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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Chimila
|name=Chimila
|nativename=
|nativename=Ette taara
|states=[[Colombia]]
|states=[[Colombia]]
|region=
|region=
Line 18: Line 18:
}}
}}


'''Chimila''' (Shimizya) is a [[Chibchan language]] of Colombia, spoken by the [[Chimila people]]. At one time Chimila was grouped with the [[Malibu languages]],<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book
'''Chimila''' (Shimizya), also known as '''Ette Taara''',<ref name=alet20>{{cite journal|title=La aproximación del léxico ette taara en el ciclo Moonate de la Institución Etnoeducativa Departamental Ette Ennaka|first=Sindy Paola|last=Narváez Escobar|year=2020|journal=Lingüística y Literatura|volume=41|issue=78|pages=352–383|doi=10.17533/udea.lyl.n78a14|language=es|url=https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/lyl/article/view/343887/20803802}}</ref> is a [[Chibchan language]] of Colombia, spoken by the [[Chimila people]]. At one time Chimila was grouped with the [[Malibu languages]],<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book
| last = Loukotka
| last = Loukotka
| first = Čestmír
| first = Čestmír
Line 31: Line 31:


[[Julian Steward]], in the 1950 ''Handbook of South American Indians'', reports a communication from [[Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff]] that he considered Chimila to be one of the [[Arawakan languages]], and would thus be expected to be like Tairona, one of the Chibchan languages.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0P1mAAAAMAAJ&q=chimila&pg=PA187 |pages=187–88 |title=Handbook of South American Indians: Physical anthropology, linguistics and cultural geography of South American Indians |volume=6 |series=Handbook of South American Indians, United States |first=Julian Haynes |last=Steward |authorlink=Julian Steward |publisher=Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation |year=1950}}</ref>
[[Julian Steward]], in the 1950 ''Handbook of South American Indians'', reports a communication from [[Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff]] that he considered Chimila to be one of the [[Arawakan languages]], and would thus be expected to be like Tairona, one of the Chibchan languages.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0P1mAAAAMAAJ&q=chimila&pg=PA187 |pages=187–88 |title=Handbook of South American Indians: Physical anthropology, linguistics and cultural geography of South American Indians |volume=6 |series=Handbook of South American Indians, United States |first=Julian Haynes |last=Steward |authorlink=Julian Steward |publisher=Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation |year=1950}}</ref>

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
The Chimila languages has 5 oral vowels /i, u, e, o, a/. These basic segments can also be realized as short, long, aspirated and glottalized.

{| class="wikitable"
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| i iː iʰ iˀ || || u uː uʰ uˀ
|- align="center"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| e eː eʰ eˀ || || o oː oʰ oˀ
|- align="center"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || a aː aʰ aˀ ||
|}

===Consonants===
The consonant inventory of Chimila consits of 21 phonemes. Voiceless stops are essentially realized as in Spanish, without any additional feature. On the other hand, voiced stops are always prenasalized. The same is true for affricates. Velar consonants also exhibit a labio-velar counterpart. The semivowel /j/ is often pronounced as [dʒ] or [ɟ], especially at the beginning of words.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | !! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] !! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Labio-velar consonant|Labio-velar]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/</br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
| p || t || tʃ || k || kʷ
|- align="center"
! <small>prenasalized</small>
| ᵐb || ⁿd || ᶮɟ || ᵑg || ᵑgʷ
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ || ŋʷ
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || s || || x ||
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| || l, ɾ || j || w ||
|}

In general, lenis consonants, except /x/, are realized as fortis whenever they follow the stressed syllable.

According to Trillos Amaya (1997), Chimila also has two [[tone (linguistics)|tones]]. In monosyllabic words not ending in consonant, tone is contrastive, e.g. ''tó'' "maraca" (rising tone), ''tò'' "heart" (falling tone). In polysyllabic words, the distribution of tones is often predictable: if the syllable following the vowel that bears the tone starts with a geminated consonant or /r/, the tone is falling, however, if the following consonant is not geminated, then the tone is rising.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Trillos Amaya
|first=María
|year=1997
|title=Categorías gramaticales del ette taara - Lengua de los Chimilas
|series=Lenguas aborígenes de Colombia. Descripciones, 10
|location=Bogotá
|publisher=CCELA - Universidad de los Andes
|language=es
|issn=0120-9507
}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
In early twentieth century, anthropologist [[Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff|Dolmatoff]] (1947) was able to collect an extensive sample of Chilima words. The following table shows some basic vocabulary items of the language:<ref>{{cite journal
| first=Gérard|last=Reichel-Dolmatoff
| title=La lengua chimila
| journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes
| volume=36
| year=1947
| pages=15-50
| doi=10.3406/jsa.1947.2358
| language=es
| url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/jsa_0037-9174_1947_num_36_1_2358.pdf}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width=25%
! gloss !! Chimila
|-
! one
| ti-tásu, nyéːˀmun
|-
! two
| (ti-)múxuna
|-
! three
| (ti-)máxana
|-
! four
| mbrí nyéː
|-
! head
| háːˀkra
|-
! eye
| guáːˀkva
|-
! nose
| náːˀ
|-
! ear
| kútsaˀkra
|-
! tooth
| dí
|-
! man
| tsáːˀkve
|-
! woman
| yúnˀkve
|-
! water
| níː-taˀkve
|-
! fire
| ngéː
|-
! earth
| íˀti
|-
! fish
| mínˀkrava
|-
! tree
| ká, káx
|-
! sun
| nínga
|-
! moon
| máːma-su
|}

A provisional writing system has been developed by the [[Summer Institute of Linguistics]]. Some of the words mentioned above are now spelled differently, as shown in the following table:<ref name=alet20/>

{| class="wikitable"
! gloss !! Chimila
|-
! two
| tiimujnaʼ
|-
! three
| tiimajnaʼ
|-
! four
| briiʼ yeeʼe
|-
! head
| jaakra-la
|-
! tooth
| dij
|-
! sun
| diǥǥa
|-
! moon
| maamasuʼ
|}


==Chimila-derived names==
==Chimila-derived names==

Revision as of 18:07, 8 February 2023

Chimila
Ette taara
Native toColombia
Ethnicity1,500 (2009)[1]
Native speakers
350 (2009)[1]
Chibchan
  • Arwako–Chimila
    • Chimila
Language codes
ISO 639-3cbg
Glottologchim1309
ELPChimila

Chimila (Shimizya), also known as Ette Taara,[2] is a Chibchan language of Colombia, spoken by the Chimila people. At one time Chimila was grouped with the Malibu languages,[3] but then Chimila became classified as a Chibchan language.

Julian Steward, in the 1950 Handbook of South American Indians, reports a communication from Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff that he considered Chimila to be one of the Arawakan languages, and would thus be expected to be like Tairona, one of the Chibchan languages.[4]

Phonology

Vowels

The Chimila languages has 5 oral vowels /i, u, e, o, a/. These basic segments can also be realized as short, long, aspirated and glottalized.

Front Central Back
Close i iː iʰ iˀ u uː uʰ uˀ
Mid e eː eʰ eˀ o oː oʰ oˀ
Open a aː aʰ aˀ

Consonants

The consonant inventory of Chimila consits of 21 phonemes. Voiceless stops are essentially realized as in Spanish, without any additional feature. On the other hand, voiced stops are always prenasalized. The same is true for affricates. Velar consonants also exhibit a labio-velar counterpart. The semivowel /j/ is often pronounced as [dʒ] or [ɟ], especially at the beginning of words.

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t tʃ k kʷ
prenasalized ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg ᵑgʷ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Fricative s x
Approximant l, ɾ j w

In general, lenis consonants, except /x/, are realized as fortis whenever they follow the stressed syllable.

According to Trillos Amaya (1997), Chimila also has two tones. In monosyllabic words not ending in consonant, tone is contrastive, e.g. tó "maraca" (rising tone), tò "heart" (falling tone). In polysyllabic words, the distribution of tones is often predictable: if the syllable following the vowel that bears the tone starts with a geminated consonant or /r/, the tone is falling, however, if the following consonant is not geminated, then the tone is rising.[5]

Vocabulary

In early twentieth century, anthropologist Dolmatoff (1947) was able to collect an extensive sample of Chilima words. The following table shows some basic vocabulary items of the language:[6]

gloss Chimila
one ti-tásu, nyéːˀmun
two (ti-)múxuna
three (ti-)máxana
four mbrí nyéː
head háːˀkra
eye guáːˀkva
nose náːˀ
ear kútsaˀkra
tooth dí
man tsáːˀkve
woman yúnˀkve
water níː-taˀkve
fire ngéː
earth íˀti
fish mínˀkrava
tree ká, káx
sun nínga
moon máːma-su

A provisional writing system has been developed by the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Some of the words mentioned above are now spelled differently, as shown in the following table:[2]

gloss Chimila
two tiimujnaʼ
three tiimajnaʼ
four briiʼ yeeʼe
head jaakra-la
tooth dij
sun diǥǥa
moon maamasuʼ

Chimila-derived names

"Cesar", the name of both the Cesar River and the Cesar Department, is an adaptation from the Chimila word Chet-tzar or Zazare ("calm water") into Spanish.[7]

Guatapurí derives from the Chimila for "cold water", and provides the name of the Guatapurí River.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b Chimila at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b Narváez Escobar, Sindy Paola (2020). "La aproximación del léxico ette taara en el ciclo Moonate de la Institución Etnoeducativa Departamental Ette Ennaka". Lingüística y Literatura (in Spanish). 41 (78): 352–383. doi:10.17533/udea.lyl.n78a14.
  3. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian Languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. pp. 244–5.
  4. ^ Steward, Julian Haynes (1950). Handbook of South American Indians: Physical anthropology, linguistics and cultural geography of South American Indians. Handbook of South American Indians, United States. Vol. 6. Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation. pp. 187–88.
  5. ^ Trillos Amaya, María (1997). Categorías gramaticales del ette taara - Lengua de los Chimilas. Lenguas aborígenes de Colombia. Descripciones, 10 (in Spanish). Bogotá: CCELA - Universidad de los Andes. ISSN 0120-9507.
  6. ^ Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gérard (1947). "La lengua chimila" (PDF). Journal de la Société des Américanistes (in Spanish). 36: 15–50. doi:10.3406/jsa.1947.2358.
  7. ^ LABLAA - Luis Galvis: Don Gonzalo (in Spanish)
  8. ^ (in Spanish) Marcos Fidel Vega Seña (2005), Vallenato: Cultura y sentimiento, U. Cooperativa de Colombia. p14.


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