). Editorial UNED. ISBN 978-84-362-5825-7.
  41. ^ "Bulletin" (PDF). www.umk.ro. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  42. ^ Thompson, M. R. (1 June 2002). "Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 3 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1080/714005469. S2CID 145789019.
  43. ^ O'Kane, Rosemary H T (1993). "Cambodia in the zero years: rudimentary totalitarianism". Third World Quarterly. 14 (4): 735–748. doi:10.1080/01436599308420354. JSTOR 3992949.
  44. ^ "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF).
  45. ^ https://medium.com/interesting-histories/interesting-histories-saparmurat-niyazov-the-real-general-aladeen-552c12a1e4e2
  46. ^ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/28/the-golden-man
  47. ^ https://www.businessinsider.com/turkmenistan-what-life-is-like-inside-secretive-dictatorship-2019-10#turkmenistan-is-a-country-in-central-asia-with-a-population-of-just-under-six-million-and-plentiful-gas-reserves-1
  48. ^ https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/political-elite-of-turkmenistan-post-soviet-period
  49. ^ Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450. S2CID 146940668.
  50. ^ "David Arnett" (PDF). turkishpolicy.com. 2008. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  51. ^ a b "The Totalitarian Present - The American Interest". 1 September 2009.
  52. ^ Gall, Carlotta (30 July 2015). "Mullah Muhammad Omar, Enigmatic Leader of Afghan Taliban, Is Dead" – via NYTimes.com.
  53. ^ a b "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". www.digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013.
  54. ^ a b "NCTC Home". www.dni.gov.
  55. ^ Taylor, Adam (12 June 2015). "The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  56. ^ "UN calls Eritrea a 'totalitarian' state ruled by fear". Daily Nation. Kenya. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  57. ^ "Service for Life". Human Rights Watch. 16 April 2009. p. 6 of 12. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
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