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{{Infobox archaeological culture
{{Infobox archaeological culture
|name = Aterian
|name = Aterian
|map = Image:Ateriense Punta foliácea.png
|map = Ateriense punta.png{{!}}Aterian nosed point.
|mapalt =
|mapalt =
|altnames =
|altnames =
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}}
}}
{{Paleolithic}}
{{Paleolithic}}
The '''Aterian''' is a name given by [[archaeologist]]s to a type of [[Middle Stone Age]] (or [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle Palaeolithic]]) stone tool [[Archaeological industry|industry]] particular to North Africa. The earliest Aterian dates to c. 145,000 years ago, at the site of Ifri n'Ammar in Morocco.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = New chronometric data from Ifri n’Ammar (Morocco) and the chronostratigraphy of the Middle Palaeolithic in the Western Maghreb|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410001673|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 2010-12-01|pages = 672–679|volume = 59|issue = 6|doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.024|first = Daniel|last = Richter|first2 = Johannes|last2 = Moser|first3 = Mustapha|last3 = Nami|first4 = Josef|last4 = Eiwanger|first5 = Abdeslam|last5 = Mikdad}}</ref> However, most of the early dates cluster around the beginning of the [[Eemian|Last Interglacial]], around 130,000 years ago, when the environment of North Africa began to ameliorate.
The '''Aterian''' is a name given by [[archaeologist]]s to a type of [[Middle Stone Age]] (or [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle Palaeolithic]]) stone tool [[Archaeological industry|industry]] particular to North Africa. The earliest Aterian dates to c. 145,000 years ago, at the site of Ifri n'Ammar in Morocco.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = New chronometric data from Ifri n’Ammar (Morocco) and the chronostratigraphy of the Middle Palaeolithic in the Western Maghreb|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410001673|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 2010-12-01|pages = 672–679|volume = 59|issue = 6|doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.024|first = Daniel|last = Richter|first2 = Johannes|last2 = Moser|first3 = Mustapha|last3 = Nami|first4 = Josef|last4 = Eiwanger|first5 = Abdeslam|last5 = Mikdad}}</ref> However, most of the early dates cluster around the beginning of the [[Eemian|Last Interglacial]], around 130,000 years ago, when the environment of North Africa began to ameliorate. The Aterian disappeared around 30,000 years ago and it is currently not thought to have influenced subsequent archaeological cultures in the region.


The Aterian is primarily distinguished through the presence of tanged or pedunculated tools,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = The Aterian and its place in the North African Middle Stone Age|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618212031813|journal = Quaternary International|date = 2013-06-25|pages = 111–130|volume = 300|series = The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert|doi = 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.008|first = Eleanor M. L.|last = Scerri}}</ref> and is named after the type site of [[Bir el Ater]], south of [[Annaba]].<ref name="Langer">{{cite book|title=An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer | editor-first = William L. |edition = 5th | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston, MA| year = 1972 | isbn = 0-395-13592-3|pages = 9}}</ref> Bifacially-worked, leaf-shaped tools are also a common [[artifact (archaeology)|artefact]] type, and so are [[racloir]]s and [[Levallois technique|Levallois]] flakes and cores. Items of personal adornment (pierced and ochred [[Nassarius]] shell beads) are known from at least one Aterian site, with an age of 82,000 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior|url = http://www.pnas.org/content/104/24/9964|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = 2007-06-12|issn = 0027-8424|pmc = 1891266|pmid = 17548808|pages = 9964–9969|volume = 104|issue = 24|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0703877104|first = Abdeljalil|last = Bouzouggar|first2 = Nick|last2 = Barton|first3 = Marian|last3 = Vanhaeren|first4 = Francesco|last4 = d'Errico|first5 = Simon|last5 = Collcutt|first6 = Tom|last6 = Higham|first7 = Edward|last7 = Hodge|first8 = Simon|last8 = Parfitt|first9 = Edward|last9 = Rhodes}}</ref> The Aterian is one of the oldest examples of regional technological diversification, evidencing significant differentiation to older stone tool industries in the area, frequently described as [[Mousterian]]. The appropriateness of the term Mousterian is contested in a North African context, however.
The Aterian is primarily distinguished through the presence of tanged or pedunculated tools,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = The Aterian and its place in the North African Middle Stone Age|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618212031813|journal = Quaternary International|date = 2013-06-25|pages = 111–130|volume = 300|series = The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert|doi = 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.008|first = Eleanor M. L.|last = Scerri}}</ref> and is named after the type site of [[Bir el Ater]], south of [[Annaba]].<ref name="Langer">{{cite book|title=An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer | editor-first = William L. |edition = 5th | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston, MA| year = 1972 | isbn = 0-395-13592-3|pages = 9}}</ref> Bifacially-worked, leaf-shaped tools are also a common [[artifact (archaeology)|artefact]] type, and so are [[racloir]]s and [[Levallois technique|Levallois]] flakes and cores. Items of personal adornment (pierced and ochred [[Nassarius]] shell beads) are known from at least one Aterian site, with an age of 82,000 years.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title = 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior|url = http://www.pnas.org/content/104/24/9964|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = 2007-06-12|issn = 0027-8424|pmc = 1891266|pmid = 17548808|pages = 9964–9969|volume = 104|issue = 24|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0703877104|first = Abdeljalil|last = Bouzouggar|first2 = Nick|last2 = Barton|first3 = Marian|last3 = Vanhaeren|first4 = Francesco|last4 = d'Errico|first5 = Simon|last5 = Collcutt|first6 = Tom|last6 = Higham|first7 = Edward|last7 = Hodge|first8 = Simon|last8 = Parfitt|first9 = Edward|last9 = Rhodes}}</ref> The Aterian is one of the oldest examples of regional technological diversification, evidencing significant differentiation to older stone tool industries in the area, frequently described as [[Mousterian]]. The appropriateness of the term Mousterian is contested in a North African context, however.


== Description ==
⚫
The technological character of the Aterian has been debated for almost a century,<ref name=":1" /> but has until recently eluded definition. The problems defining the industry have related to its research history and the fact that a number of similarities have been observed between the Aterian and other North African stone tool industries of the same date.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248413000055|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 2013-03-01|pages = 194–210|volume = 64|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010|first = Harold L.|last = Dibble|first2 = Vera|last2 = Aldeias|first3 = Zenobia|last3 = Jacobs|first4 = Deborah I.|last4 = Olszewski|first5 = Zeljko|last5 = Rezek|first6 = Sam C.|last6 = Lin|first7 = Esteban|last7 = Alvarez-Fernández|first8 = Carolyn C.|last8 = Barshay-Szmidt|first9 = Emily|last9 = Hallett-Desguez}}</ref> More recently, a large-scale study of North African stone tool assemblages, including Aterian assemblages, indicated that the traditional concept of stone tool industries is problematic in the North African Middle Stone Age. Although the term Aterian defines Middle Stone Age assemblages from North Africa with tanged tools, the concept of an Aterian industry obfuscates other similarities between tanged tool assemblages and other non-Aterian North African assemblages of the same date.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title = Earliest evidence for the structure of Homo sapiens populations in Africa|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379114003023|journal = Quaternary Science Reviews|date = 2014-10-01|pages = 207–216|volume = 101|doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.019|first = Eleanor M. L.|last = Scerri|first2 = Nick A.|last2 = Drake|first3 = Richard|last3 = Jennings|first4 = Huw S.|last4 = Groucutt}}</ref> Instead, these findings suggest that North Africa during the Last Interglacial comprised a network of related technologies whose similarities and differences correlated with geographical distance and the [[Paleoclimatology|palaeohydrology]] of a Green Sahara.<ref name=":2" /> The findings are significant because they suggest that current archaeological nomenclatures do not reflect the true variability of the archaeological record of North Africa during the Middle Stone Age from the Last Interglacial, and hints at how early modern humans dispersed into previously uninhabitable environments.
The technological character of the Aterian has been debated for almost a century,<ref name=":1" /> but has until recently eluded definition. The problems defining the industry have related to its research history and the fact that a number of similarities have been observed between the Aterian and other North African stone tool industries of the same date.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248413000055|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 2013-03-01|pages = 194–210|volume = 64|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010|first = Harold L.|last = Dibble|first2 = Vera|last2 = Aldeias|first3 = Zenobia|last3 = Jacobs|first4 = Deborah I.|last4 = Olszewski|first5 = Zeljko|last5 = Rezek|first6 = Sam C.|last6 = Lin|first7 = Esteban|last7 = Alvarez-Fernández|first8 = Carolyn C.|last8 = Barshay-Szmidt|first9 = Emily|last9 = Hallett-Desguez}}</ref> Levallois reduction is widespread across the whole of North Africa throughout the Middle Stone Age, and scrapers and denticulates are ubiquitous. Bifacial foliates moreover represent a huge taxonomic category and the form and dimension of such foliates associated with tanged tools is extremely varied.<ref name=":1" /> There is also a significant variation of tanged tools themselves, with various forms representing both different tool types (e.g., knives, scrapers, points) and the degree tool resharpening.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shape Variation in Aterian Tanged Tools and the Origins of Projectile Technology: A Morphometric Perspective on Stone Tool Function|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029029|journal = PLoS ONE|date = 2011-12-27|pmc = 3246439|pmid = 22216161|pages = e29029|volume = 6|issue = 12|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0029029|first = Radu|last = Iovita}}</ref>

⚫
More recently, a large-scale study of North African stone tool assemblages, including Aterian assemblages, indicated that the traditional concept of stone tool industries is problematic in the North African Middle Stone Age. Although the term Aterian defines Middle Stone Age assemblages from North Africa with tanged tools, the concept of an Aterian industry obfuscates other similarities between tanged tool assemblages and other non-Aterian North African assemblages of the same date.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title = Earliest evidence for the structure of Homo sapiens populations in Africa|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379114003023|journal = Quaternary Science Reviews|date = 2014-10-01|pages = 207–216|volume = 101|doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.019|first = Eleanor M. L.|last = Scerri|first2 = Nick A.|last2 = Drake|first3 = Richard|last3 = Jennings|first4 = Huw S.|last4 = Groucutt}}</ref> For example, bifacial leaf points are found widely across North Africa in assemblages that lack tanged tools and Levallois flakes and cores are near ubiquitous. Instead of elaborating discrete industries, the findings of the comparative study suggest that North Africa during the Last Interglacial comprised a network of related technologies whose similarities and differences correlated with geographical distance and the [[Paleoclimatology|palaeohydrology]] of a Green Sahara.<ref name=":2" /> Assemblages with tanged tools may therefore reflect particular activities involving the use of such tool types, and may not necessarily reflect a substantively different archaeological culture to others from the same period in North Africa. The findings are significant because they suggest that current archaeological nomenclatures do not reflect the true variability of the archaeological record of North Africa during the Middle Stone Age from the Last Interglacial, and hints at how early modern humans dispersed into previously uninhabitable environments. This notwithstanding, the term still usefully denotes the presence of tanged tools in North African Middle Stone Age assemblages.


Tanged tools persisted in North Africa until about 30,000 years ago, with the youngest sites in the Maghreb. By this time, the Aterian had long ceased to exist in the rest of North Africa due to the onset of the [[Quaternary glaciation|Ice Age]], which in North Africa, resulted in hyperarid conditions. Assemblages with tanged tools, 'the Aterian', therefore have a significant temporal and spatial range. However, they have not yet been found east of the Nile<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = A new stone tool assemblage revisited: reconsidering the 'Aterian' in Arabia|last = Scerri|first = Eleanor|date = 2012|journal = Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 42|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> and no Aterian sites are known from the Nile Valley.<ref name=":1" />
Tanged tools persisted in North Africa until about 30,000 years ago, with the youngest sites in the Maghreb. By this time, the Aterian had long ceased to exist in the rest of North Africa due to the onset of the [[Quaternary glaciation|Ice Age]], which in North Africa, resulted in hyperarid conditions. Assemblages with tanged tools, 'the Aterian', therefore have a significant temporal and spatial range. However, they have not yet been found east of the Nile<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = A new stone tool assemblage revisited: reconsidering the 'Aterian' in Arabia|last = Scerri|first = Eleanor|date = 2012|journal = Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 42|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> and no Aterian sites are known from the Nile Valley.<ref name=":1" />

== Associated behaviour ==
The Aterian is associated with early ''Homo sapiens'' at a number of sites in Morocco.<ref name=":1" /> Some studies of comparative skeletal morphology have suggested that these people exist on the same morphological continuum as the [[Jebel Irhoud]] specimens, currently thought to date to 160,000 years ago. The 'Aterian' fossils also display similarities to the earliest modern humans found out of Africa at [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids|Skhul]] and [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids|Qafzeh]] in the Levant, and they are broadly contemporary to them.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Dental Evidence from the Aterian Human Populations of Morocco|url = http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-2929-2_13|publisher = Springer Netherlands|date = 2012-01-01|isbn = 978-94-007-2928-5|pages = 189-204|series = Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology|doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-2929-2_13|language = en|first = J.-J.|last = Hublin|first2 = C.|last2 = Verna|first3 = S.|last3 = Bailey|first4 = T.|last4 = Smith|first5 = A.|last5 = Olejniczak|first6 = F. Z.|last6 = Sbihi-Alaoui|first7 = M.|last7 = Zouak|editor-first = Jean-Jacques|editor-last = Hublin|editor-first2 = Shannon P.|editor-last2 = McPherron}}</ref> Apart from producing a highly distinctive and sophisticated stone tool technology, these early North African populations also seem to have engaged with [[Symbolic anthropology|symbolically constituted material culture,]] creating what are amongst the earliest African examples of personal ornamentation.<ref name=":3" /> Such examples of shell 'beads' have been found far inland, suggesting the presence of long distance social networks.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa|url = http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/16051|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = 2009-09-22|issn = 0027-8424|pmc = 2752514|pmid = 19717433|pages = 16051-16056|volume = 106|issue = 38|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0903532106|language = en|first = Francesco|last = d'Errico|first2 = Marian|last2 = Vanhaeren|first3 = Nick|last3 = Barton|first4 = Abdeljalil|last4 = Bouzouggar|first5 = Henk|last5 = Mienis|first6 = Daniel|last6 = Richter|first7 = Jean-Jacques|last7 = Hublin|first8 = Shannon P.|last8 = McPherron|first9 = Pierre|last9 = Lozouet}}</ref>

Studies of the variation and distribution of the Aterian have also now suggested that associated populations lived in subdivided populations, perhaps living most of their lives in relative isolation and aggregating at particular times to reinforce social ties.<ref name=":2" /> Such a subdivided population structure has also been inferred from the pattern of variation observed in early African fossils of ''Homo sapiens''. <ref>{{Cite journal|title = Early modern human diversity suggests subdivided population structure and a complex out-of-Africa scenario|url = http://www.pnas.org/content/106/15/6094|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = 2009-04-14|issn = 0027-8424|pmc = 2669363|pmid = 19307568|pages = 6094-6098|volume = 106|issue = 15|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0808160106|language = en|first = Philipp|last = Gunz|first2 = Fred L.|last2 = Bookstein|first3 = Philipp|last3 = Mitteroecker|first4 = Andrea|last4 = Stadlmayr|first5 = Horst|last5 = Seidler|first6 = Gerhard W.|last6 = Weber}}</ref>

Associated faunal studies suggest that the people making the Aterian exploited coastal resources as well as engaging in hunting.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the late Pleistocene to middle Holocene small mammal succession of El Harhoura 2 cave (Rabat-Témara, Morocco)|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410001454|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 2011-01-01|pages = 1-33|volume = 60|issue = 1|doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.016|first = Emmanuelle|last = Stoetzel|first2 = Lucile|last2 = Marion|first3 = Roland|last3 = Nespoulet|first4 = Mohammed Abdeljalil|last4 = El Hajraoui|first5 = Christiane|last5 = Denys}}</ref> It has so far been difficult to estimate whether Aterian populations further inland were exploiting freshwater resources as well. Studies have suggested that [[hafting]] was widespread, perhaps to maintain flexibility in the face of strongly seasonal environment with a pronounced dry season.<ref name=":1" /> Scrapers, knives and points all seem to have been hafted, suggesting a wide range of activities were facilitated by technological advances. It is probably that plant resources were also exploited. Although there is no direct evidence from the Aterian yet, plant processing is evidenced in North Africa from as much as 182,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Early to Middle Stone Age Transition and the Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248403001039|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 2003-08-01|pages = 187-193|volume = 45|issue = 2|doi = 10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00103-9|first = P|last = Van Peer|first2 = R|last2 = Fullagar|first3 = S|last3 = Stokes|first4 = R. M|last4 = Bailey|first5 = J|last5 = Moeyersons|first6 = F|last6 = Steenhoudt|first7 = A|last7 = Geerts|first8 = T|last8 = Vanderbeken|first9 = M|last9 = De Dapper}}</ref>


==Locations==
==Locations==
Line 35: Line 45:


<gallery>
<gallery>

Image:Ateriense punta.png|Aterian nosed point.
Image:Ateriense punta.png|Aterian nosed point.


Image:Ateriense raspador.png|Aterian nosed end-scraper.
Image:Ateriense raspador.png|Aterian nosed end-scraper.

</gallery>
</gallery>


Revision as of 09:20, 23 October 2015

Aterian
Aterian nosed point.
Geographical rangeNorth Africa west of the Nile
PeriodMiddle Stone Age
Dates~145,000-30,000
Type siteBir el Ater
Major sitesTaforalt, Ifri n'Ammar, Kharga Oasis, Dar es Soltan I & II, Grotte des Contrebandiers, Mugharet el Aliya, Uan Tabu, Adrar Bous
Preceded byMousterian
Followed byoccupation hiatus and the Iberomaurusian in northwest Africa
The Paleolithic
↑ Pliocene (before Homo)
Lower Paleolithic
 (c. 3.3 Ma – 300 ka)
Middle Paleolithic
 (c. 300–50 ka)
Upper Paleolithic
 (c. 50–12 ka)

Fertile Crescent:

Europe:

Africa:

Siberia:

↓ Mesolithic

The Aterian is a name given by archaeologists to a type of Middle Stone Age (or Middle Palaeolithic) stone tool industry particular to North Africa. The earliest Aterian dates to c. 145,000 years ago, at the site of Ifri n'Ammar in Morocco.[1] However, most of the early dates cluster around the beginning of the Last Interglacial, around 130,000 years ago, when the environment of North Africa began to ameliorate. The Aterian disappeared around 30,000 years ago and it is currently not thought to have influenced subsequent archaeological cultures in the region.

The Aterian is primarily distinguished through the presence of tanged or pedunculated tools,[2] and is named after the type site of Bir el Ater, south of Annaba.[3] Bifacially-worked, leaf-shaped tools are also a common artefact type, and so are racloirs and Levallois flakes and cores. Items of personal adornment (pierced and ochred Nassarius shell beads) are known from at least one Aterian site, with an age of 82,000 years.[4] The Aterian is one of the oldest examples of regional technological diversification, evidencing significant differentiation to older stone tool industries in the area, frequently described as Mousterian. The appropriateness of the term Mousterian is contested in a North African context, however.

Description

The technological character of the Aterian has been debated for almost a century,[2] but has until recently eluded definition. The problems defining the industry have related to its research history and the fact that a number of similarities have been observed between the Aterian and other North African stone tool industries of the same date.[5] Levallois reduction is widespread across the whole of North Africa throughout the Middle Stone Age, and scrapers and denticulates are ubiquitous. Bifacial foliates moreover represent a huge taxonomic category and the form and dimension of such foliates associated with tanged tools is extremely varied.[2] There is also a significant variation of tanged tools themselves, with various forms representing both different tool types (e.g., knives, scrapers, points) and the degree tool resharpening.[6]

More recently, a large-scale study of North African stone tool assemblages, including Aterian assemblages, indicated that the traditional concept of stone tool industries is problematic in the North African Middle Stone Age. Although the term Aterian defines Middle Stone Age assemblages from North Africa with tanged tools, the concept of an Aterian industry obfuscates other similarities between tanged tool assemblages and other non-Aterian North African assemblages of the same date.[7] For example, bifacial leaf points are found widely across North Africa in assemblages that lack tanged tools and Levallois flakes and cores are near ubiquitous. Instead of elaborating discrete industries, the findings of the comparative study suggest that North Africa during the Last Interglacial comprised a network of related technologies whose similarities and differences correlated with geographical distance and the palaeohydrology of a Green Sahara.[7] Assemblages with tanged tools may therefore reflect particular activities involving the use of such tool types, and may not necessarily reflect a substantively different archaeological culture to others from the same period in North Africa. The findings are significant because they suggest that current archaeological nomenclatures do not reflect the true variability of the archaeological record of North Africa during the Middle Stone Age from the Last Interglacial, and hints at how early modern humans dispersed into previously uninhabitable environments. This notwithstanding, the term still usefully denotes the presence of tanged tools in North African Middle Stone Age assemblages.

Tanged tools persisted in North Africa until about 30,000 years ago, with the youngest sites in the Maghreb. By this time, the Aterian had long ceased to exist in the rest of North Africa due to the onset of the Ice Age, which in North Africa, resulted in hyperarid conditions. Assemblages with tanged tools, 'the Aterian', therefore have a significant temporal and spatial range. However, they have not yet been found east of the Nile[8] and no Aterian sites are known from the Nile Valley.[2]

Associated behaviour

The Aterian is associated with early Homo sapiens at a number of sites in Morocco.[2] Some studies of comparative skeletal morphology have suggested that these people exist on the same morphological continuum as the Jebel Irhoud specimens, currently thought to date to 160,000 years ago. The 'Aterian' fossils also display similarities to the earliest modern humans found out of Africa at Skhul and Qafzeh in the Levant, and they are broadly contemporary to them.[9] Apart from producing a highly distinctive and sophisticated stone tool technology, these early North African populations also seem to have engaged with symbolically constituted material culture, creating what are amongst the earliest African examples of personal ornamentation.[4] Such examples of shell 'beads' have been found far inland, suggesting the presence of long distance social networks.[10]

Studies of the variation and distribution of the Aterian have also now suggested that associated populations lived in subdivided populations, perhaps living most of their lives in relative isolation and aggregating at particular times to reinforce social ties.[7] Such a subdivided population structure has also been inferred from the pattern of variation observed in early African fossils of Homo sapiens. [11]

Associated faunal studies suggest that the people making the Aterian exploited coastal resources as well as engaging in hunting.[12] It has so far been difficult to estimate whether Aterian populations further inland were exploiting freshwater resources as well. Studies have suggested that hafting was widespread, perhaps to maintain flexibility in the face of strongly seasonal environment with a pronounced dry season.[2] Scrapers, knives and points all seem to have been hafted, suggesting a wide range of activities were facilitated by technological advances. It is probably that plant resources were also exploited. Although there is no direct evidence from the Aterian yet, plant processing is evidenced in North Africa from as much as 182,000 years ago.[13]

Locations

North Africa

  • Ifri n'Ammar[1] (Morocco)
  • Contrebandiers Cave (Morocco)
  • Taforalt (Morocco)
  • Kharga Oasis (Egypt)
  • Uan Tabu (Libya)
  • Adrar Bous (Niger)
  • Aterian nosed point.
    Aterian nosed point.
  • Aterian nosed end-scraper.
    Aterian nosed end-scraper.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Richter, Daniel; Moser, Johannes; Nami, Mustapha; Eiwanger, Josef; Mikdad, Abdeslam (2010-12-01). "New chronometric data from Ifri n'Ammar (Morocco) and the chronostratigraphy of the Middle Palaeolithic in the Western Maghreb". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (6): 672–679. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Scerri, Eleanor M. L. (2013-06-25). "The Aterian and its place in the North African Middle Stone Age". Quaternary International. The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert. 300: 111–130. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.008.
  3. ^ Langer, William L., ed. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 9. ISBN 0-395-13592-3.
  4. ^ a b Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Barton, Nick; Vanhaeren, Marian; d'Errico, Francesco; Collcutt, Simon; Higham, Tom; Hodge, Edward; Parfitt, Simon; Rhodes, Edward (2007-06-12). "82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (24): 9964–9969. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703877104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1891266. PMID 17548808.
  5. ^ Dibble, Harold L.; Aldeias, Vera; Jacobs, Zenobia; Olszewski, Deborah I.; Rezek, Zeljko; Lin, Sam C.; Alvarez-Fernández, Esteban; Barshay-Szmidt, Carolyn C.; Hallett-Desguez, Emily (2013-03-01). "On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb". Journal of Human Evolution. 64 (3): 194–210. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010.
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