Jump to content

Lurs: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m →‎Genetics: Journal cites:, templated 3 journal cites using AWB (8976)
Line 38: Line 38:
The Lurs were among the original [[Qizilbash]] who participated in the Safavid conquest of Iran and the [[Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism|conversion of Iran]] to [[Shia Islam]]. Prior to the 20th century, the majority of Lors were nomadic herders, with an urban minority residing in the city of Khorramabad. There were several attempts by the Pahlavi governments to settle the nomadic segment of the Lor population. Under [[Reza Shah]], these campaigns tended to be unsuccessful. The last Shah of Iran, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], used less forceful methods along with economic incentives, which met with greater, though not complete, success. By the mid-1980's the vast majority of Lors had been settled in towns and villages throughout the province, or had migrated to the major urban centers. A number of nomadic Lur tribes continue to exist in the province.
The Lurs were among the original [[Qizilbash]] who participated in the Safavid conquest of Iran and the [[Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism|conversion of Iran]] to [[Shia Islam]]. Prior to the 20th century, the majority of Lors were nomadic herders, with an urban minority residing in the city of Khorramabad. There were several attempts by the Pahlavi governments to settle the nomadic segment of the Lor population. Under [[Reza Shah]], these campaigns tended to be unsuccessful. The last Shah of Iran, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], used less forceful methods along with economic incentives, which met with greater, though not complete, success. By the mid-1980's the vast majority of Lors had been settled in towns and villages throughout the province, or had migrated to the major urban centers. A number of nomadic Lur tribes continue to exist in the province.
==Genetics==
==Genetics==
Considering their [[Y-Chromosome|NRY]] variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA]] [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1b]] (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23).<ref name=Grugni>Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, Parolo S, Al-Zahery N, et al. (2012) Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians. PLoS ONE 7(7): e41252. </ref> Together with it's other clades, the [[Haplogroup R-M173 (Y-DNA)|R1]] group, associated with Upper Palaeolithic [[Western Asia|West]]/[[Central Asia|Central]] [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasia]], comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs.<ref name=Grugni/><ref name=RSpencer>R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (18): 10244–9. </ref> [[Haplogroup J-M172 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J2a]] (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically) is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the [[Demic diffusion|diffusion]] of agriculturalists from the Neolithic [[Mesopotamia|Near East]] c. 8000-4000 BCE.<ref name=RSpencer/><ref>Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner P J, Lin A A, Arbuzova S, Beckman L E, de Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, et al. (2000) Science 290:1155–1159</ref><ref>Underhill P A, Passarino G, Lin A A, Shen P, Foley R A, Mirazon-Lahr M, Oefner P J, Cavalli-Sforza L L (2001) Ann Hum Genet 65:43–62</ref><ref>Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas et al. (2004). ''Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area''. The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1023–34.</ref> Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of [[Haplogroup G-M201 (Y-DNA)|G2a]], with subclade [[Haplogroup G-P303 (Y-DNA)|G2a3b]] accounting for most of this.<ref name=Grugni2>Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, Parolo S, Al-Zahery N, et al. (2012) Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians. PLoS ONE 7(7): e41252. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0041252}}</ref> Also significant is haplogroup [[Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)#Sub_Clades_of_E-M78|E1b1b1a1b]], for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran.<ref name=Grugni2/> Lineages [[Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA)|Q1b1]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M346 (Y-DNA)|Q1a3]] present at 6%, and [[Haplogroup T-M184 (Y-DNA)|T]] at 4%.<ref name=Grugni2/>
Considering their [[Y-Chromosome|NRY]] variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA]] [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1b]] (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23).<ref name=Grugni>{{cite journal | last1 = Grugni | first1 = V | last2 = Battaglia | first2 = V | last3 = Hooshiar Kashani | first3 = B | last4 = Parolo | first4 = S | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = N ''et al.'' | year = 2012 | title = Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7| page = e41252 }}</ref> Together with it's other clades, the [[Haplogroup R-M173 (Y-DNA)|R1]] group, associated with Upper Palaeolithic [[Western Asia|West]]/[[Central Asia|Central]] [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasia]], comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs.<ref name=Grugni/><ref name=RSpencer>{{cite journal | last1 = Wells | first1 = R. Spencer ''et al.'' | year = 2001 | title = The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 18| pages = 10244–9 }}</ref> [[Haplogroup J-M172 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J2a]] (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically) is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the [[Demic diffusion|diffusion]] of agriculturalists from the Neolithic [[Mesopotamia|Near East]] c. 8000-4000 BCE.<ref name=RSpencer/><ref>Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner P J, Lin A A, Arbuzova S, Beckman L E, de Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, et al. (2000) Science 290:1155–1159</ref><ref>Underhill P A, Passarino G, Lin A A, Shen P, Foley R A, Mirazon-Lahr M, Oefner P J, Cavalli-Sforza L L (2001) Ann Hum Genet 65:43–62</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Semino | first1 = Ornella | last2 = Magri | first2 = Chiara | last3 = Benuzzi | first3 = Giorgia | last4 = Lin | first4 = Alice A. | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = Nadia | last6 = Battaglia | first6 = Vincenza | last7 = MacCioni | first7 = Liliana | last8 = Triantaphyllidis | first8 = Costas ''et al.'' | year = 2004 | title = Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 5| pages = 1023–34 }}</ref> Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of [[Haplogroup G-M201 (Y-DNA)|G2a]], with subclade [[Haplogroup G-P303 (Y-DNA)|G2a3b]] accounting for most of this.<ref name=Grugni2>{{cite journal | last1 = Grugni | first1 = V | last2 = Battaglia | first2 = V | last3 = Hooshiar Kashani | first3 = B | last4 = Parolo | first4 = S | last5 = Al-Zahery | first5 = N ''et al.'' | year = 2012 | title = Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7| page = e41252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 }}</ref> Also significant is haplogroup [[Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)#Sub_Clades_of_E-M78|E1b1b1a1b]], for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran.<ref name=Grugni2/> Lineages [[Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA)|Q1b1]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M346 (Y-DNA)|Q1a3]] present at 6%, and [[Haplogroup T-M184 (Y-DNA)|T]] at 4%.<ref name=Grugni2/>


==Culture==
==Culture==

Revision as of 08:06, 30 March 2013

For other uses, see Lurs (disambiguation).
Lors
Total population
4,500,000-9,673,000
Regions with significant populations
 Iran7,600,000-9,673,000[2][3]
 Iraq100,000 [citation needed]
 Kuwait25,000 [citation needed]
Languages
Luri, Bakhtiari, Persian
Religion
Shi'a Islam, Yaresan
Related ethnic groups
Iranian people

Lurs (also Lors, Lori/Persian:لُر) are an Iranian people living mainly in south-western Iran. Their population is estimated at around five million. They occupy Lorestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Isfahan, Fars, Bushehr and Kuh-Gilu-Boir Ahmed provinces.[4] The Lur people mostly speak the Luri language (sometimes called 'Lori'), a Southwestern Iranian language related to Persian. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Lurs speak an form of Archaic Persian.[5] According to the linguist Don Still, Lori-Bakhtiari alongside Persian is derived directly from Old Persian.[6]

Language

Professor Richard N. Frye wrote that "the Lurs and their dialects are closely related to the Persians of Fars province, and naturally belong to the southwestern branch of the Iranian peoples...".[7]

Lori dialects are divided into two main groups[citation needed]:

  • The dialect spoken in Luri-i buzurg (Greater Lor) which is closely related to Persian. This dialect is spoken by the inhabitants of Bakhtiari, Kuh-Gilu-Boir Ahmed, in the north and east of Khuzistan, in the Mamasani district of Fars, and in some areas of Bushehr province.
  • The dialect spoken in Lur-i-Kuchek (Lesser Lor) which is closely related to southern Kurdish, with has some similarities to Persian. This dialect is spoken in Luristan, several districts of Hamadan (Nahavand, Towisarkan) and by the inhabitants of south and southwest Ilam and northern part of Khuzistan province.
File:Iran main languages.png
Iran main languages

History

Lurs are a mixture of aboriginal Indo-Iranian tribes, originating from Central Asia. Michael M. Gunter states that they are closely related to the Kurds but that they "apparently began to be distinguished from the Kurds 1,000 years ago." He adds that the Sharafnama of Sharaf Khan Bidlisi "mentioned two Lur dynasties among the five Kurdish dynasties that had in the past enjoyed royalty or the highest form of sovereignty or independence."[8] In the Mu'jam Al-Buldan of Yaqut al-Hamawi mention is made of the Lurs as a Kurdish tribe living in the mountains between Khuzestan and Isfahan. The term Kurd according to Richard Frye was used for all Iranian nomads (including the population of Luristan as well as tribes in Kuhistan and Baluchis in Kirman) for all nomads, whether they were linguistically connected to the Kurds or not.[9]

The area traditionally known as Luristan is divided into two regions, Greater Lur, and Lesser Lur. Greater Lur includes ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and parts of western Isfahan province, Fars province Mamasani County, Rostam and the northwest area of Khuzestan province. In Middle Ages this region was ruled by the Hazaraspids. Lesser Lur is more or less the area that is today known as the Lorestan province.

The Lurs were among the original Qizilbash who participated in the Safavid conquest of Iran and the conversion of Iran to Shia Islam. Prior to the 20th century, the majority of Lors were nomadic herders, with an urban minority residing in the city of Khorramabad. There were several attempts by the Pahlavi governments to settle the nomadic segment of the Lor population. Under Reza Shah, these campaigns tended to be unsuccessful. The last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, used less forceful methods along with economic incentives, which met with greater, though not complete, success. By the mid-1980's the vast majority of Lors had been settled in towns and villages throughout the province, or had migrated to the major urban centers. A number of nomadic Lur tribes continue to exist in the province.

Genetics

Considering their NRY variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23).[10] Together with it's other clades, the R1 group, associated with Upper Palaeolithic West/Central Eurasia, comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs.[10][11] Haplogroup J2a (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically) is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the diffusion of agriculturalists from the Neolithic Near East c. 8000-4000 BCE.[11][12][13][14] Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of G2a, with subclade G2a3b accounting for most of this.[15] Also significant is haplogroup E1b1b1a1b, for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran.[15] Lineages Q1b1 and Q1a3 present at 6%, and T at 4%.[15]

Culture

Lori traditional attire.

The authority of tribal elders remains a strong influence among the nomadic population. It is not as dominant among the settled urban population. As is true in Bakhtiari and Kurdish societies, Lur women have much greater freedom than women in other groups within the region.[16]

Music

Among the popular musicians in Luri are Faraj Alipour, Reza Saghaei, Ali-Akbar Shekarchi, Gholam Jamshidi, Heshmat Rajabzadeh, Najafali Mirzayi, Heshmatollah Shafiian, Masoud Bakhtiari, Iradj Rahmanpour, Malek Mas'udi, Nourollah and Karamollah.

Religion

The Lur peoples are diverse and individualistic in their religious views and practices. Religious views can differ immensely, even within a family group. While the overwhelming majority of Lurs are Shia Muslims, some practice an ancient Iranian religion known as Yaresan which has roots in Zoroastrianism, Mithraism and Manicheism. Traditionally the Lur people outwardly profess Shia Islam, but the degree of piety varies, and the religion of some is a mixture of Ahl-e Haqq involving a belief in successive incarnations combined with ancient rites.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.geni.com/people/KARIM-KHAN-ZAND/6000000007832137907:"Founder of the Zand dynasty and a member of the Lur peoples, he never styled himself as "shah" or king, and instead used the title Vakil e-Ra'aayaa (President).
  2. ^ Ethnologue Report on Iran
  3. ^ CIA - The World Factbook. Iran. cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  4. ^ Cultural Survival Inc. (http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/iran/lurs-iran), "The Lurs of Iran".
  5. ^ C.S. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volme IV, E.J. Brill, pp 10,8. Excerpt: "The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian"
  6. ^ Don Stillo, "Isfahan-Provincial Dialects" in Encyclopedia Iranica, Excerpt: "While the modern SWI languages, for instance, Persian, Lori-Baḵtiāri and others, are derived directly from Old Persian through Middle Persian/Pahlavi"
  7. ^ Frye, Richard N. (1983). Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, Part 3, Volume 7. Beck. p. 29. ISBN 978-3406093975.
  8. ^ Gunter, Michael M. (2nd ed. 2011). Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Scarecrow Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0810867512. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  9. ^ Richard Frye,"The Golden age of Persia", Phoneix Press, 1975. Second Impression December 2003. pp 111: "Tribes always have been a feature of Persian history, but the sources are extremely scant in reference to them since they did not 'make' history. The general designation 'Kurd' is found in many Arabic sources, as well as in Pahlavi book on the deeds of Ardashir the first Sassanian ruler, for all nomads no matter whether they were linguistically connected to the Kurds of today or not. The population of Luristan, for example, was considered to be Kurdish, as were tribes in Kuhistan and Baluchis in Kirman"
  10. ^ a b Grugni, V; Battaglia, V; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Parolo, S; Al-Zahery, N; et al. (2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLoS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first5= (help)
  11. ^ a b Wells, R. Spencer; et al. (2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–9. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first1= (help)
  12. ^ Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner P J, Lin A A, Arbuzova S, Beckman L E, de Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, et al. (2000) Science 290:1155–1159
  13. ^ Underhill P A, Passarino G, Lin A A, Shen P, Foley R A, Mirazon-Lahr M, Oefner P J, Cavalli-Sforza L L (2001) Ann Hum Genet 65:43–62
  14. ^ Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first8= (help)
  15. ^ a b c Grugni, V; Battaglia, V; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Parolo, S; Al-Zahery, N; et al. (2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLoS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first5= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Edmonds, Cecil (2010). East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq 1913-1921. p. 188. ISBN 9789004173446.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lurs&oldid=547778276"