Chironomoidea: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Superfamily of flies}} |
{{Short description|Superfamily of flies}} |
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The '''Chironomoidea''' are a [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] within the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Fly|Diptera]], [[suborder]] [[Nematocera]], [[infraorder]] [[Culicomorpha]]. |
The '''Chironomoidea''' are a [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] within the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Fly|Diptera]], [[suborder]] [[Nematocera]], [[infraorder]] [[Culicomorpha]]. This superfamily contains the [[family (biology)|families]] [[Chironomidae]], [[Ceratopogonidae]], [[Simuliidae]], and [[Thaumaleidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeates |first=D. K. |last2=Wiegmann |first2=B. M. |date=1999 |title=CONGRUENCE AND CONTROVERSY: Toward a Higher-Level Phylogeny of Diptera |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.397 |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=397–428 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.397 |issn=0066-4170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chironomoidea |url=https://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Chironomoidea.htm |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.bioimages.org.uk}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
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Chironomoidea have four life stages: the egg, the worm-like larva, the pupa and the winged adult.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=biting midges, no-see-ums, Culicoides spp. |url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/biting_midges.htm |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Identification and Ecology of Australian Freshwater Invertebrates |url=https://www.mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/display.asp?type=5&class=17&subclass=&Order=7&family=252&couplet=0 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.mdfrc.org.au}}</ref> |
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*Hennig, W. 1981. ''Insect Phylogeny''. New York: Wiley. |
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*Yeates, D.K. and B.M. Wiegmann. 1999. Congruence and controversy: toward a higher-level phylogeny of Diptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 44: 397-428. |
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== Ecology == |
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Chironomoidea show a range of habitats and diets. Using the family Chironomidae as an example, larvae occur most commonly in aquatic vegetation and [[Benthic zone|benthic]] debris, but also in sand covered in fine organic material, pools on granite outcrops, wood [[Snag (ecology)|snags]], muddy lake beds and hygropetric seepages. Pupae may occur near the surface of water, in submerged substrata or amongst benthic debris. Larvae may feed on deposits of organic [[detritus]] (gathering collectors), filter [[Diatom|diatoms]] and fine particles of detritus from the water column (filtering collectors), chew or bore into live or dead plant matter (shredders), scrape algae, bacteria and diatoms from surfaces (scrapers) or prey on other invertebrates (predators).<ref name=":1" /> |
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{{Wikispecies}} |
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Adults generally feed on sugar-rich substances such as [[nectar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burtt |first=E. T. |last2=Perry |first2=R. J. O. |last3=McLachlan |first3=A. J. |date=1986 |title=Feeding and sexual dimorphism in adult midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1986.tb01188.x |journal=Ecography |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=27–32 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.1986.tb01188.x |issn=0906-7590}}</ref> Adult females of the families Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae also feed on blood and can transmit diseases.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Adler |first=Peter H. |title=Blackflies (Simuliidae) |date=2022 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128187319000069 |work=Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity |pages=874–885 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00006-9 |isbn=978-0-323-90303-5 |access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> |
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== Phylogeny == |
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The phylogeny of the Chironomoidea is disputed. Analyses of the male genital tract<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinclair |first=Bradley J. |last2=Borkent |first2=Art |last3=Wood |first3=D. Monty |date=2007 |title=The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00314.x |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=711–742 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00314.x |issn=1096-3642}}</ref>, [[ribosomal RNA]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pawlowski |first=Jan |last2=Szadziewski |first2=Ryszard |last3=Kmieciak |first3=Dariusz |last4=Fahrni |first4=José |last5=Bittar |first5=Gabriel |date=1996 |title=Phylogeny of the infraorder Culicomorpha (Diptera: Nematocera) based on 28S RNA gene sequences |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-5.x |journal=Systematic Entomology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=167–178 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-5.x}}</ref> and [[transcriptome]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan Kutty |first=Sujatha |last2=Wong |first2=Wing Hing |last3=Meusemann |first3=Karen |last4=Meier |first4=Rudolf |last5=Cranston |first5=Peter S. |date=2018 |title=A phylogenomic analysis of Culicomorpha (Diptera) resolves the relationships among the eight constituent families: Phylogenomic analysis of Culicomorpha |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12285 |journal=Systematic Entomology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=434–446 |doi=10.1111/syen.12285}}</ref> have showed that the superfamily is not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]]. |
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== Evolution == |
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A fossil chironomoid larva of the genus ''Anisinodus'' (family unknown) indicates that the superfamily existed during the early [[Middle Triassic]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lukashevich |first=Elena D. |last2=Przhiboro |first2=Andrey A. |last3=Marchal-Papier |first3=Francine |last4=Grauvogel-Stamm |first4=Lea |date=2010 |title=The oldest occurrence of immature Diptera (Insecta), Middle Triassic, France |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00379271.2010.10697636 |journal=Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1-2 |pages=4–22 |doi=10.1080/00379271.2010.10697636 |issn=0037-9271}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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<references /> |
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[[Category:Chironomoidea| ]] |
[[Category:Chironomoidea| ]] |
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[[Category:Diptera superfamilies]] |
[[Category:Diptera superfamilies]] |
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Revision as of 02:05, 15 August 2022
| Chironomoidea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male Chironomus plumosus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Suborder: | Nematocera |
| Infraorder: | Culicomorpha |
| Superfamily: | Chironomoidea |
| Families | |
The Chironomoidea are a superfamily within the order Diptera, suborder Nematocera, infraorder Culicomorpha. This superfamily contains the families Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae.[1][2]
Description
Chironomoidea have four life stages: the egg, the worm-like larva, the pupa and the winged adult.[3][4]
Ecology
Chironomoidea show a range of habitats and diets. Using the family Chironomidae as an example, larvae occur most commonly in aquatic vegetation and benthic debris, but also in sand covered in fine organic material, pools on granite outcrops, wood snags, muddy lake beds and hygropetric seepages. Pupae may occur near the surface of water, in submerged substrata or amongst benthic debris. Larvae may feed on deposits of organic detritus (gathering collectors), filter diatoms and fine particles of detritus from the water column (filtering collectors), chew or bore into live or dead plant matter (shredders), scrape algae, bacteria and diatoms from surfaces (scrapers) or prey on other invertebrates (predators).[4]
Adults generally feed on sugar-rich substances such as nectar.[3][5] Adult females of the families Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae also feed on blood and can transmit diseases.[3][6]
Phylogeny
The phylogeny of the Chironomoidea is disputed. Analyses of the male genital tract[7], ribosomal RNA[8] and transcriptome[9] have showed that the superfamily is not monophyletic.
Evolution
A fossil chironomoid larva of the genus Anisinodus (family unknown) indicates that the superfamily existed during the early Middle Triassic.[10]
References
- ^ Yeates, D. K.; Wiegmann, B. M. (1999). "CONGRUENCE AND CONTROVERSY: Toward a Higher-Level Phylogeny of Diptera". Annual Review of Entomology. 44 (1): 397–428. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.397. ISSN 0066-4170.
- ^ "Chironomoidea". www.bioimages.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
- ^ a b c "biting midges, no-see-ums, Culicoides spp". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
- ^ a b "Identification and Ecology of Australian Freshwater Invertebrates". www.mdfrc.org.au. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
- ^ Burtt, E. T.; Perry, R. J. O.; McLachlan, A. J. (1986). "Feeding and sexual dimorphism in adult midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)". Ecography. 9 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1986.tb01188.x. ISSN 0906-7590.
- ^ Adler, Peter H. (2022), "Blackflies (Simuliidae)", Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity, Elsevier, pp. 874–885, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00006-9, ISBN 978-0-323-90303-5, retrieved 2022-08-15
- ^ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Borkent, Art; Wood, D. Monty (2007). "The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 150 (4): 711–742. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00314.x. ISSN 1096-3642.
- ^ Pawlowski, Jan; Szadziewski, Ryszard; Kmieciak, Dariusz; Fahrni, José; Bittar, Gabriel (1996). "Phylogeny of the infraorder Culicomorpha (Diptera: Nematocera) based on 28S RNA gene sequences". Systematic Entomology. 21 (2): 167–178. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-5.x.
- ^ Narayanan Kutty, Sujatha; Wong, Wing Hing; Meusemann, Karen; Meier, Rudolf; Cranston, Peter S. (2018). "A phylogenomic analysis of Culicomorpha (Diptera) resolves the relationships among the eight constituent families: Phylogenomic analysis of Culicomorpha". Systematic Entomology. 43 (3): 434–446. doi:10.1111/syen.12285.
- ^ Lukashevich, Elena D.; Przhiboro, Andrey A.; Marchal-Papier, Francine; Grauvogel-Stamm, Lea (2010). "The oldest occurrence of immature Diptera (Insecta), Middle Triassic, France". Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.). 46 (1–2): 4–22. doi:10.1080/00379271.2010.10697636. ISSN 0037-9271.