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'''Aguas Calientes Volcano''' or '''Cerro Aguas Calientes''', also called '''Simba'''<ref name=HighLakes2009 />, is a cone-shaped [[stratovolcano]] located {{Convert|5|km|mi|0}} east of the [[Lascar Volcano|Lascar]] volcano and {{convert|10|km}} north of [[Laguna Lejía]],<ref name=HighLakes2009 /> in Chile's II Region ([[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]]). Also in the area are the volcanoes [[Acamarachi]] and [[Chiliques]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}} Aguas Calientes is located within a {{convert|500|km2}} area where the Cordón de Puntas Negras and the Cordón Chalviri volcanic chains intersect.<ref name=HighLakes2009 /> The volcano is constructed from [[andesite]] and [[dacite]] containing [[hornblende]] and also [[anhydrite]] and its pyroclastics are all older than Lascar.<ref name=MatthewsBeard1994 /><ref name=GardewegSparks1998 /> Some xenoliths of calc-alkaline material are found in Aguas Calientes lavas, and magma mixing has generated lavas containing andesite inclusions in dacites. One eruption of Aguas Calientes postdates the first centre of Lascar and was originally linked to the Lascar Piedras Grandes eruption, before sampling on the latter indicated a relationship with the Lascar volcano itself.<ref name=MatthewsJones1994 /> One summit lava flow may be of Holocene age.<ref name=Venzke1993 />
'''Aguas Calientes Volcano''' or '''Cerro Aguas Calientes''', also called '''Simba'''<ref name=HighLakes2009 />, is a cone-shaped [[stratovolcano]] located {{Convert|5|km|mi|0}} east of the [[Lascar Volcano|Lascar]] volcano and {{convert|10|km}} north of [[Laguna Lejía]],<ref name=HighLakes2009 /> in Chile's II Region ([[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]]). Also in the area are the volcanoes [[Acamarachi]] and [[Chiliques]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}} Aguas Calientes is located within a {{convert|500|km2}} area where the Cordón de Puntas Negras and the Cordón Chalviri volcanic chains intersect.<ref name=HighLakes2009 /> The volcano is constructed from [[andesite]] and [[dacite]] containing [[hornblende]] and also [[anhydrite]] and its pyroclastics are all older than Lascar.<ref name=MatthewsBeard1994 /><ref name=GardewegSparks1998 /> Some xenoliths of calc-alkaline material are found in Aguas Calientes lavas, and magma mixing has generated lavas containing andesite inclusions in dacites. One eruption of Aguas Calientes postdates the first centre of Lascar and was originally linked to the Lascar Piedras Grandes eruption, before sampling on the latter indicated a relationship with the Lascar volcano itself.<ref name=MatthewsJones1994 /> One summit lava flow may be of Holocene age.<ref name=Venzke1993 /> Effusiojn of lava ceased after the cone was built.<ref name=Zeil1964 />


The volcano has been affected by [[glaciation]]. Glacial U-shaped valleys are found on the northern and western flanks, giving the volcano some angular patterns. One valley with glacial features and a subglacial river channel at {{convert|4650|m}} altitude is found on the northern flank. It extends down to the valley north of Aguas Calientes and intersects the youngest lavas of the volcano.<ref name=GardewegSparks1998 />
The volcano has been affected by [[glaciation]]. Glacial U-shaped valleys are found on the northern and western flanks, giving the volcano some angular patterns. One valley with glacial features and a subglacial river channel at {{convert|4650|m}} altitude is found on the northern flank. It extends down to the valley north of Aguas Calientes and intersects the youngest lavas of the volcano.<ref name=GardewegSparks1998 />
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<ref name=MapelliMarasco>{{cite book|last1=Mapelli|first1=Francesca|last2=Marasco|first2=Ramona|last3=Rolli|first3=Eleonora|last4=Daffonchio|first4=Daniele|last5=Donachie|first5=Stuart|last6=Borin|first6=Sara|title=Volcanic Lakes|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-36833-2|pages=507-521}}</ref>
<ref name=MapelliMarasco>{{cite book|last1=Mapelli|first1=Francesca|last2=Marasco|first2=Ramona|last3=Rolli|first3=Eleonora|last4=Daffonchio|first4=Daniele|last5=Donachie|first5=Stuart|last6=Borin|first6=Sara|title=Volcanic Lakes|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-36833-2|pages=507-521}}</ref>
<ref name=EscuderoChong2007>{{cite journal|last1=Escudero|first1=Lorena|last2=Chong|first2=Guillermo|last3=Demergasso|first3=Cecilia|last4=Farías|first4=María Eugenia|last5=Cabrol|first5=Nathalie A.|last6=Grin|first6=Edmond|last7=Minkley Jr.|first7=Edwin|last8=Yu|first8=Yeoungeob|title=Investigating microbial diversity and UV radiation impact at the high-altitude Lake Aguas Calientes, Chile|journal=Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X|date=1 October 2007|volume=6694|doi=10.1117/12.736970}}</ref>
<ref name=EscuderoChong2007>{{cite journal|last1=Escudero|first1=Lorena|last2=Chong|first2=Guillermo|last3=Demergasso|first3=Cecilia|last4=Farías|first4=María Eugenia|last5=Cabrol|first5=Nathalie A.|last6=Grin|first6=Edmond|last7=Minkley Jr.|first7=Edwin|last8=Yu|first8=Yeoungeob|title=Investigating microbial diversity and UV radiation impact at the high-altitude Lake Aguas Calientes, Chile|journal=Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X|date=1 October 2007|volume=6694|doi=10.1117/12.736970}}</ref>
<ref name=Zeil1964>{{cite journal|last1=Zeil|first1=Werner|title=Die Verbreitung des jungen Vulkanismus in der Hochkordillere Nordchiles|journal=Geologische Rundschau|date=December 1964|volume=53|issue=2|page=756|doi=10.1007/BF02054561|language=de}}</ref>
}}
}}


Revision as of 13:21, 14 January 2016

Aguas Calientes
Cerro Aguas Calientes
Centre, from left to right: Lascar, Aguas Calientes and Acamarachi.
Highest point
Elevation5,924 m (19,436 ft)[1]
ListingList of volcanoes in Chile
Geography
Aguas Calientes is located in Chile
Aguas Calientes
Aguas Calientes
Chile
LocationAntofagasta, Chile
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano

Aguas Calientes Volcano or Cerro Aguas Calientes, also called Simba[2], is a cone-shaped stratovolcano located 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of the Lascar volcano and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Laguna Lejía,[2] in Chile's II Region (Antofagasta). Also in the area are the volcanoes Acamarachi and Chiliques.[citation needed] Aguas Calientes is located within a 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi) area where the Cordón de Puntas Negras and the Cordón Chalviri volcanic chains intersect.[2] The volcano is constructed from andesite and dacite containing hornblende and also anhydrite and its pyroclastics are all older than Lascar.[3][4] Some xenoliths of calc-alkaline material are found in Aguas Calientes lavas, and magma mixing has generated lavas containing andesite inclusions in dacites. One eruption of Aguas Calientes postdates the first centre of Lascar and was originally linked to the Lascar Piedras Grandes eruption, before sampling on the latter indicated a relationship with the Lascar volcano itself.[5] One summit lava flow may be of Holocene age.[6] Effusiojn of lava ceased after the cone was built.[7]

The volcano has been affected by glaciation. Glacial U-shaped valleys are found on the northern and western flanks, giving the volcano some angular patterns. One valley with glacial features and a subglacial river channel at 4,650 metres (15,260 ft) altitude is found on the northern flank. It extends down to the valley north of Aguas Calientes and intersects the youngest lavas of the volcano.[4]

The volcano has a well formed summit crater.[6] A small crater lake is found within the Aguas Calientes summit crater, making it one of the highest lakes in the world[8] at an altitude of 5,870 metres (19,260 ft). The lake has a surface area of 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft) and is tinged red. The lake water is acidic and is frequently influenced by activity from Lascar, with winds carrying sulfuric acid and water vapour clouds to the crater lake. Precipitation was measured at 146 millimetres per year (0.182 in/Ms) with most precipitation falling during the winter months,[2] and strong UV irradiation.[9] The lake has a bacterial ecosystem that is primarily reliant on photosynthesis but may also be influenced by hydrothermal activity from Aguas Calientes volcano.[10] Research has found only limited numbers of bacterial taxa and a large number of DNA sequences that can't be identified as known phylogenetic groups.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Lascar". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ^ a b c d e Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A.; Chong, Guillermo; Minkley, Edwin; Hock, Andrew N.; Yu, Youngseob; Bebout, Leslie; Fleming, Erich; Häder, Donat P.; Demergasso, Cecilia; Gibson, John; Escudero, Lorena; Dorador, Cristina; Lim, Darlene; Woosley, Clayton; Morris, Robert L.; Tambley, Cristian; Gaete, Victor; Galvez, Matthieu E.; Smith, Eric; Uskin-Peate, Ingrid; Salazar, Carlos; Dawidowicz, G.; Majerowicz, J. (5 November 2009). "The High-Lakes Project". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114. doi:10.1029/2008JG000818.
  3. ^ MATTHEWS, S. J.; JONES, A. P.; BEARD, A. D. (1 October 1994). "Buffering of melt oxygen fugacity by sulphur redox reactions in calc-alkaline magmas". Journal of the Geological Society. 151 (5): 815–823. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.151.5.0815.
  4. ^ a b GARDEWEG, M. C.; SPARKS, R. S. J.; MATTHEWS, S. J. (1 February 1998). "Evolution of Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile". Journal of the Geological Society. 155 (1): 89–104. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0089.
  5. ^ MATTHEWS, S. J.; JONES, A. P.; GARDEWEG, M. C. (1 April 1994). "Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile; Evidence for Steady-State Disequilibrium". Journal of Petrology. 35 (2): 401–432. doi:10.1093/petrology/35.2.401.
  6. ^ a b Venzke, Edward (1993). "Report on Lascar (Chile)". Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. 18 (4). doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199304-355100.
  7. ^ Zeil, Werner (December 1964). "Die Verbreitung des jungen Vulkanismus in der Hochkordillere Nordchiles". Geologische Rundschau (in German). 53 (2): 756. doi:10.1007/BF02054561.
  8. ^ "The Highest Lakes in the World". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Mapelli, Francesca; Marasco, Ramona; Rolli, Eleonora; Daffonchio, Daniele; Donachie, Stuart; Borin, Sara. Volcanic Lakes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 507–521. ISBN 978-3-642-36833-2.
  10. ^ Demergasso, Cecilia; Dorador, Cristina; Meneses, Daniela; Blamey, Jenny; Cabrol, Nathalie; Escudero, Lorena; Chong, Guillermo (17 August 2010). "Prokaryotic diversity pattern in high-altitude ecosystems of the Chilean Altiplano". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115. doi:10.1029/2008JG000836.
  11. ^ Escudero, Lorena; Chong, Guillermo; Demergasso, Cecilia; Farías, María Eugenia; Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond; Minkley Jr., Edwin; Yu, Yeoungeob (1 October 2007). "Investigating microbial diversity and UV radiation impact at the high-altitude Lake Aguas Calientes, Chile". Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X. 6694. doi:10.1117/12.736970.
Sources
  • González-Ferrán, Oscar (1995). Volcanes de Chile. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Geográfico Militar. p. 640. ISBN 956-202-054-1. (in Spanish; also includes volcanoes of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru)


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