Triceratopsini: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Chasmosaurinae]] |
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| name = Triceratopsini |
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| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{Fossil range|74.73|66}} |
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| image = Torosaurus and Triceratops.tif |
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| image_caption = A, ''[[Triceratops prorsus]]'' and B, ''[[Torosaurus latus]]'' |
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| type_species = {{extinct}}''[[Triceratops horridus]]'' |
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| type_species_authority = [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1889 |
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| authority = [[Nicholas R. Longrich|Longrich]], [[2011 in paleontology|2011]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera |
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| subdivision = |
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See text |
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*{{extinct}}''[[Regaliceratops]]'' <small>(Brown & Henderson, [[2015 in paleontology|2015]])</small> |
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*{{extinct}}''[[Eotriceratops]]'' <small>(Wu ''et al.'', [[2007 in paleontology|2007]])</small> |
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*{{extinct}}''[[Ojoceratops]]'' <small>(Sullivan & Lucas, [[2010 in paleontology|2010]])</small> |
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*{{extinct}}''[[Titanoceratops]]'' <small>([[Nicholas R. Longrich|Longrich]], [[2011 in paleontology|2011]])</small> |
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*{{extinct}}''[[Nedoceratops]]'' <small>(Ukrainsky, [[2007 in paleontology|2007]])</small> |
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*{{extinct}}''[[Torosaurus]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1891)</small> |
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*{{extinct}}''[[Triceratops]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1889)</small> |
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}} |
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'''Triceratopsini''' is a tribe of herbivorous [[Chasmosaurinae|chasmosaurine]] [[dinosaur]]s that lived between the late [[Campanian]] to the late [[Maastrichtian]] stages of the [[Cretaceous]] period, between 74.73 and 66 million years ago.<ref name="longrich2011">{{Cite journal|last=Longrich|first=N.R.|year=2011 |title=''Titanoceratops ouranos'', a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40862182/16._Titanoceratops_reprint.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1511463787&Signature=nUwLtjUA4JVFkKtIRQ5pZoeKJ64%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3Di_Titanoceratops_ouranos_i_a_giant_horn.pdf |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=264–276 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007}}</ref> Fossils of these animals have been found in western [[North America]], in particular [[West Canada]], [[Western United States|Western]] and [[Midwestern United States]], which was once part of the ancient continent of [[Laramidia]]. The tribe was named by [[Nicholas R. Longrich]] in 2011 for the description of ''[[Titanoceratops]]'', which he defined as "as all species closer to ''[[Triceratops horridus]]'' than to ''[[Anchiceratops ornatus]]'' or ''[[Arrhinoceratops brachyops]]''".<ref name="longrich2011"/> Triceratopsinins were the largest members of the chasmosaurines, suggesting that gigantism had evolved in this family once, with a large hindlimbs which help support the enormous weight of these animals.<ref name="longrich2011"/> In addition there is an evolutionary trend in the solidification of the frills, the most extreme being in ''Triceratops''.<ref name="longrich2011"/><ref name="Brown2015">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Caleb M.|last2=Henderson|first2=Donald M.|title=A new horned dinosaur reveals convergent evolution in cranial ornamentation in ceratopsidae|journal=[[Current Biology]]|date=June 4, 2015|issue=online|url=http://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdfExtended/S0960-9822(15)00492-3|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.041|pmid=26051892|volume=25|pages=1641–8}}</ref> |
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The number of species and genera in recent years has been controversial, as some genera such as ''[[Torosaurus]]'' and ''[[Nedoceratops]]'' are debated whether they are ontogenetic (growth) stages of ''Triceratops''<ref name=scannella&horner2010>Scannella, J. and Horner, J.R. (2010). "''Torosaurus'' Marsh, 1891, is ''Triceratops'' Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny ." ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'', '''30'''(4): 1157 - 1168. {{doi|10.1080/02724634.2010.483632}}</ref>, specimens or species of ''Triceratops''<ref name="longrich2011"/>, or unique genera based on [[morphometrics]].<ref name=farke>{{Cite journal | last1 = Farke | first1 = A. A. | editor1-last = Claessens| editor1-first = Leon| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0016196 | title = Anatomy and Taxonomic Status of the Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid ''Nedoceratops hatcheri'' from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = e16196 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21283763| pmc =3024410 | url =http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016196}}</ref><ref name="richyrich">{{cite journal|author1=Longrich, N. R |author2=Field, D. J. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2012|title=''Torosaurus'' is not ''Triceratops'': Ontogeny in chasmosaurine ceratopsids as a case study in dinosaur taxonomy|journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|volume=7|issue=2|page=e32623|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0032623|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...7E2623L|pmid=22393425|pmc=3290593}}</ref><ref name="Maiorino et al 2013">{{cite journal|last=Maiorino|first=Leonardo|author2=Farke, Andrew A. |author3=Kotsakis, Tassos |author4=Piras, Paolo |author5= Butler, Richard J |title=Is ''Torosaurus Triceratops''? Geometric Morphometric Evidence of Late Maastrichtian Ceratopsid Dinosaurs|journal=PLoS ONE|year=2013|volume=8|issue=11|pages=e81608|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0081608|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0081608#pone-0081608-g003 |pmid=24303058 |pmc=3841114}}</ref> In addition there are two genera such as ''[[Agathaumas]]'' and ''[[Polyonax]]'' are considered to be ''[[nomen dubium]]'' as they are based on ambiguous fragmentary fossils.<ref name=gillette1999>Breithaupt, B.H. (1999). "First Discovery of Dinosaurs in the American West." Pp. 59-65 in Gillette, D.D. (ed.), ''Vertebrate Paleontology In Utah''. Utah Geological Survey. {{ISBN|1-55791-634-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-55791-634-1}}</ref><ref>Breithaupt, B.H. (2001). "Passport-In-Time Microvertebrate Fossil Project at the University of Wyoming Geological Museum: Late Cretaceous Paleontological Resources in the Public Eye." Pp. 107-112 in Santucci, V.L., and McClelland, L. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Fossil Resources Conference, United States Department of Interior - National Park Services - Geological Resources Division.</ref> |
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==Systematics== |
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===Phylogeny=== |
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For their phylogenetic analysis of ''Titanoceratops'' Longrich only recognized three genera, with ''[[Eotriceratops]]'', ''[[Ojoceratops]]'', and ''[[Nedoceratops]]'' to be junior synonyms of ''Triceratops'', as well as recognizing ''Torosaurus utahensis'' as a species of ''Triceratops'':<ref name="longrich2011"/> |
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{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100% |
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|label1=†[[Triceratopsini]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Titanoceratops ouranos]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Torosaurus latus]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Torosaurus utahensis|Triceratops utahensis]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Triceratops horridus]]'' |
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|2=†''[[Triceratops prorsus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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In [[2015 in paleontology|2015]] authors Brown & Henderson conducted a phylogenetic analysis in the description of ''[[Regaliceratops]]'' found ''Eotriceratops'', ''Ojoceratops'', and ''Nedoceratops'' to be valid genera.<ref name="Brown2015"/> There is a polytomy between ''Regaliceratops'', ''Eotriceratops'', ''Ojoceratops'', and a ''Titanoceratops''–''Triceratops'' clade as shown below:<ref name="Brown2015"/> |
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{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100% |
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|label1=†[[Triceratopsini]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Regaliceratops peterhewsi]]'' |
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|2=†''[[Eotriceratops xerinsularis]]'' |
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|3=†''[[Ojoceratops fowleri]]'' |
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|4={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Titanoceratops ouranos]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Nedoceratops hatcheri]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Torosaurus latus]]'' |
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|2=†''[[Torosaurus utahensis]]'' }} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†''[[Triceratops horridus]]'' |
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|2=†''[[Triceratops prorsus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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===Taxonomy=== |
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Below are a list of valid species as noted by Brown & Henderson (2015):<ref name="Brown2015"/> |
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* '''†Tribe Triceratopsini''' (Longrich, 2011) |
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** †Genus ''[[Regaliceratops]]'' (Brown & Henderson, [[2015 in paleontology|2015]]) |
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*** †''Regaliceratops peterhewsi'' (Brown & Henderson, 2015) |
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** †Genus ''[[Eotriceratops]]'' (Wu ''et al.'', 2007) |
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*** †''Eotriceratops xerinsularis'' (Wu ''et al.'', 2007) |
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** †Genus ''[[Ojoceratops]]'' (Sullivan & Lucas, 2010) |
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*** †''Ojoceratops fowleri'' (Sullivan & Lucas, 2010) |
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** †Genus ''[[Titanoceratops]]'' (Longrich, 2011) |
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*** †''Titanoceratops ouranos'' (Longrich, 2011) |
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** †Genus ''[[Nedoceratops]]'' (Ukrainsky, 2007) |
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*** †''Nedoceratops hatcheri'' (Ukrainsky, 2007) |
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** †Genus ''[[Torosaurus]]'' (Marsh, 1891) |
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*** †''Torosaurus utahensis'' (Gilmore, 1946) |
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*** †''Torosaurus latus'' (Marsh, 1891) |
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** †Genus ''[[Triceratops]]'' (Marsh, 1889) |
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*** †''Triceratops prorsus'' (Marsh, 1890) |
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*** †''Triceratops horridus'' (Marsh, 1889) |
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====Questionable==== |
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Below are various genera that either junior synonyms of existing genera or ''nomen dubium'': |
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* †Genus ''[[Agathaumas]]'' ([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1872) – ''nomen dubium''; considered to be a synonym of ''Triceratops''<ref name=gillette1999/> |
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** †''Agathaumas sylvestris'' (Cope, 1872) |
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* Genus †''[[Polyonax]]'' (Cope, 1874) – ''nomen dubium''; considered to be a synonym of ''Triceratops''<ref name=gillette1999/> |
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** †''Polyonax mortuarius'' (Cope, 1874) |
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* †Genus ''[[Tatankaceratops]]'' (Ott & Larson, 2010) – likely a junior synonym of ''Triceratops'', either a dwarf specimen<ref name="longrich2011"/> or a juvenile.<ref name="Holtz2010">Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2010.pdf Winter 2010 Appendix.]</ref> |
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** †''Tatankaceratops sacrisonorum'' (Ott & Larson, 2010) |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Dinosaurs}} |
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* [[Timeline of ceratopsian research]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{wikispecies}} |
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{{Marginocephalia|T.}} |
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[[Category:Ceratopsids]] |
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[[Category:Chasmosaurines]] |
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[[es:Chasmosaurinae]] |
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Revision as of 21:59, 24 November 2017
| Triceratopsini Temporal range: Late Cretaceous,
| |
|---|---|
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| A, Triceratops prorsus and B, Torosaurus latus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | †Ornithischia |
| Clade: | †Ceratopsia |
| Family: | †Ceratopsidae |
| Subfamily: | †Chasmosaurinae |
| Tribe: | †Triceratopsini Longrich, 2011 |
| Type species | |
| †Triceratops horridus Marsh, 1889
| |
| Genera | |
|
See text
| |
Triceratopsini is a tribe of herbivorous chasmosaurine dinosaurs that lived between the late Campanian to the late Maastrichtian stages of the Cretaceous period, between 74.73 and 66 million years ago.[1] Fossils of these animals have been found in western North America, in particular West Canada, Western and Midwestern United States, which was once part of the ancient continent of Laramidia. The tribe was named by Nicholas R. Longrich in 2011 for the description of Titanoceratops, which he defined as "as all species closer to Triceratops horridus than to Anchiceratops ornatus or Arrhinoceratops brachyops".[1] Triceratopsinins were the largest members of the chasmosaurines, suggesting that gigantism had evolved in this family once, with a large hindlimbs which help support the enormous weight of these animals.[1] In addition there is an evolutionary trend in the solidification of the frills, the most extreme being in Triceratops.[1][2]
The number of species and genera in recent years has been controversial, as some genera such as Torosaurus and Nedoceratops are debated whether they are ontogenetic (growth) stages of Triceratops[3], specimens or species of Triceratops[1], or unique genera based on morphometrics.[4][5][6] In addition there are two genera such as Agathaumas and Polyonax are considered to be nomen dubium as they are based on ambiguous fragmentary fossils.[7][8]
Systematics
Phylogeny
For their phylogenetic analysis of Titanoceratops Longrich only recognized three genera, with Eotriceratops, Ojoceratops, and Nedoceratops to be junior synonyms of Triceratops, as well as recognizing Torosaurus utahensis as a species of Triceratops:[1]
In 2015 authors Brown & Henderson conducted a phylogenetic analysis in the description of Regaliceratops found Eotriceratops, Ojoceratops, and Nedoceratops to be valid genera.[2] There is a polytomy between Regaliceratops, Eotriceratops, Ojoceratops, and a Titanoceratops–Triceratops clade as shown below:[2]
Taxonomy
Below are a list of valid species as noted by Brown & Henderson (2015):[2]
- †Tribe Triceratopsini (Longrich, 2011)
- †Genus Regaliceratops (Brown & Henderson, 2015)
- †Regaliceratops peterhewsi (Brown & Henderson, 2015)
- †Genus Eotriceratops (Wu et al., 2007)
- †Eotriceratops xerinsularis (Wu et al., 2007)
- †Genus Ojoceratops (Sullivan & Lucas, 2010)
- †Ojoceratops fowleri (Sullivan & Lucas, 2010)
- †Genus Titanoceratops (Longrich, 2011)
- †Titanoceratops ouranos (Longrich, 2011)
- †Genus Nedoceratops (Ukrainsky, 2007)
- †Nedoceratops hatcheri (Ukrainsky, 2007)
- †Genus Torosaurus (Marsh, 1891)
- †Torosaurus utahensis (Gilmore, 1946)
- †Torosaurus latus (Marsh, 1891)
- †Genus Triceratops (Marsh, 1889)
- †Triceratops prorsus (Marsh, 1890)
- †Triceratops horridus (Marsh, 1889)
- †Genus Regaliceratops (Brown & Henderson, 2015)
Questionable
Below are various genera that either junior synonyms of existing genera or nomen dubium:
- †Genus Agathaumas (Cope, 1872) – nomen dubium; considered to be a synonym of Triceratops[7]
- †Agathaumas sylvestris (Cope, 1872)
- Genus †Polyonax (Cope, 1874) – nomen dubium; considered to be a synonym of Triceratops[7]
- †Polyonax mortuarius (Cope, 1874)
- †Genus Tatankaceratops (Ott & Larson, 2010) – likely a junior synonym of Triceratops, either a dwarf specimen[1] or a juvenile.[9]
- †Tatankaceratops sacrisonorum (Ott & Larson, 2010)
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Longrich, N.R. (2011). "Titanoceratops ouranos, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 32 (3): 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007.
- ^ a b c d Brown, Caleb M.; Henderson, Donald M. (June 4, 2015). "A new horned dinosaur reveals convergent evolution in cranial ornamentation in ceratopsidae". Current Biology. 25 (online): 1641–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.041. PMID 26051892.
- ^ Scannella, J. and Horner, J.R. (2010). "Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny ." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(4): 1157 - 1168. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483632
- ^ Farke, A. A. (2011). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "Anatomy and Taxonomic Status of the Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid Nedoceratops hatcheri from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A". PLoS ONE. 6 (1): e16196. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016196. PMC 3024410. PMID 21283763.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Longrich, N. R; Field, D. J. (2012). "Torosaurus is not Triceratops: Ontogeny in chasmosaurine ceratopsids as a case study in dinosaur taxonomy". PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e32623. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...7E2623L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032623. PMC 3290593. PMID 22393425.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Maiorino, Leonardo; Farke, Andrew A.; Kotsakis, Tassos; Piras, Paolo; Butler, Richard J (2013). "Is Torosaurus Triceratops? Geometric Morphometric Evidence of Late Maastrichtian Ceratopsid Dinosaurs". PLoS ONE. 8 (11): e81608. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081608. PMC 3841114. PMID 24303058.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Breithaupt, B.H. (1999). "First Discovery of Dinosaurs in the American West." Pp. 59-65 in Gillette, D.D. (ed.), Vertebrate Paleontology In Utah. Utah Geological Survey. ISBN 1-55791-634-9, ISBN 978-1-55791-634-1
- ^ Breithaupt, B.H. (2001). "Passport-In-Time Microvertebrate Fossil Project at the University of Wyoming Geological Museum: Late Cretaceous Paleontological Resources in the Public Eye." Pp. 107-112 in Santucci, V.L., and McClelland, L. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Fossil Resources Conference, United States Department of Interior - National Park Services - Geological Resources Division.
- ^ Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2010 Appendix.
Wikispecies has information related to Triceratopsini.
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