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| image2 = Brachypsectra larvae (cropped).jpg
| image2_caption = Larva of ''Brachypsectra'' in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views
| authority = [[John Lawrence LeConte|LeConte]] and [[George Henry Horn|Horn]], 1883
| authority = [[John Lawrence LeConte|LeConte]] and [[George Henry Horn|Horn]], 1883
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The '''Brachypsectridae''' are a family of beetles commonly known as the '''Texas beetles'''.<ref>Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1962. The beetles of the United States. A manual for identification. Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C. xi + 1055 pp. Brachypsectridae: p. 529-530; fig. 1.521.</ref> There are only two extant [[genus|genera]], ''[[Brachypsectra]]'' and ''[[Asiopsectra]].'' The [[type species]], ''[[Brachypsectra fulva]]'' (LeConte, 1874), occurs in North America. Other species in the genus have a cosmopolitan distribution. Two other [[extant taxon|extant]] and [[fossil]] species have been described from the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref>Costa, C.; Vanin, S.A.; Lawrence, J.F.; Ide, S.; Branham, M.A. 2006. Review of the family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99: 409-432.</ref> While formerly considered monogeneric, in 2016 ''Asiopsectra'' was described from specimens found in Iran and Tajikistan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kovalev|first=Alexey V.|last2=Kirejtshuk|first2=Alexander G.|date=2016-06-16|title=Asiopsectra gen. n., a second genus of the family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera, Elateroidea) from the Palaearctic Region|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ise/47/3/article-p195_1.xml|journal=Insect Systematics & Evolution|volume=47|issue=3|pages=195–208|doi=10.1163/1876312X-47022140|issn=1399-560X}}</ref> Two extinct genera, ''[[Vetubrachypsectra]]'' and ''[[Hongipsectra]]'', known from adults, and a larval genus, ''[[Cretopsectra]]'' are known from [[Cenomanian]] aged [[Burmese amber]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qu|first=Tianquan|last2=Yin|first2=Ziwei|last3=Huang|first3=Diying|last4=Cai|first4=Chenyang|date=February 2020|title=First Mesozoic brachypsectrid beetles in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Brachypsectridae)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667119301454|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=106|pages=104190|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.07.020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Xianye|last2=Zhao|first2=Xiangdong|last3=Jarzembowski|first3=Edmund|last4=Tian|first4=Yuan|last5=Chen|first5=Lei|date=September 2020|title=The first record of brachypsectrid larva from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Polyphaga)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667120301798|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=113|pages=104493|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104493}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tihelka|first=Erik|last2=Huang|first2=Diying|last3=Cai|first3=Chenyang|date=2019-10-31|title=Diverse Texas beetles (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Brachypsectridae) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: sexual dimorphism and palaeoecology|url=https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/article/view/palaeoentomology.2.5.16|journal=Palaeoentomology|volume=2|issue=5|pages=523–531|doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.16|issn=2624-2834}}</ref>
The '''Brachypsectridae''' are a family of beetles commonly known as the '''Texas beetles'''.<ref>Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1962. The beetles of the United States. A manual for identification. Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C. xi + 1055 pp. Brachypsectridae: p. 529-530; fig. 1.521.</ref> There are only two extant [[genus|genera]], ''[[Brachypsectra]]'' and ''[[Asiopsectra]].'' The [[type species]], ''[[Brachypsectra fulva]]'' (LeConte, 1874), occurs in North America. Other species in the genus have a cosmopolitan distribution, mostly in arid regions.<ref>Costa, C.; Vanin, S.A.; Lawrence, J.F.; Ide, S.; Branham, M.A. 2006. Review of the family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99: 409-432.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=John F. |last2=Monteith |first2=Geoffrey B. |last3=Reid |first3=Chris A.M. |date=2020-02-28 |title=A new Brachypsectra LeConte from Australia (Coleoptera: Brachypsectridae) with comparative notes on adults and larvae |url=http://www.revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/160511 |journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia |doi=10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.special-issue.02 |issn=1807-0205}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
{{Multiple image
The family is somewhat enigmatic since the discovery and description of the first species, ''Brachypsectra fulva''. This was originally included in the family [[Dascillidae]], but was later placed in the new family Brachypsectridae by Horn (1881).<ref name=BG>[http://bugguide.net/node/view/114822 BugGuide]</ref>
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<!--image 1-->| image1 = Brachypsectra cleidecostae adult female (cropped).jpg
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| caption1 = Adult female of ''Brachypsectra cleidecostae'' in various views
<!--image 2-->| image2 = Brachypsectra adult male.jpg
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| caption2 = Males of ''Brachypsectra kadleci'' (top) and ''B. jaechi'' (bottom left) as well as females of an indeterminate species (bottom right)
}}
The family is somewhat enigmatic since the discovery and description of the first species, ''Brachypsectra fulva''. This was originally included in the family [[Dascillidae]], but was later placed in the new family Brachypsectridae by Horn (1881).<ref name=BG>[http://bugguide.net/node/view/114822 BugGuide]</ref> While formerly considered monogeneric, in 2016 a new genus ''[[Asiopsectra]]'' was described from specimens found in Iran and Tajikistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kovalev |first=Alexey V. |last2=Kirejtshuk |first2=Alexander G. |date=2016-06-16 |title=Asiopsectra gen. n., a second genus of the family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera, Elateroidea) from the Palaearctic Region |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ise/47/3/article-p195_1.xml |journal=Insect Systematics & Evolution |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=195–208 |doi=10.1163/1876312X-47022140 |issn=1399-560X}}</ref> Two extinct genera, ''[[Vetubrachypsectra]]'' and ''[[Hongipsectra]]'', known from adults, and a larval genus, ''[[Cretopsectra]]'' are known from mid [[Cretaceous]] (latest Albian-earliest [[Cenomanian]] ~ 100 million years ago) [[Burmese amber]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qu |first=Tianquan |last2=Yin |first2=Ziwei |last3=Huang |first3=Diying |last4=Cai |first4=Chenyang |date=February 2020 |title=First Mesozoic brachypsectrid beetles in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Brachypsectridae) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667119301454 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=106 |pages=104190 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.07.020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Xianye |last2=Zhao |first2=Xiangdong |last3=Jarzembowski |first3=Edmund |last4=Tian |first4=Yuan |last5=Chen |first5=Lei |date=September 2020 |title=The first record of brachypsectrid larva from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Polyphaga) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667120301798 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=113 |pages=104493 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104493}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tihelka |first=Erik |last2=Huang |first2=Diying |last3=Cai |first3=Chenyang |date=2019-10-31 |title=Diverse Texas beetles (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Brachypsectridae) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: sexual dimorphism and palaeoecology |url=https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/article/view/palaeoentomology.2.5.16 |journal=Palaeoentomology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=523–531 |doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.16 |issn=2624-2834}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
Members of this family are small (4–8&nbsp;mm), flattened, relatively soft-bodied, brown or yellow beetles with large eyes. The [[Elytron|elytra]] are indistinctly striated and the [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] form a club.<ref name=Review>[http://www.branhamlab.com/pdf/BrachypsectridaePaperFinal.pdf Review of the Family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Members of this family are small (4–8&nbsp;mm), flattened, relatively soft-bodied, brown or yellow beetles with large eyes. The [[Elytron|elytra]] are indistinctly striated and the [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] form a club.<ref name=Review>[http://www.branhamlab.com/pdf/BrachypsectridaePaperFinal.pdf Review of the Family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


The larvae are distinctive being described by [[Gordon Floyd Ferris]] in 1927 and Blair in 1930 as being "entomological enigmas". They were not associated with the adult beetles until 25 years after their discovery by Barber in 1905. They are ovate and flattened and have moderately long, lateral lobes lined with elongated feathery lobules on all the thoracic segments and the first eight abdominal segments. The head and the posterior abdominal segments are relatively small and dark-coloured.<ref name=Review/>
The larvae are distinctive being described by [[Gordon Floyd Ferris]] in 1927 and Blair in 1930 as being "entomological enigmas". They were not associated with the adult beetles until 25 years after their discovery by Barber in 1905. They are ovate and flattened and have moderately long, lateral lobes lined with elongated feathery lobules on all the thoracic segments and the first eight abdominal segments. The head and the posterior abdominal segments are relatively small and dark-coloured.<ref name=Review/> The larvae are ambush predators that use their bodies to pin invertebrate prey, which it then feeds on using its sucking mandibles. Larval specimens of the Australian species have been found in leaf litter and under bark. The larvae pupate inside a silken coccoon which they construct, with pupation lasting around six weeks. The adults of ''Brachypsectra'' appear to be short-lived relative to the larvae.<ref name=":0" />


==Species==
==Species==

Revision as of 23:37, 3 October 2022

Brachypsectridae
Temporal range: Cenomanian–Recent
Larva of Brachypsectra in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Elateriformia
Superfamily: Elateroidea
Family: Brachypsectridae
LeConte and Horn, 1883
Genera

Brachypsectra

The Brachypsectridae are a family of beetles commonly known as the Texas beetles.[1] There are only two extant genera, Brachypsectra and Asiopsectra. The type species, Brachypsectra fulva (LeConte, 1874), occurs in North America. Other species in the genus have a cosmopolitan distribution, mostly in arid regions.[2][3]

Taxonomy

Adult female of Brachypsectra cleidecostae in various views
Males of Brachypsectra kadleci (top) and B. jaechi (bottom left) as well as females of an indeterminate species (bottom right)

The family is somewhat enigmatic since the discovery and description of the first species, Brachypsectra fulva. This was originally included in the family Dascillidae, but was later placed in the new family Brachypsectridae by Horn (1881).[4] While formerly considered monogeneric, in 2016 a new genus Asiopsectra was described from specimens found in Iran and Tajikistan.[5] Two extinct genera, Vetubrachypsectra and Hongipsectra, known from adults, and a larval genus, Cretopsectra are known from mid Cretaceous (latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian ~ 100 million years ago) Burmese amber.[6][7][8]

Description

Members of this family are small (4–8 mm), flattened, relatively soft-bodied, brown or yellow beetles with large eyes. The elytra are indistinctly striated and the antennae form a club.[9]

The larvae are distinctive being described by Gordon Floyd Ferris in 1927 and Blair in 1930 as being "entomological enigmas". They were not associated with the adult beetles until 25 years after their discovery by Barber in 1905. They are ovate and flattened and have moderately long, lateral lobes lined with elongated feathery lobules on all the thoracic segments and the first eight abdominal segments. The head and the posterior abdominal segments are relatively small and dark-coloured.[9] The larvae are ambush predators that use their bodies to pin invertebrate prey, which it then feeds on using its sucking mandibles. Larval specimens of the Australian species have been found in leaf litter and under bark. The larvae pupate inside a silken coccoon which they construct, with pupation lasting around six weeks. The adults of Brachypsectra appear to be short-lived relative to the larvae.[3]

Species

References

  1. ^ Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1962. The beetles of the United States. A manual for identification. Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C. xi + 1055 pp. Brachypsectridae: p. 529-530; fig. 1.521.
  2. ^ Costa, C.; Vanin, S.A.; Lawrence, J.F.; Ide, S.; Branham, M.A. 2006. Review of the family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99: 409-432.
  3. ^ a b Lawrence, John F.; Monteith, Geoffrey B.; Reid, Chris A.M. (2020-02-28). "A new Brachypsectra LeConte from Australia (Coleoptera: Brachypsectridae) with comparative notes on adults and larvae". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.special-issue.02. ISSN 1807-0205.
  4. ^ BugGuide
  5. ^ Kovalev, Alexey V.; Kirejtshuk, Alexander G. (2016-06-16). "Asiopsectra gen. n., a second genus of the family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera, Elateroidea) from the Palaearctic Region". Insect Systematics & Evolution. 47 (3): 195–208. doi:10.1163/1876312X-47022140. ISSN 1399-560X.
  6. ^ Qu, Tianquan; Yin, Ziwei; Huang, Diying; Cai, Chenyang (February 2020). "First Mesozoic brachypsectrid beetles in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Brachypsectridae)". Cretaceous Research. 106: 104190. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.07.020.
  7. ^ Zhao, Xianye; Zhao, Xiangdong; Jarzembowski, Edmund; Tian, Yuan; Chen, Lei (September 2020). "The first record of brachypsectrid larva from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Polyphaga)". Cretaceous Research. 113: 104493. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104493.
  8. ^ Tihelka, Erik; Huang, Diying; Cai, Chenyang (2019-10-31). "Diverse Texas beetles (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Brachypsectridae) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: sexual dimorphism and palaeoecology". Palaeoentomology. 2 (5): 523–531. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.16. ISSN 2624-2834.
  9. ^ a b c Review of the Family Brachypsectridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)[permanent dead link]
  • [1] Tree of Life
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