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Added citations and more detail about Gama's life
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Added new heading of careers and personal life, subheading of abolitionist, and added more information on personal life. Also added a lot more citations.
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'''Luiz Gonzaga Pinto da Gama''' (June 21, 1830 – August 24, 1882) was a Brazilian [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poet, journalist, lawyer, Republican and a prominent [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191318189|title=Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture|date=2008|publisher=Gale|others=Kinsbruner, Jay., Langer, Erick Detlef.|isbn=9780684312705|edition=2nd ed|location=Detroit|oclc=191318189}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60323165|title=Encyclopedia of African-American culture and history : the Black experience in the Americas|date=2006|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|others=Palmer, Colin A., 1944-|isbn=0028658213|edition=2nd ed|location=Detroit|oclc=60323165}}</ref>
'''Luiz Gonzaga Pinto da Gama''' (June 21, 1830 – August 24, 1882) was a Brazilian [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poet, journalist, lawyer, Republican and a prominent [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191318189|title=Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture|date=2008|publisher=Gale|others=Kinsbruner, Jay., Langer, Erick Detlef.|isbn=9780684312705|edition=2nd ed|location=Detroit|oclc=191318189}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60323165|title=Encyclopedia of African-American culture and history : the Black experience in the Americas|date=2006|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|others=Palmer, Colin A., 1944-|isbn=0028658213|edition=2nd ed|location=Detroit|oclc=60323165}}</ref>


==Life==
==Personal Life==
Gama was born free in 1830, to a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ''[[fidalgo]]'' who lost all his fortune with [[gambling]], and [[Luísa Mahin]] (also spelled Maheu), a free African woman of "Mina" nation who sold foodstuff in the city market.<ref name=":1" /> According to Gama, she was involved in a rebellion that may have been the [[Malê Revolt|1835 Malê Revolt]], which is why she had to eventually flee Bahia in 1837.<ref>Elciene Azevedo, Orfeu de carapinha: a trajetória de Luiz Gama na imperial cidade de São Paulo (Campinas: Editora da Universidade de Campinas, 1999), 68.</ref><ref name=":1" />
Gama was born free in 1830, to a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ''[[fidalgo]]'' who lost all his fortune with [[gambling]], and [[Luísa Mahin]] (also spelled Maheu), a free African woman of "Mina" nation who sold foodstuff in the city market.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908062295|title=Encyclopedia of emancipation and abolition in the Transatlantic world|others=Rodriguez, Junius P.,, Ackerson, Wayne,|isbn=1317471792|location=London [England]|oclc=908062295}}</ref> According to Gama, she was involved in a rebellion that may have been the [[Malê Revolt|1835 Malê Revolt]], which is why she had to eventually flee Bahia in 1837.<ref>Elciene Azevedo, Orfeu de carapinha: a trajetória de Luiz Gama na imperial cidade de São Paulo (Campinas: Editora da Universidade de Campinas, 1999), 68.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


In 1840, when Gama was 10 years old, his father sold him illegally, allegedly because of debts. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Gama never revealed the identity of his father to preserve his father's name after committing this injustice. <ref name=":1" /> Gama was first shipped to a port in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and from there was taken to a province in [[São Paulo]].<ref name=":1" /> Gama was bought by an ''[[alférez (rank)|alférez]]'' named Antônio Pereira Cardoso. Cardoso would try to sell him, but no one would buy Gama, since he was originally from [[Bahia]], and Bahian slaves had the fame of being runaways. Cardoso then decided to use Gama as a housekeeper in his farm in the city of [[Lorena, São Paulo|Lorena]].
In 1840, when Gama was 10 years old, his father sold him illegally, allegedly because of debts. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Gama never revealed the identity of his father to preserve his father's name after committing this injustice. <ref name=":1" /> Gama was first shipped to a port in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and from there was taken to a province in [[São Paulo]].<ref name=":1" /> Gama was bought by an ''[[alférez (rank)|alférez]]'' named Antônio Pereira Cardoso. Cardoso would try to sell him, but no one would buy Gama, since he was originally from [[Bahia]], and Bahian slaves had the fame of being runaways.<ref name=":2" /> Cardoso then decided to use Gama as a housekeeper in his farm in the city of [[Lorena, São Paulo|Lorena]].


In 1847, a law student named Antônio Rodrigues de Araújo stayed in Cardoso's house. <ref name=":1" /> He and Gama developed a strong friendship, and Araújo taught Gama how to read and write. Thus Gama was able to prove the illegality of his condition and regained his freedom in 1848.<ref name=":1" /> After regaining his freedom, Gama studied [[Law]] at the [[Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo]], but did not finish the course. In later life, he would work as a ''[[:pt:Rábula|rábula]]'', that is, a non-graduated lawyer with permission of the government to follow that career.
In 1847, a law student named Antônio Rodrigues de Araújo stayed in Cardoso's house. <ref name=":1" /> He and Gama developed a strong friendship, and Araújo taught Gama how to read and write.<ref name=":2" /> Thus Gama was able to prove the illegality of his condition and regained his freedom in 1848.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


In 1858 Gama met Claudina Fortunata de Sampio and had a child with her a year after by the name of Benedito Graco Pinto de Gama.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=James H.|date=1974|title=Luiz Gama: Pioneer of Abolition in Brazil|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716766|journal=The Journal of Negro History|volume=59|issue=3|pages=255–267|doi=10.2307/2716766}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The godfather of his only son was Francisco Maria de Sousa Furtado de Mendonca. Mendonca, who was a big mentor for Gama and his law career. <ref name=":3" /> Since Gama and Sampio were freed slaves, they had to wait to register their marriage until 1869.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
During the 1860s he became a journalist, collaborating with [[Angelo Agostini]] in ''Ipiranga'', ''Coroaci'' and ''O Polichileno''. He founded the journal ''Radical Paulistano'' in 1869 alongside [[Rui Barbosa]]. An active opponent of Brazilian Monarchy, He also helped to create the [[Republican Party of São Paulo]] in 1873.


Gama freed more than one thousand slaves in [[São Paulo]]. He died in 1882 of [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]].
Gama passed away in 1882 because of diabetes, with thousands of people mourning his death in São Paulo due to his role in the abolitionist movement and freeing more than one thousand slaves in [[São Paulo]] through law. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Careers ==
After he regained his freedom, Gama joined a military police force. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> After six years, Gama was discharged from the militia for insubordination as he admitted to threatening another officer who insulted him.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> In addition to being discharged, Gama was also imprisoned for thirty-nine days for insubordination.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Santos|first=Eduardo Antonio Estevam|last2=Santos|first2=Eduardo Antonio Estevam|date=December 2015|title=Luiz Gama and the racial satire as the transgression poetry: diasporic poetry as counter-narrative to the idea of race|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2236-46332015000300707&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Almanack|issue=11|pages=707–727|doi=10.1590/2236-463320151108|issn=2236-4633}}</ref> After being discharged, Gama worked at the police station in São Paulo as a copyist and was eventually promoted to the clerk in the headquarters of the police department.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

Gama worked a second job as a clerk in the private office of a high-ranking police officer by the name of Francisco Maria de Sousa Furtado de Mendonca, who eventually became a professor and dean at [[Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> This allowed Gama to study [[Law]] at the [[Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo]], but did not finish the course.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> In later life, he would work as a ''[[:pt:Rábula|rábula]]'', that is, a non-graduated lawyer with permission of the government to follow that career.

=== Abolitionist ===
As a lawyer, Gama defended blacks in court who were illegally enslaved, especially those who were enslaved after slave trade was abolished in 1831, and fought for their rights.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Gama freed more than 500 slaves through the courts and also purchased the freedom of individual slaves.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Not only did Gama use his knowledge of law to help slaves, but also promoted the abolitionist movement through lectures, journals, and by fundraising.<ref name=":1" /> As Gama established a positive reputation of being an attorney, he received funding from women's organizations and private sources for his anti-slavery stance.<ref name=":3" /> In 1881, the Luiz Gama Emancipation Fund was created to help freedom for slaves.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, Gama established the Abolitionist Center of São Paulo in 1882 and was the leader of the abolitionist movement in São Paulo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


==Works==
==Works==

Revision as of 14:12, 28 March 2018

Luiz Gama
A photograph of Luís Gama
A photograph of Luís Gama
BornLuís Gonzaga Pinto da Gama
(1830-06-21)21 June 1830
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Died24 August 1882(1882-08-24) (aged 52)
São Paulo City, São Paulo, Brazil
Pen nameGetulino
OccupationLawyer, poet, journalist, republican and abolitionist
NationalityBrazil Brazilian
Alma materUniversity of São Paulo
Notable worksPrimeiras Trovas Burlescas de Getulino

Luiz Gonzaga Pinto da Gama (June 21, 1830 – August 24, 1882) was a Brazilian Romantic poet, journalist, lawyer, Republican and a prominent abolitionist.[1][2]

Personal Life

Gama was born free in 1830, to a Portuguese fidalgo who lost all his fortune with gambling, and Luísa Mahin (also spelled Maheu), a free African woman of "Mina" nation who sold foodstuff in the city market.[2][3] According to Gama, she was involved in a rebellion that may have been the 1835 Malê Revolt, which is why she had to eventually flee Bahia in 1837.[4][2][3]

In 1840, when Gama was 10 years old, his father sold him illegally, allegedly because of debts. [1][2][3] Gama never revealed the identity of his father to preserve his father's name after committing this injustice. [2] Gama was first shipped to a port in Rio de Janeiro and from there was taken to a province in São Paulo.[2] Gama was bought by an alférez named Antônio Pereira Cardoso. Cardoso would try to sell him, but no one would buy Gama, since he was originally from Bahia, and Bahian slaves had the fame of being runaways.[3] Cardoso then decided to use Gama as a housekeeper in his farm in the city of Lorena.

In 1847, a law student named Antônio Rodrigues de Araújo stayed in Cardoso's house. [2] He and Gama developed a strong friendship, and Araújo taught Gama how to read and write.[3] Thus Gama was able to prove the illegality of his condition and regained his freedom in 1848.[2][3]

In 1858 Gama met Claudina Fortunata de Sampio and had a child with her a year after by the name of Benedito Graco Pinto de Gama.[5][3] The godfather of his only son was Francisco Maria de Sousa Furtado de Mendonca. Mendonca, who was a big mentor for Gama and his law career. [5] Since Gama and Sampio were freed slaves, they had to wait to register their marriage until 1869.[5][3]

Gama passed away in 1882 because of diabetes, with thousands of people mourning his death in São Paulo due to his role in the abolitionist movement and freeing more than one thousand slaves in São Paulo through law. [2][5]

Careers

After he regained his freedom, Gama joined a military police force. [1][3][5] After six years, Gama was discharged from the militia for insubordination as he admitted to threatening another officer who insulted him.[5][3] In addition to being discharged, Gama was also imprisoned for thirty-nine days for insubordination.[5][6] After being discharged, Gama worked at the police station in São Paulo as a copyist and was eventually promoted to the clerk in the headquarters of the police department.[2][5][3]

Gama worked a second job as a clerk in the private office of a high-ranking police officer by the name of Francisco Maria de Sousa Furtado de Mendonca, who eventually became a professor and dean at Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo.[5][3] This allowed Gama to study Law at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo, but did not finish the course.[5][2] In later life, he would work as a rábula, that is, a non-graduated lawyer with permission of the government to follow that career.

Abolitionist

As a lawyer, Gama defended blacks in court who were illegally enslaved, especially those who were enslaved after slave trade was abolished in 1831, and fought for their rights.[1][2][5] Gama freed more than 500 slaves through the courts and also purchased the freedom of individual slaves.[1][2][5] Not only did Gama use his knowledge of law to help slaves, but also promoted the abolitionist movement through lectures, journals, and by fundraising.[2] As Gama established a positive reputation of being an attorney, he received funding from women's organizations and private sources for his anti-slavery stance.[5] In 1881, the Luiz Gama Emancipation Fund was created to help freedom for slaves.[5] Additionally, Gama established the Abolitionist Center of São Paulo in 1882 and was the leader of the abolitionist movement in São Paulo.[1][2]

Works

Gama would publish a poetry book, Primeiras Trovas Burlescas de Getulino (Getulino's First Burlesque Ballads), under the pen name "Getulino", in 1859. Most of the poems are satires about the customs of the 19th-century Brazilian Monarchist aristocracy.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. Kinsbruner, Jay., Langer, Erick Detlef. (2nd ed ed.). Detroit: Gale. 2008. ISBN 9780684312705. OCLC 191318189. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Encyclopedia of African-American culture and history : the Black experience in the Americas. Palmer, Colin A., 1944- (2nd ed ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. 2006. ISBN 0028658213. OCLC 60323165. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Encyclopedia of emancipation and abolition in the Transatlantic world. Rodriguez, Junius P.,, Ackerson, Wayne,. London [England]. ISBN 1317471792. OCLC 908062295.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ Elciene Azevedo, Orfeu de carapinha: a trajetória de Luiz Gama na imperial cidade de São Paulo (Campinas: Editora da Universidade de Campinas, 1999), 68.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kennedy, James H. (1974). "Luiz Gama: Pioneer of Abolition in Brazil". The Journal of Negro History. 59 (3): 255–267. doi:10.2307/2716766.
  6. ^ Santos, Eduardo Antonio Estevam; Santos, Eduardo Antonio Estevam (December 2015). "Luiz Gama and the racial satire as the transgression poetry: diasporic poetry as counter-narrative to the idea of race". Almanack (11): 707–727. doi:10.1590/2236-463320151108. ISSN 2236-4633.

Bibliography

  • Azevedo, Elcinene. Orfeu de carapinha: a trajetória de Luiz Gama na imperial cidade de São Paulo.Campinas: Editora da Universidade de Campinas, 1999.
  • Azevedo, Elciene. O direito dos escravos: lutas jurídicas e abolicionismo na província de São Paulo. Campinas, SP, Brasil: Editora Unicamp, 2010.
  • Braga-Pinto, César,"The Honor of the Abolitionist and the Shamefulness of Slavery: Raul Pompeia, Luís Gama and Joaquim Nabuco." Luso-Brazilian Review. 51(2), Dec. 2014. 170-199.
  • GAMA, Luís. Primeiras Trovas Burlescas de Getulino e Outros Poemas (edited by Lígia Ferreira). São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2000.
  • SILVA, J. Romão. Luís Gama e Suas Poesias Satíricas. Rio de Janeiro: Casa do Estudante.

External links

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