Gastrointestinal cancer: Difference between revisions
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'''Gastrointestinal cancer''' refers to [[malignant]] conditions of the [[gastrointestinal tract]], including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, bowels, and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected, and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding, or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires [[endoscopy]], followed by [[biopsy]] of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere in the body. This also determines the prognosis. |
'''Gastrointestinal cancer''' refers to [[malignant]] conditions of the [[gastrointestinal tract]], including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, bowels, and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected, and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding, or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires [[endoscopy]], followed by [[biopsy]] of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere in the body. This also determines the prognosis. |
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==Epidemiology== |
==Epidemiology== |
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The GI tract and the [[accessory organs of digestion]] (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body.<ref name=Yamada2009 >{{cite book|last=Yamada T, Alpers DH, et al.|title=Textbook of gastroenterology|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-1-4051-6911-0|edition=5th|pages=603}}</ref> |
The GI tract and the [[accessory organs of digestion]] (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body.<ref name=Yamada2009 >{{cite book|last=Yamada T, Alpers DH, et al.|title=Textbook of gastroenterology|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-1-4051-6911-0|edition=5th|pages=603}}</ref><ref name=Bjelakovic2008>{{cite journal|last=Bjelakovic|first=G|coauthors=Nikolova, D; Simonetti, RG; Gluud, C|title=Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2008 Jul 16|issue=3|pages=CD004183|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007883.pub2|pmid=18677777}}</ref> There is significant geographic variation in the rates of different gastrointestinal cancers.<ref name=Yamada2009 /> |
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===Esophageal cancer=== |
===Esophageal cancer=== |
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Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cancer globally, and the incidence is increasing.<ref name=Yang2012>{{cite journal|last=Yang|first=S|coauthors=Wu, S; Huang, Y; Shao, Y; Chen, XY; Xian, L; Zheng, J; Wen, Y; Chen, X; Li, H; Yang, C|title=Screening for oesophageal cancer.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2012 Dec 12|volume=12|pages=CD007883|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007883.pub2|pmid=23235651}}</ref> Males are affected more commonly than females in a ratio of about 3-5:1.<ref name=Yang2012 /> An "esophageal cancer belt", in which the incidence of esophageal SCC is more than 100 times that of adjacent areas, extends from northeastern China, through central Asia to northern Iran.<ref name=Yamada2009 /> Ethiopia also has notably high incidence.<ref name=Yang2012 /> There are 2 main types of esophageal cancer, namely adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The incidence of each type is about the same.<ref name=Yang2012 /> In developed countries, e.g. in North America and Europe, adenocarcinoma is more common.<ref name=Yang2012 /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Digestive system neoplasia}} |
{{Digestive system neoplasia}} |
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Revision as of 20:23, 25 September 2013
Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, bowels, and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected, and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding, or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere in the body. This also determines the prognosis.
Types
Types of gastrointestinal cancer include:
- Upper gastrointestinal cancers
- Esophageal cancer
- Stomach cancer (also called gastric cancer)
- Liver cancer (also called hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC, and hepatoma)
- Gallbladder cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Lower gastrointestinal cancers
Prognosis
Prognosis is variable, and depends almost entirely on the specific type of cancer. Esophageal cancer has a dismal prognosis because it is often detected late; colon cancer has a comparatively good prognosis when detected early. Pancreatic cancer also has a very poor prognosis, with only 5% of patients surviving more than 5 years after diagnosis.
There are many similarities between esophageal and colorectal cancer. We recognize increasingly the importance of early detection of these lesions, and their precursors. There is much debate about the best methods, and the effectiveness and costs of screening programs. Early malignant and premalignant lesions of the colorectum, esophagus (and stomach) can be removed by endoscopic techniques such as polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection. The validity of these "non-surgical" methods is enhanced by intraluminal staging through endoscopic ultrasound. Most invasive disease requires surgical resection (where possible) and a team approach involving the optimal application of all techniques including chemotherapy and radiation. Helping anxious patients through this minefield of tests and treatments is an important role for the section coordinators. [1]
Epidemiology
The GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body.[2][3] There is significant geographic variation in the rates of different gastrointestinal cancers.[2]
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cancer globally, and the incidence is increasing.[4] Males are affected more commonly than females in a ratio of about 3-5:1.[4] An "esophageal cancer belt", in which the incidence of esophageal SCC is more than 100 times that of adjacent areas, extends from northeastern China, through central Asia to northern Iran.[2] Ethiopia also has notably high incidence.[4] There are 2 main types of esophageal cancer, namely adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The incidence of each type is about the same.[4] In developed countries, e.g. in North America and Europe, adenocarcinoma is more common.[4]
References
- ^ http://www.ddc.musc.edu/professional/clinicalAreas/GIcancer.cfm
- ^ a b c Yamada T, Alpers DH; et al. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. p. 603. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0.
{{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last=(help) - ^ Bjelakovic, G (2008 Jul 16). "Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (3): CD004183. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007883.pub2. PMID 18677777.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e Yang, S (2012 Dec 12). "Screening for oesophageal cancer". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 12: CD007883. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007883.pub2. PMID 23235651.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)