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Although Europe is relatively widely acceptant of contraception, some countries within Europe have differing views on contraceptive accessibility, education, and usage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Spinelli |first=A. |last2=Talamanca |first2=I. F. |last3=Lauria |first3=L. |date=2000-09 |title=Patterns of contraceptive use in 5 European countries. European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10983197 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=1403–1408 |doi=10.2105/ajph.90.9.1403 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1447615 |pmid=10983197}}</ref> A study conducted by the International Health Foundation polled 6630 women from European countries including Germany, Poland, Denmark, and Italy which had shown that there was a relatively variable use of contraception from country to country.<ref name=":2" /> When reviewing what types of contraception were most common in each country, it was shown that IUDs (intrauterine devices) and oral contraceptives were most commonly used in Denmark, Germany, and Northern Italy.<ref name=":2" /> Poland more commonly adopts more traditional contraceptive techniques such as periodic abstinence and withdraw.<ref name=":2" /> Individuals also reported that voluntary sterilization (for both males and females) was most common among Germany, Spain, and Denmark.<ref name=":2" />
Although Europe is relatively widely acceptant of contraception, some countries within Europe have differing views on contraceptive accessibility, education, and usage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Spinelli |first=A. |last2=Talamanca |first2=I. F. |last3=Lauria |first3=L. |date=2000-09 |title=Patterns of contraceptive use in 5 European countries. European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10983197 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=1403–1408 |doi=10.2105/ajph.90.9.1403 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1447615 |pmid=10983197}}</ref> A study conducted by the International Health Foundation polled 6630 women from European countries including Germany, Poland, Denmark, and Italy which had shown that there was a relatively variable use of contraception from country to country.<ref name=":2" /> When reviewing what types of contraception were most common in each country, it was shown that IUDs (intrauterine devices) and oral contraceptives were most commonly used in Denmark, Germany, and Northern Italy.<ref name=":2" /> Poland more commonly adopts more traditional contraceptive techniques such as periodic abstinence and withdraw.<ref name=":2" /> Individuals also reported that voluntary sterilization (for both males and females) was most common among Germany, Spain, and Denmark.<ref name=":2" />


Another study done about natural family planning showed that only about 47% of married couples have used some for of contraception in Western Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unseld |first=Matthias |last2=Rötzer |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Weigl |first3=Roman |last4=Masel |first4=Eva K. |last5=Manhart |first5=Michael D. |date=2017 |title=Use of Natural Family Planning (NFP) and Its Effect on Couple Relationships and Sexual Satisfaction: A Multi-Country Survey of NFP Users from US and Europe |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349048 |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=5 |pages=42 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2017.00042 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=5346544 |pmid=28349048}}</ref> Some barriers to access to contraceptives include inadequate sexuality education, nonoptimal family planning resources, and high cost as not all Western European countries cover contraceptives under their health insurance plans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Access to Contraceptives in the European Union |url=https://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/crr_eu_contraception_factsheet_v2.pdf |website=Center For Reproductive Rights}}</ref> Each country in Europe addresses accessibility to contraceptives differently.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dereuddre |first=Rozemarijn |last2=Van de Putte |first2=Bart |last3=Bracke |first3=Piet |date=October 2016 |title=Ready, Willing, and Able: Contraceptive Use Patterns Across Europe |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30976222 |journal=European Journal of Population = Revue Europeenne De Demographie |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=543–573 |doi=10.1007/s10680-016-9378-0 |issn=1572-9885 |pmc=6241009 |pmid=30976222}}</ref> Germany requires a prescription for many of their contraceptives including IUD's and birth control.<ref name=":0" /> Germany has mandatory health insurance for woman under the age of 18, and these contraceptives are typically covered by that insurance, and they only need to pay a 10% copay.<ref name=":0" /> In Romania, citizens are able to obtain contraceptives for free and citizens are required to contribute to a healthcare fund.<ref name=":0" /> This healthcare fund allows individuals access to things like family planning consultations, subsidized contraceptives, as well as social benefits.<ref name=":0" /> In Spain, condoms are widely available free of charge, and emergency contraception is required to be dispensed by law without a prescription or age limitations.<ref name=":0" /> In the UK, individuals are able to receive hormonal contraception for free if they have a prescription.<ref name=":0" /> Their goal is to reduce unplanned pregnancies, decrease abortion rates, and lower STD transmission.<ref name=":0" /> For most European countries, contraception seems to be mostly widely available and quite accessible to the typical individual.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Access to Contraceptives in the European Union |url=https://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/crr_eu_contraception_factsheet_v2.pdf |website=Center For Reproductive Rights}}</ref>
Another study done about natural family planning showed that only about 47% of married couples have used some for of contraception in Western Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unseld |first=Matthias |last2=Rötzer |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Weigl |first3=Roman |last4=Masel |first4=Eva K. |last5=Manhart |first5=Michael D. |date=2017 |title=Use of Natural Family Planning (NFP) and Its Effect on Couple Relationships and Sexual Satisfaction: A Multi-Country Survey of NFP Users from US and Europe |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349048 |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=5 |pages=42 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2017.00042 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=5346544 |pmid=28349048}}</ref> Some barriers to access to contraceptives include inadequate sexuality education, nonoptimal family planning resources, and high cost as not all Western European countries cover contraceptives under their health insurance plans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Access to Contraceptives in the European Union |url=https://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/crr_eu_contraception_factsheet_v2.pdf |website=Center For Reproductive Rights}}</ref> Each country in Europe addresses accessibility to contraceptives differently.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dereuddre |first=Rozemarijn |last2=Van de Putte |first2=Bart |last3=Bracke |first3=Piet |date=October 2016 |title=Ready, Willing, and Able: Contraceptive Use Patterns Across Europe |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30976222 |journal=European Journal of Population = Revue Europeenne De Demographie |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=543–573 |doi=10.1007/s10680-016-9378-0 |issn=1572-9885 |pmc=6241009 |pmid=30976222}}</ref>
In Germany, various laws including the 1968 United Nations International Conference of Human Rights has made many things such as family planning services and access to contraception a human right.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Inci |first=Melisa Guelhan |last2=Kutschke |first2=Nadja |last3=Nasser |first3=Sara |last4=Alavi |first4=Sara |last5=Abels |first5=Ingar |last6=Kurmeyer |first6=Christine |last7=Sehouli |first7=Jalid |date=2020-07-29 |title=Unmet family planning needs among female refugees and asylum seekers in Germany - is free access to family planning services enough? Results of a cross-sectional study |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32727500 |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=115 |doi=10.1186/s12978-020-00962-3 |issn=1742-4755 |pmc=7389815 |pmid=32727500}}</ref> Germany requires a prescription for many of their contraceptives including IUD's and birth control.<ref name=":0" /> They have mandatory health insurance for woman under the age of 18, and these contraceptives are typically covered by that insurance (they typically only need to pay a 10% copay).<ref name=":0" /> In Romania, citizens are able to obtain contraceptives for free and citizens are required to contribute to a healthcare fund.<ref name=":0" /> This healthcare fund allows individuals access to things like family planning consultations, subsidized contraceptives, as well as social benefits.<ref name=":0" /> In Spain, condoms are widely available free of charge, and emergency contraception is required to be dispensed by law without a prescription or age limitations.<ref name=":0" /> In the UK, individuals are able to receive hormonal contraception for free if they have a prescription.<ref name=":0" /> Their goal is to reduce unplanned pregnancies, decrease abortion rates, and lower STD transmission.<ref name=":0" /> For most European countries, contraception seems to be mostly widely available and quite accessible to the typical individual.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Access to Contraceptives in the European Union |url=https://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/crr_eu_contraception_factsheet_v2.pdf |website=Center For Reproductive Rights}}</ref>


=== Asia ===
=== Asia ===

Revision as of 21:24, 28 July 2022

Contraceptive security (CS) is an individual's ability to reliably choose, obtain, and use quality contraceptives for family planning and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.[1] The term refers primarily to efforts undertaken in low and middle-income countries to ensure contraceptive availability as an integral part of family planning programs.[2] Even though there is a consistent increase in the use of contraceptives in low, middle, and high-income countries, the actual contraceptive use varies in different regions of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes the importance of contraception and describes all choices regarding family planning as human rights.[3] Subsidized products, particularly condoms and oral contraceptives, may be provided to increase accessibility for low-income people. Measures taken to provide contraceptive security may include strengthening contraceptive supply chains, forming CS committees,[4] product quality assurance, promoting supportive policy environments, and examining financing options.[5]

History

Contraception has been an active practice that dates back to ancient Egypt.[6] It has played an important role in history and over time lead to the development of organizations that provide contraceptive methods to the general public. In the 1970's, numerous organizations, including governmental and nongovernmental, were formulated to help more individuals obtain family planning methods and services.[7] Over the year this lead to the development of non-government organizations such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), Marie Stopes International, Population Services International (PSI) and Women Deliver as well as bilateral organizations such as Danish International Development Agency (DIDA), UK Department for International Development (DFID and the US Agency for International Development (USAID).[8] These organizations work to provide contraceptive security in numerous countries via donations, tools, policies and frameworks.


During the early 1960s, there were available resources for individuals to gain access to contraception. Access to contraception was only further strengthened by the passage of Title X of the Public Health Service Act in 1970 which aimed to helped further establish contraceptive security in the United States.[9]

A framework and tool, the Strategic Pathway to Reproductive Health Commodity Security (SPARHCS),[10] was developed in 2004 by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and partners to help countries identify and prioritize reproductive health commodity security issues, assess current capacity for reproductive health commodity security among country or regional programs, systems and policies; and shape reproductive health commodity security strategic plans.[11] Additionally, international committees were developed to further research and provide effective contraceptive methods to individuals top help improve reproductive health on a global level.[12]

Importance

Contraceptives can prevent unintended pregnancies in individuals with uteruses, as well as protect individuals from contracting sexually transmitted infections and/or diseases (STIs/STDs).[13] A person's access to contraception is critical for ensuring their optimal health and achieving their reproductive goals as it allows individuals to have control over their body and freedom to decide when to become a parent. It also gives couples the ability to chose how many children to raise and the spacing between each child. [14] Moreover, contraceptive security can improve the socioeconomic conditions for individuals and their families, and advances their right to education and/or career.[15] According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs' Population Division in 2019, roughly 58% of 1.9 billion reproductive-age women (15–49 years) globally needed contraceptive methods; of these, roughly 17% of women have an unmet need for family planning.[16]

Contraceptive security relies on various governmental policies and programs to provide affordable, high-quality contraceptive products for individuals to choose, obtain, and use at their discretion.[14] Strengthening contraceptive security requires routine monitoring of donor and government commitment, policies, stakeholder coordination, and supply chain information. Tools including the CS Indicators[17] and the CS Index offer ways of measuring contraceptive security, and allow comparisons over time and across countries.[18]

Accessibility

North America

Access to healthcare is one barrier to contraceptives in North America.[19] Access to healthcare includes cost, health and prescription insurance, having a healthcare provider, and being able to access a family planning clinic or facility, all of which vary among the countries in North America.[19] Many forms of contraceptives require some form of interaction with a healthcare provider, such as a doctor or pharmacist, as they require a procedure or a prescription. Condoms are the most commonly used form of contraceptives since they are available over-the-counter and do not require a prescription.[19] In the study, participants also stated they were less likely to access healthcare and reproductive services due to the fear of perceived stigma, including the stigma around being an immigrant or being a sex worker.[19] Another important barrier to other forms of contraceptives is the limited education individuals have. Sex workers, for example, stated they learned about their contraception options from other sex workers or from healthcare providers after they had gotten pregnant.[19]

In the United States, several contextual factors are create barriers for contraceptive accessibility. These factors include, but are not limited to, race, sexuality, socioeconomic status, and gender identity.[20]

Africa

Europe

Although Europe is relatively widely acceptant of contraception, some countries within Europe have differing views on contraceptive accessibility, education, and usage.[21] A study conducted by the International Health Foundation polled 6630 women from European countries including Germany, Poland, Denmark, and Italy which had shown that there was a relatively variable use of contraception from country to country.[21] When reviewing what types of contraception were most common in each country, it was shown that IUDs (intrauterine devices) and oral contraceptives were most commonly used in Denmark, Germany, and Northern Italy.[21] Poland more commonly adopts more traditional contraceptive techniques such as periodic abstinence and withdraw.[21] Individuals also reported that voluntary sterilization (for both males and females) was most common among Germany, Spain, and Denmark.[21]

Another study done about natural family planning showed that only about 47% of married couples have used some for of contraception in Western Europe.[22] Some barriers to access to contraceptives include inadequate sexuality education, nonoptimal family planning resources, and high cost as not all Western European countries cover contraceptives under their health insurance plans.[23] Each country in Europe addresses accessibility to contraceptives differently.[24]

In Germany, various laws including the 1968 United Nations International Conference of Human Rights has made many things such as family planning services and access to contraception a human right.[25] Germany requires a prescription for many of their contraceptives including IUD's and birth control.[14] They have mandatory health insurance for woman under the age of 18, and these contraceptives are typically covered by that insurance (they typically only need to pay a 10% copay).[14] In Romania, citizens are able to obtain contraceptives for free and citizens are required to contribute to a healthcare fund.[14] This healthcare fund allows individuals access to things like family planning consultations, subsidized contraceptives, as well as social benefits.[14] In Spain, condoms are widely available free of charge, and emergency contraception is required to be dispensed by law without a prescription or age limitations.[14] In the UK, individuals are able to receive hormonal contraception for free if they have a prescription.[14] Their goal is to reduce unplanned pregnancies, decrease abortion rates, and lower STD transmission.[14] For most European countries, contraception seems to be mostly widely available and quite accessible to the typical individual.[14]

Asia

See also

References

  1. ^ Wickstrom, Jane (December 2011). "Contraceptive Security: Incomplete Without Long-Acting and Permanent Methods of Family Planning". Retrieved 25 July 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ Chandani, Yasmin; Breton, Gerry (December 2001). "Contraceptive security, information flow, and local adaptations: Family planning Morocco". African Health Sciences. 1 (2): 73–82. ISSN 1680-6905. PMC 2141549. PMID 12789120.
  3. ^ Festin, Mario Philip R. (2020). "Overview of modern contraception". Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 66: 4–14. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.004.
  4. ^ "CS Committee Toolkit". Archived from the original on 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  5. ^ "Financing". Archived from the original on 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  6. ^ "History of birth control", Wikipedia, 2022-06-29, retrieved 2022-07-26
  7. ^ Wickstrom, Jane; Jacobstein, Roy (2011). "Contraceptive Security: Incomplete Without Long-Acting and Permanent Methods of Family Planning". Studies in Family Planning. 42 (4): 291–298. ISSN 0039-3665.
  8. ^ "Worldwide Support for Family Planning – Global Health Progress". Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  9. ^ Smith, Candis Watts; Kreitzer, Rebecca J.; Kane, Kellen A.; Saunders, Tracee M. (2022-02-03). "Contraception Deserts: The Effects of Title X Rule Changes on Access to Reproductive Health Care Resources". Politics & Gender: 1–36. doi:10.1017/s1743923x2100009x. ISSN 1743-923X.
  10. ^ Hare, L; Hart, C; Scribner, S; Shepherd, C; Pandit, T; Bornbusch, A (2004). "SPARHCS: Strategic Pathway to Reproductive Health Commodity Security. A Tool for Assessment, Planning, and Implementation" (PDF). Global Health Learning Center. Baltimore, MD: Information and Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project, Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. p. 57.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ "FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH". www.usaid.gov. 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Sitruk-Ware, Regine; Nath, Anita; Mishell, Daniel R. (March 2013). "CONTRACEPTION TECHNOLOGY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE". Contraception. 87 (3): 319–330. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.002. ISSN 0010-7824. PMC 3530627. PMID 22995540.
  13. ^ "Contraception | Reproductive Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Contraceptive Security: A Toolkit for Policy Audiences". PRB. 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ World family planning 2020 highlights : accelerating action to ensure universal access to family planning (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York. 2020. ISBN 978-92-1-148348-2. OCLC 1302357570.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ^ Family planning and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development : data booklet (PDF). United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. [New York]. 2019. ISBN 978-92-1-148323-9. OCLC 1124857261.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  17. ^ "How Contraceptive Security Indicators Can Be Used to Improve Family Planning Programs" (PDF). USaid.gov. 2011. p. 4 – via U.S. Agency for International Development.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ "Contraceptive Security Index User's Guide" (PDF). USAID. Arlington, VA. 2006. p. 12 – via DELIVER for the U.S. Agency for International Development.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ a b c d e Zemlak, Jessica L.; Bryant, Anna P.; Jeffers, Noelene K. (2020). "Systematic Review of Contraceptive Use Among Sex Workers in North America". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 49: 537–548. doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2020.08.002. ISSN 0884-2175. PMID 32931732.
  20. ^ Holt, Kelsey; Reed, Reiley; Crear-Perry, Joia; Scott, Cherisse; Wulf, Sarah; Dehlendorf, Christine (2020). "Beyond same-day long-acting reversible contraceptive access: a person-centered framework for advancing high-quality, equitable contraceptive care". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 222: S878.e1–S878.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.11.1279. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 31809706.
  21. ^ a b c d e Spinelli, A.; Talamanca, I. F.; Lauria, L. (2000-09). "Patterns of contraceptive use in 5 European countries. European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity". American Journal of Public Health. 90 (9): 1403–1408. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.9.1403. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1447615. PMID 10983197. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Unseld, Matthias; Rötzer, Elisabeth; Weigl, Roman; Masel, Eva K.; Manhart, Michael D. (2017). "Use of Natural Family Planning (NFP) and Its Effect on Couple Relationships and Sexual Satisfaction: A Multi-Country Survey of NFP Users from US and Europe". Frontiers in Public Health. 5: 42. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00042. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 5346544. PMID 28349048.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ "Access to Contraceptives in the European Union" (PDF). Center For Reproductive Rights. 2012.
  24. ^ Dereuddre, Rozemarijn; Van de Putte, Bart; Bracke, Piet (October 2016). "Ready, Willing, and Able: Contraceptive Use Patterns Across Europe". European Journal of Population = Revue Europeenne De Demographie. 32 (4): 543–573. doi:10.1007/s10680-016-9378-0. ISSN 1572-9885. PMC 6241009. PMID 30976222.
  25. ^ Inci, Melisa Guelhan; Kutschke, Nadja; Nasser, Sara; Alavi, Sara; Abels, Ingar; Kurmeyer, Christine; Sehouli, Jalid (2020-07-29). "Unmet family planning needs among female refugees and asylum seekers in Germany - is free access to family planning services enough? Results of a cross-sectional study". Reproductive Health. 17 (1): 115. doi:10.1186/s12978-020-00962-3. ISSN 1742-4755. PMC 7389815. PMID 32727500.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

External links

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