Jump to content

Climate psychology: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Climate psychology in practice: removed unsourced content
Line 8: Line 8:


== Climate change and emotional responses ==
== Climate change and emotional responses ==
{{Main|Effects of climate change on mental health|Eco-anxiety|Eco-grief}}
{{Main|Psychological impact of climate change}}
As climate change becomes increasingly threatening<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Warming of 1.5 ºC —|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref> to both the biosphere and human livelihoods, the feelings aroused in response are a focus for exploration. Strong, difficult emotions such as [[grief]], [[mourning]], [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]], feelings of loss and [[anxiety]] are common responses to the threats posed by climate change.<ref name="Ojala">{{cite journal |last1=Ojala |first1=Maria |last2=Cunsolo |first2=Ashlee |last3=Ogunbode |first3=Charles A. |last4=Middleton |first4=Jacqueline |title=Anxiety, Worry, and Grief in a Time of Environmental and Climate Crisis: A Narrative Review |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |date=18 October 2021 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=35–58 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-022716 |s2cid=236307729 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-022716 |access-date=5 January 2022 |issn=1543-5938}}</ref><ref>Dodds, Joseph (2011) Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos. London: Routledge.</ref> These various emotions have been collectively referred to in the literature as climate distress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Searle|first1=Kristina|last2=Gow|first2=Kathryn|date=2010-11-09|title=Do concerns about climate change lead to distress?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17568691011089891|journal=International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management|volume=2|issue=4|pages=362–379|doi=10.1108/17568691011089891|issn=1756-8692}}</ref>

Many of these emotions have been studied independently in relation to climate change. Feelings of loss have been identified as being multi-faceted, and can originate in anticipation of loss soon to occur, as well as actual destruction.<ref>Randall, Rosemary and Brown, Andy (2015) ''In Time for Tomorrow: the Carbon Conversations Handbook.'' Stirling: The Surefoot Effect.</ref> The corresponding ‘anticipatory mourning’ has been explored.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeSilvey|first=Caitlin|date=2012|title=Making sense of transience: an anticipatory history|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474010397599|journal=Cultural Geographies|volume=19|issue=1|pages=31–54|doi=10.1177/1474474010397599|s2cid=146489751|issn=1474-4740|via=}}</ref> The feelings of [[grief]] and [[Mental distress|distress]] in response to ecological destruction<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cunsolo|first1=Ashlee|last2=Ellis|first2=Neville R.|date=2018|title=Ecological grief as a mental health response to climate change-related loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0092-2|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=8|issue=4|pages=275–281|doi=10.1038/s41558-018-0092-2|bibcode=2018NatCC...8..275C|s2cid=90611076|issn=1758-678X|via=}}</ref> have elsewhere been termed ’[[solastalgia]]’<ref>Albrecht, G. (2005). 'Solastalgia'. A new concept in health and identity. ''PAN: Philosophy Activism Nature'', (3), 41.</ref> and the response to pollution of the local environment has been termed ‘environmental melancholia’.<ref name="Lertzman">Lertzman, R. (2015). Environmental melancholia: Psychoanalytic dimensions of engagement. Routledge.</ref>

However feelings in response to climate change and its broader ramifications can be undeveloped or not fully recognised. This can result in unconscious feelings of despair and unease, particularly in young people<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal|last1=Majeed|first1=Haris|last2=Lee|first2=Jonathan|date=2017|title=The impact of climate change on youth depression and mental health|journal=The Lancet Planetary Health|volume=1|issue=3|pages=e94–e95|doi=10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30045-1|pmid=29851616|issn=2542-5196|doi-access=free}}</ref> and those attending [[therapy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bodnar|first=Susan|date=2008-08-14|title=Wasted and Bombed: Clinical Enactments of a Changing Relationship to the Earth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10481880802198319|journal=Psychoanalytic Dialogues|volume=18|issue=4|pages=484–512|doi=10.1080/10481880802198319|s2cid=143280310|issn=1048-1885}}</ref> This makes it difficult to give name to what one is feeling, so it is generally termed as [[eco-anxiety]]- particularly when this negative effect takes on more intense forms such as [[Sleep disorder|sleeping disorders]] and [[Rumination (psychology)|ruminative thinking]]. Rather than see eco-anxiety as a [[pathology]] requiring treatment Bednarek<ref>Bednarek, S. (2019) Is there a therapy for climate change anxiety? ''Therapy Today'', 30, 5.</ref> has suggested that it be construed as an [[Adaptive behavior|adaptive]], healthy response.

It is often difficult to conceptualise emotions in response to the unseen or intangible aspects of climate change. Theoretical approaches have suggested this is due to climate change being part of a greater construct than human cognition can fully comprehend, known as a ‘[[hyperobject]]’.<ref>Morton, T. (2013) ''Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology After the End of the World''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</ref> One of the techniques used by climate psychologists to engage with such ‘unthought knowns’ and their unconscious, unexplored, emotional implications is ‘social dreaming’.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Manley|first1=Julian|title=Climate Change, Social Dreaming and Art: Thinking the Unthinkable|date=2019|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11741-2_7|work=Studies in the Psychosocial|pages=129–148|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-11740-5|access-date=2020-09-18|last2=Hollway|first2=Wendy|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-11741-2_7|s2cid=191721288}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Manley|first=Julian|date=2018|title=Social Dreaming, Associative Thinking and Intensities of Affect|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92555-4|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92555-4|isbn=978-3-319-92554-7}}</ref>

Awareness of climate change and its destructive impact, happening in both the present and future, is often very overwhelming.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/> When communities have been affected by [[natural disaster]]s, often as a result of climate change, there is a strong, direct [[effects of climate change on mental health|impact on mental health]] as they have to adapt to the damaging effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Psychology and Global Climate Change: Addressing a Multi-faceted Phenomenon and Set of Challenges: A Report by the American Psychological Association's Task Force on the Interface Between Psychology and Global Climate Change|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e582892010-001|access-date=2020-09-18|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e582892010-001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, and Guidance|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e503122017-001|access-date=2020-09-18|website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e503122017-001}}</ref> This can also be a positive effect, developing [[Psychological resilience|resilience]] in both communities and individuals. Researchers are interested in understanding the mechanisms for how this happens. Literature investigating how individuals and society respond to crisis and disaster found that when there was space to process and reflect on emotional experiences, these increased emotions were adaptive. Furthermore, this then led to growth and resilience.<ref>Kieft, Jasmine and Bendell, Jem (2021) ''The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research.'' Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers Volume 7. University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK..(Unpublished)</ref> Doppelt suggested ‘transformational resilience’ as a property of social systems, in which adversities are catalysts for new meaning and direction in life, leading to changes that increase both individual and community [[Well-being|wellbeing]] above previous levels.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Doppelt|first=Bob|date=2017-09-08|title=Transformational Resilience|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351283885|doi=10.4324/9781351283885|isbn=9781351283885}}</ref>


== Climate change and Psychological Defences ==
== Climate change and Psychological Defences ==
Line 27: Line 18:
== Psycho-social perspectives and defences ==
== Psycho-social perspectives and defences ==


A psycho-social approach to Climate psychology examines the interplay between internal, psychological factors and external, socio-cultural factors- such as values, beliefs and norms- in people’s responses to climate change.<ref>Hollway,W. & Jefferson,T. (2013) ''Doing Qualitative Research Differently: A Psychosocial Approach.'' London: Sage.</ref><ref>Crompton, T. & Kasser, T. (2009) ''Meeting Environmental Challenges: The Role of Human Iden''tity. Goldalming: WWF-UK.</ref> Furthermore, it offers a distinctive [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] methodology for understanding the lived experience of research subjects, which has been adopted by researchers seeking to investigate how climate change and environmental destruction is experienced by different groups across society.<ref name="Lertzman" /><ref name=":1" /> In this case, ‘lived experience’ refers to the feelings, thoughts and imaginations and the meaning frames which both affect and are effected by those experiences.  
A psycho-social approach to Climate psychology examines the interplay between internal, psychological factors and external, socio-cultural factors- such as values, beliefs and norms- in people’s responses to climate change.<ref>Hollway,W. & Jefferson,T. (2013) ''Doing Qualitative Research Differently: A Psychosocial Approach.'' London: Sage.</ref><ref>Crompton, T. & Kasser, T. (2009) ''Meeting Environmental Challenges: The Role of Human Iden''tity. Goldalming: WWF-UK.</ref> Furthermore, it offers a distinctive [[Qualitative research|qualitative]] methodology for understanding the lived experience of research subjects, which has been adopted by researchers seeking to investigate how climate change and environmental destruction is experienced by different groups across society.<ref name="Lertzman">Lertzman, R. (2015). Environmental melancholia: Psychoanalytic dimensions of engagement. Routledge.</ref><ref name=":1" /> In this case, ‘lived experience’ refers to the feelings, thoughts and imaginations and the meaning frames which both affect and are effected by those experiences.  


Coping responses to impending climate destabilisation are psycho-social phenomena, culturally sanctioned and maintained by [[social norm]]s and structures, not simply isolated psychological processes.<ref name=":0" /> For example, modern mass consumerism is dictated by the needs of a globalised, deregulated [[economy]], yet it is one of the driving forces of climate change.<ref>Grant L. K. (2011). Can we consume our way out of climate change? A call for analysis. ''The Behavior analyst'', ''34''(2), 245–266. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392256</nowiki></ref> It has been suggested that this “culture of un-care” performs an ideological function, insulating consumers from experiencing too much anxiety and moral disquiet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 June 2014. 'TED style' talk given at the annual conference of the American Psychoanalytic Association. - Sally Weintrobe|url=http://www.sallyweintrobe.com/5-june-2014-ted-style-talk-given-at-the-annual-conference-of-the-american-psychoanalytic-association/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.sallyweintrobe.com|date=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Weintrobe |first=Sally |title=The Climate Crisis |date=2019-09-05 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315524771-34 |work=Routledge Handbook of Psychoanalytic Political Theory |pages=417–428 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315524771-34 |isbn=978-1-315-52477-1 |access-date=2020-09-18 |s2cid=210572297}}</ref>
Coping responses to impending climate destabilisation are psycho-social phenomena, culturally sanctioned and maintained by [[social norm]]s and structures, not simply isolated psychological processes.<ref name=":0" /> For example, modern mass consumerism is dictated by the needs of a globalised, deregulated [[economy]], yet it is one of the driving forces of climate change.<ref>Grant L. K. (2011). Can we consume our way out of climate change? A call for analysis. ''The Behavior analyst'', ''34''(2), 245–266. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392256</nowiki></ref> It has been suggested that this “culture of un-care” performs an ideological function, insulating consumers from experiencing too much anxiety and moral disquiet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 June 2014. 'TED style' talk given at the annual conference of the American Psychoanalytic Association. - Sally Weintrobe|url=http://www.sallyweintrobe.com/5-june-2014-ted-style-talk-given-at-the-annual-conference-of-the-american-psychoanalytic-association/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.sallyweintrobe.com|date=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Weintrobe |first=Sally |title=The Climate Crisis |date=2019-09-05 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315524771-34 |work=Routledge Handbook of Psychoanalytic Political Theory |pages=417–428 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315524771-34 |isbn=978-1-315-52477-1 |access-date=2020-09-18 |s2cid=210572297}}</ref>
Line 46: Line 37:
{{portal |Climate change|Psychology|Environment}}
{{portal |Climate change|Psychology|Environment}}
* [[Ecopsychology]]
* [[Ecopsychology]]
* [[Effects of climate change on mental health]]
* [[Environmental Psychology]]
* [[Environmental Psychology]]
* [[Ecological grief|Ecological Grief]]
* [[Ecological grief|Ecological Grief]]
Line 56: Line 48:


*[https://www.climatepsychologists.com/ Climate Psychologists]
*[https://www.climatepsychologists.com/ Climate Psychologists]
*
*[http://carbonconversations.co.uk Carbon Conversations]
*[http://carbonconversations.co.uk Carbon Conversations]
* [https://climateoutreach.org/ Climate Outreach]
* [https://climateoutreach.org/ Climate Outreach]
Line 62: Line 53:
* [http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org Psychologists for a Safe Climate]
* [http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org Psychologists for a Safe Climate]
* [http://climateandmind.org Climate & Mind]
* [http://climateandmind.org Climate & Mind]

== Further reading ==

* Head, L. (2016). Hope and grief in the Anthropocene: Re-conceptualising human–nature relations. Routledge.
* Marshall, G. (2015). Don't even think about it: Why our brains are wired to ignore climate change. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
* Rust, M. J. E., & Totton, N. E. (2012). Vital signs: Psychological responses to ecological crisis. Karnac Books.
{{Climate change}}
{{Climate change}}
[[Category:Environmental psychology]]
[[Category:Environmental psychology]]

Revision as of 20:36, 26 April 2022

Climate psychology is a field which aims to further our understanding of the psychological processes that occur in response to climate change, biodiversity loss and their resultant effects. It also seeks to promote creative ways to engage with the public about climate change; contribute to change at the personal, community, cultural and political levels; support activists, scientists and policy makers to bring about effective change; to nurture psychological resilience to the destructive impacts of climate change happening now and in the future.

Climate psychology is a trans-disciplinary approach to research and practice. It focuses on the society-wide reluctance to take appropriate action in relation to the escalating threat of climate change. It sees the problem as requiring a deeper approach, that examines our resistance to knowing and acting, rather than seeing it as an “information deficit” to be treated by cognitive or behavioural approaches. It stresses the significance of human emotions, identities and cultural assumptions. Furthermore, it acknowledges the human subject as nested within their social and ecological context.

In order to meet its aims and develop its approach, climate psychology draws on a broad range of perspectives, including: literature, philosophy, world religions, the arts, humanities and systems thinking.[1] The core of the approach is based on various psychotherapeutic traditions and psycho-social studies, allowing climate psychologists to understand the unconscious or unacknowledged emotions and processes influencing people’s thoughts, motivations and behaviours. This applies especially to these processes that manifest in the broader context of the wider society and culture.

The origins of climate psychology can be traced back to the work of psychoanalyst Harold Searles and his work on the unconscious factors that influence the estrangement of people from the rest of nature.[2] It has also been strongly influenced by the field of Ecopsychology and its emphasis on the relationships of people with the natural world.[3] Due to the increase in society-wide acceptance of the dangers of climate change, there has been greater interest in understanding the psychological processes underlying the resistance to taking appropriate action, and in particular, the phenomenon of climate change denial.[4] More recently, a literature base by climate psychologists has started to focus on the powerful emotions associated with climate change and planetary-wide biodiversity loss.[5]

Climate change and emotional responses

Main article: Psychological impact of climate change

Climate change and Psychological Defences

Non-avoidant coping has three predominant forms: active coping, which is direct action taken to deal with a stressful situation; acceptance, which is cognitive and emotional acknowledgement of stressful realities; and cognitive reinterpretation, which involves learning or positive reframing.[6][7] A distinction can also be made between proactive and reactive coping. Proactive coping, also known as anticipatory adaptation or psychological preparedness, is made in anticipation of an event. On the other hand, reactive coping is made during or after the event.[8][9]

Climate psychologists consider how coping responses can be adaptive or maladaptive,[10] not just personally but also for the wider environment and ecology. More precisely, do the responses promote positive psychological adjustment and stimulate appropriate and proportional pro-environmental action, or do they serve to justify the individual in their inaction and allow them to refrain from the necessary, radical changes?[11]

Psycho-social perspectives and defences

A psycho-social approach to Climate psychology examines the interplay between internal, psychological factors and external, socio-cultural factors- such as values, beliefs and norms- in people’s responses to climate change.[12][13] Furthermore, it offers a distinctive qualitative methodology for understanding the lived experience of research subjects, which has been adopted by researchers seeking to investigate how climate change and environmental destruction is experienced by different groups across society.[14][5] In this case, ‘lived experience’ refers to the feelings, thoughts and imaginations and the meaning frames which both affect and are effected by those experiences.  

Coping responses to impending climate destabilisation are psycho-social phenomena, culturally sanctioned and maintained by social norms and structures, not simply isolated psychological processes.[4] For example, modern mass consumerism is dictated by the needs of a globalised, deregulated economy, yet it is one of the driving forces of climate change.[15] It has been suggested that this “culture of un-care” performs an ideological function, insulating consumers from experiencing too much anxiety and moral disquiet.[16][17]

Cultural mechanisms also support ways of down-regulating the powerful feelings that would otherwise be elicited by the awareness of potential threats. These include strong, embedded cultural assumptions such as entitlement, exceptionalism and faith in progress.[18][11] Entitlement is the belief that certain groups or species deserve more than others and is embedded in the unequal relations governing developed and developing human societies.[19] Exceptionalism is the idea that one’s species, nation, ethnic group or individual self is special and therefore absolved from the rules that apply to others, giving licence to breach natural limits of resource consumption. Faith in progress, a key element of post-industrial ideology, results in a conviction that science and technology can solve every problem, therefore encouraging wishful thinking and false optimism.[20][21]

Climate psychology in practice

In order to properly address people’s psychological processes in response to climate change, climate psychologists are working on new forms of therapeutic, educational and communication practice. These are informed by psycho-social concepts and methods, as well as a variety of therapeutic approaches.

In recent years, climate psychologists are facilitating support groups for activists, particularly those active in the support of pro-environmental behaviours across society. They are also developing initiatives such as co-operative inquiry, a method of doing research into psychological phenomena where the participants are fully involved and act as co-researchers, allowing for a broader range of richer, qualitative data[22][23]

A study from 2020 found that persuasive messaging that explains the mechanisms behind climate change, rather than the risks or consequences of climate change, was more effective in changing beliefs, especially among conservatives.[24]

As of 2020, the discipline of climate psychology had grown to include many subfields. Climate psychologists are working with the United nations, with national and local governments, with corporations, NGOs and individuals.[25][26][27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Climate Psychology Alliance, Handbook. "Climate Psychology". Climate Psychology Alliance. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  2. ^ Searles, H. F. (1972). "Unconscious Processes in Relation to the Environmental Crisis". Psychoanal. Rev. 59 (3): 361–374. PMID 4636949.
  3. ^ Roszak, T., Gomes, M. E., & Kanner, A. D. (Eds.). (1995). Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind. Sierra Club Books.
  4. ^ a b Norgaard, K. M. (2011). Living in denial: Climate change, emotions, and everyday life. mit Press.
  5. ^ a b Hoggett, Paul (2019-06-01). Climate Psychology: On Indifference to Disaster. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-11741-2.
  6. ^ Suls, Jerry; Fletcher, Barbara (1985). "The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis". Health Psychology. 4 (3): 249–288. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.249. ISSN 1930-7810. PMID 4029107.
  7. ^ Macy, Joanna; Johnstone, Chris (2012). Active hope how to face the mess we're in without going crazy. New World Library. ISBN 978-1-57731-972-6. OCLC 1074495798.
  8. ^ Cramer, Phebe (1998). "Coping and Defense Mechanisms: What's the Difference?". Journal of Personality. 66 (6): 919–946. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00037. ISSN 0022-3506.
  9. ^ Aspinwall, Lisa G. (2010-11-30). "Future-Oriented Thinking, Proactive Coping, and the Management of Potential Threats to Health and Well-Being". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0017.
  10. ^ Taylor S. (2020). Anxiety disorders, climate change, and the challenges ahead: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of anxiety disorders, 76, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102313
  11. ^ a b Andrews & Hoggett (2019) Facing up to ecological crisis: A psychosocial perspective form climate psychology. In Foster, J. (ed.) Facing Up To Climate Reality: Honesty, Disaster & Hope. London: Green House Publishing.
  12. ^ Hollway,W. & Jefferson,T. (2013) Doing Qualitative Research Differently: A Psychosocial Approach. London: Sage.
  13. ^ Crompton, T. & Kasser, T. (2009) Meeting Environmental Challenges: The Role of Human Identity. Goldalming: WWF-UK.
  14. ^ Lertzman, R. (2015). Environmental melancholia: Psychoanalytic dimensions of engagement. Routledge.
  15. ^ Grant L. K. (2011). Can we consume our way out of climate change? A call for analysis. The Behavior analyst, 34(2), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392256
  16. ^ "5 June 2014. 'TED style' talk given at the annual conference of the American Psychoanalytic Association. - Sally Weintrobe". www.sallyweintrobe.com. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  17. ^ Weintrobe, Sally (2019-09-05), "The Climate Crisis", Routledge Handbook of Psychoanalytic Political Theory, Routledge, pp. 417–428, doi:10.4324/9781315524771-34, ISBN 978-1-315-52477-1, S2CID 210572297, retrieved 2020-09-18
  18. ^ Weintrobe, S. (2013) The Difficult Problem of Anxiety When Thinking About Climate Change. In Weintrobe, S. (ed.) Engaging with Climate Change: psychoanalytic and interdisciplinary perspectives. London: Routledge
  19. ^ Orange, Donna M. (2016-09-13). Climate Crisis, Psychoanalysis, and Radical Ethics. doi:10.4324/9781315647906. ISBN 9781315647906.
  20. ^ Foster, John (2014-08-07). After Sustainability. doi:10.4324/9781315888576. ISBN 9781315888576.
  21. ^ Dewandre, Nicole (2011), "The Sustainability Concept: Can We Stand Between Catastrophism and Denial?", European Research on Sustainable Development, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 29–34, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19202-9_4, ISBN 978-3-642-19201-2, retrieved 2020-09-18
  22. ^ Gillespie, S. (2020) Climate Crisis and Consciousness. Abingdon UK & New York: Routledge.
  23. ^ Nichol, J. (1993). Cooperative Inquiry. Retrieved from https://co-counselling.info/en/cocopedia/cooperative-inquiry on 22/07/20
  24. ^ Rotman, Jeff D; Weber, T J; Perkins, Andrew W (2020). "Addressing Global Warming Denialism". Public Opinion Quarterly. 84 (1): 74–103. doi:10.1093/poq/nfaa002. ISSN 0033-362X.
  25. ^ Pihkala Panu (2020). "Anxiety and the Ecological Crisis: An Analysis of Eco-Anxiety and Climate Anxiety". Sustainability. 12 (19): 7836. doi:10.3390/su12197836.
  26. ^ Zara Abrams (1 January 2020). "Increasing action on climate change". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  27. ^ "The Psychological Impacts of Global Climate Change". American Psychologist. 66 (4): 265–76. 2011. doi:10.1037/a0023141. PMID 21553952. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_psychology&oldid=1084824061"