Jump to content

Lactation failure: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
AnomieBOT (talk | contribs)
Bots
6,512,678 edits
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Disputed}} {{Cleanup rewrite}}
Replacing page with multiple definitions as proposed on Talk. Some content that was on this page is covered in new Low milk supply article.
Line 1: Line 1:
{{cleanup rewrite|date=November 2017}}
{{disputed|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox disease
{{Infobox disease
| Name = Lactation failure
| Name = Lactation failure
Line 16: Line 14:
}}
}}


In [[breastfeeding]], '''lactation failure''' may refer to:
'''Lactation failure''' or '''deficiency''', also known as '''agalactia''' or '''agalactorrhea''', as well as '''hypogalactia''' or '''hypogalactorrhea''', is a [[medical condition]] in which [[lactation]] is insufficient or fails completely due to an inadequacy of [[breast milk]] production and/or a failure of the [[milk let-down reflex]] in response to [[suckling]] following [[childbirth]], resulting in an inability to properly [[breastfeeding|breastfeed]].<ref name="pmid1291500">{{cite journal |pmid=1291500 |year=1992 |author1=Mathur |first1=G. P |title=Lactation failure |journal=Indian pediatrics |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=1541–4 |last2=Chitranshi |first2=S |last3=Mathur |first3=S |last4=Singh |first4=S. B |last5=Bhalla |first5=M }}</ref><ref name="pmid20816003">{{cite journal |pmid=20816003 |url=http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/6663/6813 |year=2010 |author1=Zuppa |first1=A. A |title=Safety and efficacy of galactogogues: Substances that induce, maintain and increase breast milk production |journal=Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=162–74 |last2=Sindico |first2=P |last3=Orchi |first3=C |last4=Carducci |first4=C |last5=Cardiello |first5=V |last6=Romagnoli |first6=C }}</ref>
* '''Primary lactation failure''', a cause of [[low milk supply]] in breastfeeding mothers
* Cessation of breastfeeding before the mother had planned to stop, usually as a result of [[breastfeeding difficulties]]
* [[Low milk supply]] in general


==Causes==
== References ==
* {{cite book | last=Lawrence | first=Ruth A. | title=Human Lactation 2 | chapter=Maternal Factors in Lactation Failure | publisher=Springer US | publication-place=Boston, MA | year=1986 | isbn=978-1-4615-7209-1 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-7207-7_25 | ref=harv |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-7207-7_25#citeas}}
The most important cause of lactation failure is an insufficient secretion of [[prolactin]] from the [[pituitary gland]].<ref name="pmid16597813">{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2005.039768 |pmid=16597813 |pmc=2585697 |title=Aetiology, diagnosis, and management of hypopituitarism in adult life |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |volume=82 |issue=966 |pages=259–66 |year=2006 |last1=Prabhakar |first1=V K B |last2=Shalet |first2=S. M }}</ref><ref name="DonsJr.2009">{{cite book|author1=Robert F. Dons|author2=Frank H. Wians, Jr.|title=Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Clinical Lab Testing Manual, Fourth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rS41IwpI-hIC&pg=PA103|date=17 June 2009|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-7936-4|pages=103–}}</ref> [[D2 receptor|D<sub>2</sub> receptor]] [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]]s, which are used to treat lactation failure, correct this insufficiency by blocking D<sub>2</sub> receptors in the [[anterior pituitary]], which in turn disinhibits prolactin release.<ref name="BennettJensen1996">{{cite book|author1=P. N. Bennett|author2=Allan A. Jensen|title=Drugs and Human Lactation: A Comprehensive Guide to the Content and Consequences of Drugs, Micronutrients, Radiopharmaceuticals, and Environmental and Occupational Chemicals in Human Milk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgag1rONHjcC&pg=PA23|year=1996|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-81981-9|pages=23–}}</ref> [[Differential diagnosis]] of lactation failure when prolactin levels are normal or high includes [[lymphocytic hypophysitis]] (inflammation of the pituitary gland due to [[autoimmunity]]), [[Sheehan's syndrome]] ([[postpartum]] [[hypopituitarism]] due to [[ischemic]] [[necrosis]] from [[blood loss]] and [[hypovolemia]] during and after [[childbirth]]), and adult [[growth hormone deficiency]], all of which may cause lactation failure in part or full by lack of sufficient GH secretion.<ref name="DonsJr.2009" /><ref name="pmid11344171">{{cite journal |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.5.7440 |pmid=11344171 |title=Distinct Radiological and Clinical Appearance of Lymphocytic Hypophysitis |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=1861–4 |year=2001 |last1=Ünlühizarci |first1=Kürşad |last2=Bayram |first2=Fahri |last3=Çolak |first3=Ramiz |last4=Öztürk |first4=Figen |last5=Selçuklu |first5=Ahmet |last6=Durak |first6=Ahmet Candan |last7=Keleştimur |first7=Fahrettin }}</ref> Hypopituitarism in general can impair secretion of [[pituitary hormone]]s such as prolactin and [[growth hormone]] (GH) and in turn result in lactation failure.<ref name="pmid16597813" /><ref name="DonsJr.2009" />
* {{cite book | last=Lawrence | first=Ruth | title=Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical profession, 8th edition | publisher=Elsevier | publication-place=Philadelphia, PA | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-323-35776-0 | ref=harv |pp=836}}


{{Set index article}}
Insufficient [[glandular tissue]] of the breasts, or [[breast hypoplasia]], caused by a lack of normal [[mammary gland]] growth and maturation during [[puberty]] and/or [[pregnancy]], is another cause of lactation failure, albeit relatively rarely so.<ref name="WambachWambach2014">{{cite book|author1=Karen Wambach|author2=University of Kansas School of Nursing Karen Wambach|author3=Jan Riordan|title=Breastfeeding and Human Lactation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDb3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA387|date=26 November 2014|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-9729-7|pages=387–}}</ref><ref name="WalkerWalker2010">{{cite book|author1=Executive Director National Alliance for Breastfeeding Advocacy Marsha Walker|author2=Marsha Walker|title=Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwj4msNx4hAC&pg=PA587|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-1136-1|pages=587–}}</ref><ref name="CoadDunstall2011">{{cite book|author1=Jane Coad|author2=Melvyn Dunstall|title=Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives, with Pageburst online access,3: Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmSKoYD-iW0C&pg=PA413|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=0-7020-3489-4|pages=413–}}</ref> [[Overweightness]]/[[obesity]] can result in early lactation failure, because it inhibits the amount of prolactin secreted in response to suckling in the first week after childbirth.<ref name="Peckenpaugh2013">{{cite book|author=Nancy J. Peckenpaugh|title=Nutrition Essentials and Diet Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8edOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA436|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-26693-2|pages=436–}}</ref> Certain [[drug]]s, such as [[D2 receptor|D<sub>2</sub> receptor]] [[agonist]]s like [[bromocriptine]] and [[pergolide]], as well as indirect D<sub>2</sub> receptor activators like [[substituted amphetamine|amphetamine]]s, can suppress prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland and thereby cause lactation failure.<ref name="BennettJensen1996"/>{{rp|24}}

==Treatment==
Lactation failure can be treated with a [[galactagogue]] (lactation-promoting agent) such as a [[D2 receptor|D<sub>2</sub> receptor]] [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]] like [[domperidone]], [[metoclopramide]], or certain [[antipsychotic]]s like [[chlorpromazine]], [[haloperidol]], [[sulpiride]], or [[risperidone]], an [[oxytocic]] such as [[oxytocin]] or an [[structural analog|analogue]] like [[carbetocin]] or [[demoxytocin]], with GH (or potentially with a [[growth hormone secretagogue]], alternatively), or with [[thyrotropin-releasing hormone]] (TRH) or [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH).<ref name="pmid20816003" /><ref name="pmid23012383">{{cite journal |doi=10.1345/aph.1R167 |pmid=23012383 |title=The Use of Galactogogues in the Breastfeeding Mother |journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=46 |issue=10 |pages=1392–404 |year=2012 |last1=Forinash |first1=Alicia B |last2=Yancey |first2=Abigail M |last3=Barnes |first3=Kylie N |last4=Myles |first4=Thomas D }}</ref><ref name="pmid8692630">{{cite journal |pmid=8692630 |year=1996 |author1=Gunn |first1=A. J |title=Growth hormone increases breast milk volumes in mothers of preterm infants |journal=Pediatrics |volume=98 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=279–82 |last2=Gunn |first2=T. R |last3=Rabone |first3=D. L |last4=Breier |first4=B. H |last5=Blum |first5=W. F |last6=Gluckman |first6=P. D }}</ref><ref name="Walker2002">{{cite book|author=Marsha Walker|title=Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9ESjFt8DAYC&pg=PA225|year=2002|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-7637-1038-5|pages=225–}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Breastfeeding difficulties]]
* [[Galactorrhea]]
* [[Hypoprolactinemia]]
* [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}


{{Diseases of the breast}}
{{Diseases of the breast}}

Revision as of 23:29, 20 November 2017

Lactation failure
SpecialtyObstetrics Edit this on Wikidata

In breastfeeding, lactation failure may refer to:

References

  • Lawrence, Ruth A. (1986). "Maternal Factors in Lactation Failure". Human Lactation 2. Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7207-7_25. ISBN 978-1-4615-7209-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lawrence, Ruth (2016). Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical profession, 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 836. ISBN 978-0-323-35776-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactation_failure&oldid=811333091"