Pedro II of Brazil

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Pedro II
Pedro II, at age 61, 1887.
Emperor of Brazil
Reign 7 April 1831 - 15 November 1889
(&0000000000000058.00000058 years, &0000000000000222.000000222 days)
Coronation 18 July 1841
Predecessor Pedro I
Heir Prince Afonso (1845-1847)
Prince Pedro (1848-1850)
Princess Isabel (1847-1848, 1850-1891)
Emperor of Brazil
Pretendence 15 November 1889 - 5 December 1891
(&0000000000000002.0000002 years, &0000000000000020.00000020 days)
Successor Isabel, Princess Imperial
Spouse Teresa of the Two Sicilies
Issue
Afonso, Prince Imperial
Isabel, Princess Imperial
Leopoldina, Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary
Pedro, Prince Imperial
Father Pedro I of Brazil
Mother Maria Leopoldina of Austria
Born December 2, 1825(1825-12-02)
Palace of São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro
Died December 5, 1891 (aged 66)
Paris, France
Signature

Pedro II (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpedɾu seˈɡũdu]; December 2, 1825 – December 5, 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous"[1] was the second and last Emperor of Brazil, having reigned for 58 years. His name in full was Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga. When anglicised, his name would be Peter II, full name Peter of Alcantara John Charles Leopold Salvador Vivian Francis Xavier of Paula Leocadio Michael Gabriel Raphael Gonzaga.

He was born on December 2, 1825, in Rio de Janeiro, the seventh child of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria. As a member of the Brazilian Royalty, he held the honorific title "Dom"[2] (In English:[3][4] Don)[5]. Emperor Pedro II is usually considered the greatest Brazilian.[6]

Contents

[edit] Early years

[edit] Prince Imperial

Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga[7][8][9][10] was born after a childbirth that lasted for more than five hours at 2:30 a.m. on 2 December 1825.[11][12] His name, as well as his father´s, was a homage to saint Peter of Alcantara.[13][14] At the same day he was presented by Brigadier General Francisco de Lima e Silva to members of the Brazilian Government in the Palace of São Cristóvão.[15][16] He was only 47 centimeters tall[17] and was considered a fragile and sickly child, having inherited the epilepsy of the Spanish Bourbon.[18][19] He was baptized a few days later, in 9 December[20][21][22] and had his elder sister Maria as his godmother.[23]

Pedro II at 10 months old, 1826.

Pedro I invited Dona Mariana de Verna Magalhães Coutinho (later Countess of Belmonte in 1844) for the position of aia (supervisor) of his son.[24][25] Mariana de Verna was a Portuguese widow, considered a cultured, honored and kind woman.[26][27][28] Pedro II called her “Dadama” as he did not pronounce correctly the word “dame” as a child.[29] However, he would continue calling her that way even as an adult, but by affection as he treated her as his social mother.[30][31][32]

As the son of Emperor Pedro I, he was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza wich was, in turn, an illegitimate branch of the Capetian dynasty. He was, therefore, grandson of João VI and nephew of Miguel I.[33] His mother was the Archduchess Maria Leopoldina, daughter of Francis II, last Holy Roman Emperor. Through his mother he was a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and first cousin of Emperors Napoleon II of France, Franz Joseph I of Austria and Maximilian I of Mexico.[34][35][36]

Having been born after the recognition of Brazilian independence (25 November 1825),[37] he was considered a foreigner under Portuguese law.[38] Therefore his elder sister became Queen of Portugal as Maria II after the abdication of Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal) in 28 May 1826.[39][40] However, he was the only legitimate male child of Pedro I to survive childhood and became the heir of the Brazilian crown of his father as Prince Imperial and officially recognized as such in 6 August 1826.[41][42] Empress Leopoldina died in 11 December 1826, days after the stillbirth of a male child[43][44], when Pedro was one year old.[45][46] Pedro would not keep any memoirs of his own mother, but only the ones he would be later told about.[47][48]

His father was married two and half years later to Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Prince Pedro spent little time with his stepmother who would definitively leave the country two years later. But it seems that they had had an affectionate relationship[49][50] and both would keep contact with each other until her death in 1878.[51] Pedro I abdicated the imperial crown 7 April 1831, after a long conflict with the federalist liberals and opted to go to Portugal to reclaim the crown of his daughter which had been usurped by his brother Miguel I.[52][53] The Prince Imperial Pedro became, thus, "Dom Pedro II, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil".[54][55][56]

[edit] The Regency

[edit] Accession

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When Pedro woke up on 7 April 1831, Pedro II found on his bed his father´s imperial crown,[57] which had already left together with his wife.[58] With the aid of Mariana de Verna, Pedro II wrote a letter of farewell to his father.[59] Pedro I was on board the British frigate Warspite and answered in tears, calling him “My beloved son, and my Emperor”.[60][61] His father only left to Europe on day 13, but they did not see each other during these days or ever again.[62] The distance from his children and the uncertainty about their safety tormented Pedro I. Pedro II suffered with his father and stepmother´s absence (whom he considered as a mother) and as a consequence it aggravated his usually repressed behavior.[63] Beyond Pedro II, three of his sisters stayed in Brazil with him: Januária, Paula and Francisca.

Pedro II around age 8 in a portrait sent to his grandfather, Francis II, c.1834.

The acclamation of Pedro II as the new Brazilian Emperor occurred on 9 April.[64] He was taken in a carriage at the side of Mariana de Verna up to the City Palace in shock due to absence of his father and stepmother and completely frightened by the crowd that surrounded him and by the noise caused by the artillery and cried desperately.[65][66] A scared Pedro II was shown at the side of his sisters in one of the windows of the palace on top of a chair so that he could watch his acclamation by thousands of people.[67][68] The Brazilians sympathized “with the figure of the small orphan that would rule them one day”.[69] The spectacle was followed by shots of artillery that scared even more the child of five and this childish trauma probably resulted in part in his aversion to pomp as an adult.[70]

The period that followed the acclamation was probably the most problematic in the history of Brazil as an independent country.[71] As Pedro II could not exert his prerogatives (such as the Executive and Moderating Power) as constitutional Emperor until he reached his majority, a regency was created to rule in his place. The first regency was formed as a triumvirate and one of its members was Brigadier General Francisco de Lima e Silva, the same man who had presented the baby Pedro to the Government more than five years before.[72] The dispute between political factions resulted in an unstable and almost anarchical regency. The liberals that had ousted Pedro I were soon divided in two groups: the moderate liberals (constitutional monarchists that would later split into the Liberal Party and Conservative Party)[73] and the republicans (a small minority, but radical and highly rebellious).[74] There were also the restorers that were previously known as Bonifacians.[75]

Several rebellions occurred in the country during the regency.[76] The first ones, as the Rebellion of Santa Rita (1831),[77] the Revolt of the Year of the Smoke (1833)[78] and the Cabanada (or War of the Cabanos, 1832-34)[79][80] aimed at the return of Pedro I to power, and had the participation of common people, also of former-slaves and even of slaves.[81][82] The death of Pedro I on 24 September 1834[83] ended their hopes.[84] After the promulgation of the Additional Act in 1834 that resulted in a higher administrative and political provincial decentralization new rebellions occurred. This constitutional amendment incited the conflicts between the political parties that knew that whoever had the control of the provinces would also have in their hands the electoral and political system. The groups that lost the elections rebelled and tried to take the power by force.[85] However, all defended the throne of Pedro II as a way of legitimating their actions (that is, they were not against the monarchy), such as in the Cabanagem (1835-40),[86] the Sabinada (1837-38)[87] and the Balaiada (1838-41),[88][89] even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics (only as long Pedro II was a minor).[90] The exception was the Farroupilha (or War of Tatters, 1835-45) that begun as another dispute between political factions in the province of Rio Grande do Sul[91] but soon evolved into a separatist rebellion financed by the Argentine dictator Don Manuel Rosas.[92] However, most of the population of the province, as well as the largest and more prosperous cities, remained loyal to the Empire.[93]

[edit] Education

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Emperor Pedro I chose three people to take care of his children when he left the country. The first one was his friend José Bonifácio, whom he nominated tutor of his children,[94][95] a position that was confirmed later by the General Assembly.[96][97] The second was Mariana de Verna that already occupied the position of aia (supervisor) since the birth of Pedro II.[98] The third one was Rafael, an afro-Brazilian veteran of the Argentina-Brazil War[99][100] who was an employee in the Palace of São Cristóvão and that was also a man whom Pedro I deeply trusted, to whom he asked to look after his son, which he indeed did until the end of his life.[101][102] José Bonifácio did not stay for a long time in his position and was dismissed in December 1833.[103] His relationship with the regency governed by liberals had become unsustainable[104] due to his role as the leader of the restorers that desired the return of Pedro I,[105][106] not as Emperor, but as regent until the majority of his son.[107] The General Assembly nominated to substitute him Manuel Inácio de Andrade, Marquis of Itanhaém.[108][109][110]

Pedro II at age 12, 1838. He is wearing a "middle ceremonial" Admiral dress together with the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece around his neck and also the blue band and insignia of the Order of the Southern Cross on his chest.

Itanhaém was chosen because he was easy to manipulate and was considered submissive.[111] The new tutor was a man of mediocre intelligence,[112] but honest[113] and was wise enough to provide the young Emperor with an extraordinary education. The tutor had a “great influence on the democratic character and thought of Pedro II”.[114] He kept the same professors who were already teaching Pedro II and his sisters when José Bonifácio was tutor.[115] The exception was Friar Pedro de Santa Mariana who was nominated to occupy the place of Friar Antonio de Arrábida (who also had educated Pedro I as a child).[116][117] Friar Pedro Mariana acted as a general supervisor of Pedro II´s education but also taught him Latin, religion and mathematics. He was one of the few people beyond his family who Pedro II nourished a great affection.[118] Itanhaém and Friar Pedro Mariana educated Pedro II so that he should consider all human beings as equals, to be impartial and just, to watch public servants and ministers of state, to not have favourites and to always worry about public welfare.[119] Both had as an objective “to make a human, honest, constitutional, pacifist, tolerant, wise and just monarch. That is, a perfect ruler, dedicated integrally to his obligations, above political passions and private interests”.[120]

The education of Pedro II began when he was still the heir to throne and learned to read and write in Portuguese at age five. His first teachers were Mariana de Verna and Friar Antonio de Arrábida.[121] When he became Emperor he already had several professors. Amongst them, Félix Taunay (father of Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay) and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva (son of the regent Francisco de Lima e Silva), that taught French and Fencing, respectively, for whom he would have a friendship and admiration that would last all his life.[122][123] Pedro II passed the entire day studying[124] and only two hours were destined to amusement.[125] He would wake up at 6.30 a.m. and started the studies at seven and continued until 10 p.m. when he would go to bed.[126] The disciplines were diverse, from languages, history, philosophy, astronomy, physics, geography and music up to hunting, riding and fencing.[127] A great care was taken so that he should become the opposite of his father in matters related to education, character and personality.[128] He would learn throughout his life to speak and write in his native Portuguese, but also in Latin, French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Chinese, Occitan, Tupi and Guarani.[129][130] His passion for reading allowed him to assimilate any information.[131] Pedro II, although an intelligent person, was not a genius,[132] but had a great easiness to accumulate knowledge.[133] As a constitutional monarch, his education was followed closely by the General Assembly that demanded from Itanhaém reports concerning his progress in the studies.[134] Meanwhile, Pedro II was kept unaware from what happened outside the palace, including political matters.[135]

The Emperor had an unhappy and solitary childhood.[136][137] He was considered precocious, docile and obedient,[138] but was always crying and nothing seemed to please him.[139] He “was not raised with luxury and everything was very simple”.[140] He only had permission to meet his sisters after lunch, as they could not make him company[141] and even so for one hour only.[142] He had few friends of his age, and the only one he kept until adulthood was Luís Pedreira do Couto Ferraz, future Viscount of Bom Retiro.[143][144] However, he received caress from Mariana de Verna and from Rafael, who carried him over his shoulders[145] and allowed Pedro II to hide in his room to escape from study.[146] For the most part of his the time he was surrounded by employees who only had permission to speak to him when questioned.[147] The way Pedro II was raised made him become a shy and needy person[148][149] who tried to escape from reality by making “books another world where he could isolate and protect himself”.[150] Behind the “pomp of the monarchy, of the self-sufficiency appearance, there might has lived an unhappy man”.[151]

[edit] Coronation

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[edit] Growth

[edit] Marriage

Pedro II was married on September 17, 1842, to his cousin Princess Teresa of the Two Sicilies (1822–1889), the youngest daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies (1777–1830) and Maria Isabella of Spain. (Pedro I had been married to Leopoldina of Austria when he was Crown Prince of Portugal). Pedro II and Teresa Cristina had four children:

[edit] Aureliano tutorship

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[edit] The Platine War

Main article: Platine War
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[edit] The Conciliation

Pedro II reigned as Emperor of Brazil for 58 years. As emperor, he brought economic stability and progress by encouraging coffee production instead of sugar. The period saw the beginnings of industrialization: the first paved roads, the first steam-engine railway, a submarine telegraphy cable, and the introduction of the telephone. He fought against poverty and illiteracy by establishing primary schools and specialized secondary colleges and universities all over the country. By the end of his reign, there were 118 schools in Rio de Janeiro. He also set up the Brazilian Institute of History and Geography. Pedro II encouraged culture in his country as he subsidized artists and writers, and established libraries. Furthermore, having studied French political thought and being fond of the concept of constitutional governments, he wanted his people to be educated so that they would be able to self-govern.

Emperor Pedro II with "grand ceremonial" dress, in the opening of the annual session of the Brazilian Imperial Parliament (General Assembly), 1873.

Because of his strong intellectual passions, he traveled to the United States and attended the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876, where Alexander Graham Bell showed him his new telephone. Pedro II probably was the first Brazilian to use the invention. He recited Shakespeare's classic line from Hamlet, "To be or not to be" into it, and exclaimed, "This thing speaks!". His regime was supported for 40 years because of his leadership and compassion for the Brazilian people.

Liberal in outlook, Pedro II took steps to end slavery, after freeing forty slaves that he inherited when became legally an adult in 1840.[152] He knew that the Brazilian landowners would disagree with complete and immediate emancipation, therefore the process was gradual. In 1871, he passed the "free womb" laws that claimed that children born to enslaved women would be free upon birth; the law also claimed that all bondmen were declared free and a special bond was set aside to help slaves purchase freedom. The final abolition edict, the Golden Law, was signed in his absence by his daughter Princess Isabel, on May 13, 1888, freeing 700,000 slaves without any compensation for their owners.

Pedro II also tried to learn Guarani, the most widely spoken indigenous language in nineteenth-century Brazil.

He was widely respected by Brazilians of all social levels as an enlightened monarch who ruled in a principled, rational, moderate fashion. His relations with the Roman Catholic Church were strained due to his opposition to their 1872 anti-Masonic laws. Historian Thomas Skidmore has compared Pedro II to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, another nineteenth-century monarch who was popular for similar reasons.

Though an enlightened monarch, Pedro II nonetheless retained extensive power over the Brazilian government, as he presided over 36 cabinets. Under the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, the Emperor possessed Poder Moderador ("Moderating Power"), i.e. the power to temper the will of Brazil's representative government. In practice, this meant that Pedro II had the right to veto legislation, dissolve the lower house of the legislature (the only one that was elected), and call new elections at his pleasure. Pedro II generally respected the wishes of the electorate, and did all that he could to alternate support between the Liberal and Conservative parties so that each would have a fair amount of time in power. These parties represented the landowning class, causing tensions within other classes of Brazilian society and often leaving them displeased.

[edit] Quasi-war with Great Britain

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[edit] The War of the Triple Alliance

Main article: War of the Triple Alliance

The unexpectedly long and costly Paraguayan War of 1865-1870 also diminished his popularity. Regardless of its negative impacts, the war had significant impacts on politics, as it strengthened and solidified relations with Argentina, while establishing the Brazilian army's power.

[edit] The number one volunteer

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[edit] Sacrifice

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[edit] Victory

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[edit] Apogee

[edit] Racial thoughts and abolitionism

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[edit] First travel to Europe

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[edit] Religious thoughts

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[edit] Travel to the United States

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[edit] Second travel to Europe

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[edit] Decline

[edit] Heirless

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[edit] Republicanism

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[edit] Third travel to Europe

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[edit] Militarism

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[edit] Fall

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[edit] Exile

[edit] Later years

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[edit] Death

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In 23 November 1891 Pedro II appeared at the Academy of Sciences for the last time to participate in an election.[153][154] In the following morning he coldly wrote down in his daily the news that the dictator Deodoro da Fonseca had resigned: “10:30. Deodoro has quit.”[155] Soon after that he made a long stroll in an open chariot along the Seine even though the temperature was extremely low. He felt sick after returning to Bedford hotel at night.[156][157] The illness evolved into pneumonia in the following days.[158][159] There was no celebration on his anniversary on December 2, with the exception of a simple mass where he stood in bed and had only the company of his daughter, his son-in-law and his grandchildren.[160][161][162] However, he received later the visit from several French and Brazilians who lived in Paris and had gone there to compliment him. [163]

Pedro II, dressed with the uniform of Marshal of the Army in his deathbed, 6 December 1891. Notice the book under his head.

His health suddenly got worse in the morning on day 3.[164] Other relatives and friends went to visit him after the news of the seriousness of the situation. On December 4 he received the last sacrament from Abbot Pierre-Jacques-Almeyre Le Rébours, vicar of Madeleine.[165][166] Pedro II entered in agony in the night of the same day and died at 0:35 a.m. of day 5.[167][168][169] His last words were: “May God grant me these last wishes - peace and prosperity for Brazil…”.[170] He was so weakened that he did not suffer any kind of pain.[171] Pedro II was surrounded by his daughter Isabel, the Count of Eu, his grandchildren Pedro, Luís, Antonio, Pedro Augusto and Augusto, his sisters Januária and Francisca and their respectively husbands, the Count of Aquila and the Prince of Joinville.[172]

According to the death certificate the causa mortis was an acute pneumonia on the left lung.[173][174][175] Pedro II died without abdicating and Isabel inherited the claim to the throne of the Brazilian Empire.[176] She solemnly kissed her father´s hands and after that all the ones that were present, including dozens of Brazilian that were already there at that time, kissed her hand, recognizing her as the Empress de jure of Brazil.[177][178] The Baron of Rio Branco, that was also present, later wrote: “The Brazilians, thirty and something, went in line and, one by one, threw blessed water on the corpse and kissed his hand. I did the same. They were saying farewell to the great dead.”[179] Senator Gaspar da Silveira Martins arrived soon after the Emperor´s death and when he saw the body of his old friend, cried convulsively.[180]

Isabel declined an autopsy which allowed the body to be embalmed at 9 a.m. on 5 December after it was injected six liters of hydrochloride of zinc and aluminum into his common carotid artery.[181] A death mask was also made.[182] Pedro II was dressed with the "middle ceremonial" uniform of Marshal of the Army representing his position as commander-in-chief of the Brazilian armed forces.[183][184] It was placed in his chest the band of the Order of the Southern Cross, the insignias of the Order of the Golden Fleece and of the Order of the Rose and in his hands a crucifix made of silver sent by Pope Leo XIII. Two Brazilian flags were placed over his legs to cover them.[185][186][187] While the body was being prepared, the Count of Eu found in the room a sealed package next to a message written by the Emperor himself: “It is land from my country, I want it to be placed in my coffin in case I die away from my fatherland”.[188][189][190] The package that contained land from all Brazilian provinces was placed inside the coffin.[191][192] Three coffins were used; one made of lead lined with white satin inside where they deposited the body and two others that coated the first one: a varnished oak and another one of oak covered by black velvet.[193]

[edit] Funeral

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Few hours after the death of Pedro II, thousands of people appeared in the Bedford hotel, amongst them, the President of the Council of Ministers, Charles de Freycinet and the ministers of War and Navy.[194][195] In only one day, more than 2,000 telegrams were sent to the hotel with messages of condolences.[196][197] French president Sadi Carnot was travelling in the south of the country and sent all the members of the Military Household on his behalf to pay homage to the deceased monarch.[198] Princess Isabel desired to make a discrete and private ceremony for the burial of Pedro II.[199] However, she ended accepting the request of the French Government to allow a Head of State´s funeral. To prevent politic incidents,[200] the government decided that the burial would officially be done because of the fact that the Emperor was a grand cross of the Légion d'honneur,[201][202] but with the pomp due to a monarch.[203] All requests made by the Brazilian republican government to do not do any type of official funeral or to show the imperial flag in public were simply ignored by the French government.[204]

The coffin that contained the body of Pedro II left the Bedford hotel for the Church of Madeleine in the night of 8 December.[205] Eight French military carried the coffin that was covered with the imperial flag[206][207] while being seen by more than 5,000 people.[208] The carriage used for the rite was the same one used for the funerals of cardinal Morlot, the Duke of Morny and Adolphe Thiers.[209][210]

Pedro II´s coffin leaving the Church of Madeleine, 1891.

In the following day, thousands of personalities appeared in the ceremony that was done in Madeleine. Beyond the family of Pedro II, they were: Amadeo, former king of Spain, Francis II, former king of the Two Sicilies, Isabella II, former queen of Spain, Philippe, Count of Paris, and several other members of the European royalty.[211][212] Also present were General Joseph Brugère, representing the President Sadi Carnot, the presidents of the Senate and the House of Representatives[213] as well as its members, diplomats and other representatives of the French government.[214] Almost all members of the French Academy, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, French Academy of Sciences, Académie des Beaux-Arts and Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques participated.[215][216] Among the ones present, were: Eça de Queiroz,[217] Alexandre Dumas, fils, Gabriel Auguste Daubrée, Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie, Marcellin Berthelot, Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau, Edmond Jurien de la Gravière, Julius Oppert, Camille Doucet and others.[218][219] Representatives of other governments, such as from the American continent and Europe were there, beyond others from distant countries such as Ottoman Turkey, China, Japan and Persia,[220] with the exception of Brazil.[221]

After that the coffin was taken in procession until the train station, from where it would leave to Portugal. Even with the incessant rain and the extremely low temperature,[222] between 200,000[223] and 300,000[224] people attended the event. The French military troops who were part of procession were composed of 80,000 men.[225] Two carriages carried almost 200 crowns of flowers. In it, messages paying homage to the Emperor such as: “To Dom Pedro, Victoria R.I.",[226] “To the great Emperor for whom Caxias, Osório, Andrade Neves and many other heroes fought for, Fatherland Volunteers from Rio de Janeiro.”,[227][228] “A group of Brazilian students in Paris.”,[229] “Happy times when the thought, the word and the pen were free, when Brazil freed oppressed people…” (Sent by the Baron of Ladário, Marquis of Tamandaré, Viscount of Sinimbu, Rodolfo Dantas, Joaquim Nabuco and Taunay),[230] “To the great Brazilian worthy of honors from the Fatherland and Humanity. Ubique Patria Memor.”[231] (sent by the Baron of Rio Branco),[232] “From the people of Rio Grande do Sul to the liberal and patriotic king.”[233] and “A Brazilian black on behalf of his race”.[234]

The travel continued until the Church of São Vicente de Fora, next to Lisbon, where the body of Pedro II was deposited in the Braganza Pantheon in 12 December, between his stepmother Amélia and his wife, Teresa Cristina.[235][236] In all places that the coffin passed through, from France to Spain and finally, Portugal, homage was paid. As always, with the exception of the Brazilian republican Government.[237]

[edit] Death´s repercussion

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The members of the Brazilian republican government, “fearful of the great repercussion caused by the death of the emperor”, denied the possibility of any official manifestation.[238] However, the Brazilian people was not indifferent to the death of Pedro II, the “repercussion in Brazil was also immense, despite the efforts of the government to prevent it. There were manifestations of sorrow all over the country: the commerce was closed, flag were displayed at half-staff, black bands in clothes, death knells, religious ceremonies”.[239][240] An article written by João Mendes de Almeida in 7 December 1891 says that: “The news of the death of His Majesty Emperor Dom Pedro II has revealed the feelings of the Brazilian nation towards the Imperial dynasty. The consternation has been general”.[241] Solemn “masses were done all over the country, which were followed by funereal pronouncements that praised Dom Pedro II and the monarchy”,[242] thus the “Republic stood silent given the strength and impact of the manifestations”.[243]

The police was sent to hinder public manifestations of sorrow, “provoking serious incidents” while “the people sympathized with the manifestants”.[244] A popular meeting with the objective of paying homage to the deceased emperor was done in 9 December and was organized by the Marquis of Tamandaré, Viscount of Ouro Preto, Viscount of Sinimbu, Baron of Ladário, Carlos de Laet, Alfredo d' Escragnolle Taunay, Rodolfo Dantas, Afonso Celso and Joaquim Nabuco.[245] Even the old political adversaries of Pedro II praised him, “criticizing his policies” but pointing out “his patriotism, honesty, abnegation, spirit of justice, devotion to work, tolerance, simplicity”.[246] Quintino Bocaiúva, one of the main republican leaders, spoke: “The entire world, can be said, has given the homage Mr. Dom Pedro de Alcântara has earned by his virtues as a great citizen”.[247] Some “members of republican clubs protested against what they called an exaggerated sentimentalism of the homages, seeing in it monarchist maneuvers. They were lonely voices”.[248]

The reaction abroad also revealed sympathy towards the monarch. The New York Times published on 5 December praised Pedro II, considering him “the most enlightened monarch of the century” and also affirming that “he made Brazil as free as a monarchy could be”.[249] The Herald wrote: “In one another time, and in happier circumstances, he would be worshiped and honored by his subjects and would be known in history as `Dom Pedro the Good'".[250] The Tribune affirmed that his “reign was serene, peaceable and prosperous”.[251] The Times published a long article: “Until November 1889, its was believed that the deceased Emperor and his wife were unanimously beloved in Brazil due to his intellectual and moral qualities and by his affectionate interest for the well-being of his subjects [...] When in Rio de Janeiro he was constantly seen in public; and two times per week he met his subjects, as well as foreign travelers, captivating all with his courtesy”.[252]

The Weekly Register wrote: “He looked more like a poet or a scholar than an emperor, but had he had been given the chance to materialize his several projects, without a doubt he would have made Brazil one of the richest countries in the New World”.[253] The French periodic Le Jour affirmed that “he was effectively the first sovereign that, after our disaster of 1871, dared to visit us. Our defeat did not move him away from us. France will know how to be grateful”.[254] The Globe also wrote that he “was educated, he was patriotic; he was gentile and indulgent; he had all the private virtues, as well as the public ones, and died in exile”.[255]

[edit] Legacy

[edit] Post mortem

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The monarchy “fell when it reached its higher point of popularity” among most Brazilians.[256] Indifferent to the new republican heroes, such as Tiradentes, the Brazilians kept themselves attached to the figure of the popular Emperor as they considered him “a hero of the people, a son of the land”.[257] Therefore, due to the “appearance, temperament, circumstances, nobody was better than D. Pedro II to incarnate the symbolic type of father of the people”.[258] This image was even stronger among the afro-descendant population that believed that the monarchy “strangely continued to represent, even metaphorically, freedom”.[259] The afro-Brazilians demonstrated their feeling of loyalty towards the monarch in subtle ways, such as through tattoos of the imperial crown in their bodies.[260]

To the Brazilian people, Emperor Pedro II is the iconic representation of the wise, benevolent, austere and honest father-like figure.

In the cities all over the country popular music that reflected the general feeling were sung: “Pedro the Second left/to the kingdom of Lisbon./The monarchy is over/and now Brazil is adrift.”,[261] as well as “The mother of Deodoro said: This son was once mine/Now he is cursed/by me and by God”.[262] Among the “great - and few - names of our history [of Brazil] that has a space in the popular imaginary, it is certainly the figure of Dom Pedro II”. His “image is of a wise, benevolent, austere and honest ruler”.[263] It was “as if a new mystique had fallen over the population that connected the fate of the Republic and its economical and political issues with the departure of d. Pedro II”.[264] He was seen as a popular hero, and gradually “he would be reintroduced as an official hero”.[265]

Surprisingly, among the republicans appeared a strong feeling of guilt “that became more and more evident with the death of d. Pedro”.[266] In the “memory, the monarchy was still alive, as well as a certain feeling of remorse”.[267] The republicans “reconsidered the long banishment and pondered on the severity of such action”.[268] They believed that Pedro II deserved a better ending. Many “men responsible for the [creation of the] Republic started to see in the Imperial epoch a happier time, a golden age, forever gone”.[269] It appeared "a feeling that there was once a time when Brazil was more respectable, more honest, and more powerful”.[270]

There was a “strange insistence” by “several republican politicians”, and also by the ones “of higher projection”, in "praising D. Pedro II and the monarchy”.[271] They did not desire the restoration but believed that the Brazilian Republic could learn from the fallen regime. Thus, Pedro II “became, paradoxically, a model of republican ideals”.[272] For “the republicans, d. Pedro appeared as the best one of them; for the monarchists the compliment was, clearly, another one”.[273]

After the death of the monarch, the appeals for the return of his body to the country became common throughout the years. The republican periodical A Cidade do Rio (The City of Rio) affirmed that “Brazil is so large that it cannot deny some scarce feet of land to him” and demanded: “Bring him back”.[274] The Gazeta da Tarde (Afternoon Gazette) said that Pedro II deserved an official funeral in the country.[275] In 1895 Afonso Celso wrote in the Comércio de São Paulo (Commerce of São Paulo): “the body of D. Pedro cannot continue to lie in foreign territory”.[276] In 1906 Olavo Bilac also said: “The fatherland reclaims your body and it shall have it”.[277] The Jornal do Comércio (Commerce Newspaper), on the other hand, believed that “one day, when all passions have lost its strength, your body shall rest in here”.[278]

[edit] The end of the banishment

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A project of law in the Chamber of Deputies that would authorize the transfer of the Pedro II and his wife´s bodies, and that counted with the support of old republicans, was put aside given the requirement of Princess Isabel that would only allow it if the banishment of her family was gone too.[279] The inauguration of a statue of the Emperor in Petrópolis in 5 February 1911 had more than 1,500 people, including members of the federal government.[280] Several statues of the monarch were inaugurated throughout all over the country in the following years.[281] Immediately afterwards a manifest written by former Presidents of the Council of Ministers, Lafayette, Ouro Preto and João Alfredo declared that “given the love that Brazilians have for their sovereigns, we agree with the return of the venerable remains back from São Vicente de Fora”.[282]

The statue of Pedro II opened in Petrópolis in 1911.

A new project of Law that would revoke the banishment was discussed in the Chamber in 1913.[283] The deputy and republican Irineu Machado alleged that there were “futile excuses” that denied “justice to the memory of the emperor”.[284] Another member, Martim Francisco de Andrada III affirmed that “D. Pedro II left poor, leaving the country rich; it was not just that the ones that are rich and leave the country poor be against it.”[285] The deputy Pedro Moacir believed that the return of the remains would represent “the perpetual gratitude of the posterity towards the most clement, the most tolerant of all monarchs of his time”.[286] The deputy Maurício de Lacerda said that “now the traces of his politic legacy – the morality - are disappearing”.[287] In the Senate, however, the project was not accepted due to intervention of the caudillo and radical republican Pinheiro Machado.[288] In 1914, however, it was senator Rui Barbosa, the last of the republicans who participated in the 1889 coup (and also the one who ordered the banishment) that made the most famous speech in homage of Pedro II:

"The lack of justice, Mr. Senators, is the great evil of our land, the evil of evilness, the origin of all our misfortunes, the source of all our discredit, is the supreme misery of this poor nation. […] After seeing so much nullities triumph, after seeing so much dishonor to prosper, after seeing so much the power in the hand of evil people to grow, the man becomes disheartened about virtue, he laughs to himself at honor and becomes ashamed of being honest. This has been the work of the Republic in the last years. In the other regime [in the Monarchy] the man who had a certain smirch in his life was lost forever, as the political career would be closed to him. There was vigilant sentinel [Dom Pedro II], whose severity everyone feared and that, bright and very high, protected the surroundings, as a lighthouse that never fades away, in benefit of honor, justice and morality".

But two years later, in 1916, president Venceslau Brás authorized the return of the bodies and the end of the banishment, but opted to wait for the end of World War I to approve officially the act.[289] His successor, Epitácio Pessoa, signed the law (with a gold quill offered for the Brazilian Press Association) in 3 September 1920 that that ended the banishment and allowed the transfer of the bodies.[290] Rui Barbosa spoke that the ones “that made the federative republic do not have claims against the ashes of the old emperor, whose virtues were much higher than his faults”.[291] And concluded: “Therefore, in the republican gallery there is a proper place, and a great one, for D. Pedro II”.[292]

[edit] The Emperor returns home

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In 1920 the dreadnought São Paulo brought to Brazil the imperial coffins.[293] The Portuguese republican government granted to Pedro II an exhumation with honors of Head of State and he received the same treatment when arrived at Brazil. The Count of Eu also came with his only surviving son, Pedro de Alcântara.[294] His wife, Princess Isabel, was old and ill and could not come. She died one year later without ever seeing her homeland again.[295] President Artur Bernardes declared national holiday and all over the country the return of the Emperor was celebrated.[296]

Tomb of Pedro II inside the Cathedral of Petrópolis.

To the main solemnity in Rio de Janeiro came from São Paulo councilor Antonio Prado, the last minister of the Empire still alive.[297] Thousands of people attended the event. The “elderly people cried. Many kneeled. All clapped. There was no distinction between republicans and monarchists. They were all Brazilians”.[298] However, “the official return of the figure of d. Pedro as national hero would come truly in 1922 due to the great national commemoration of the centenary of the Brazilian independence” when the Emperor was highly celebrated.[299]

Three years later, the Brazilians spontaneously commemorated the centenary of Pedro II. There was a clear “disproportion between the enthusiasm generated by the festivities around the birth of d. Pedro and the little interest over the anniversary of the Republic, that was, then, 36 years old”.[300] President Artur Bernardes recognized the popularity of the monarch and affirmed that he would not refuse “the justice that the Emperor deserves. He loved Brazil and while he had the strength and energy he served the country together with the best men of that time”.[301] Pedro II became, once again, the “Father of the Fatherland”.[302]

His body was kept temporarily in the Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro until the end of the construction of the Cathedral of Petrópolis.[303] The definitive burial would only occur in 5 December 1939 when the dictator Getúlio Vargas used the opportunity in proper benefit to grant himself popularity (such as Mussolini with Anita Garibaldi´s funeral in 1932)[304] and inaugurated the mortuary chapel in the Cathedral of Petrópolis where the mortal remains of the Emperor and his wife were placed.[305]

[edit] Genealogy

[edit] Ancestry

[edit] See also

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[edit] Bibliography

[edit] References

Styles of
Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil
Reference style His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style Sire
  • Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
  • Besouchet, Lídia. Pedro II e o Século XIX. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1993. (Portuguese)
  • Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História. 1. ed. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. (Portuguese)
  • Calmon, Pedro. História de D. Pedro II. 5 v. Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio, 1975. (Portuguese)
  • Carvalho, José Murilo de. Os Bestializados: o Rio de Janeiro e a República que não foi. 2. ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1987. (Portuguese)
  • Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. (Portuguese)
  • Dohlnikoff, Miriam. Pacto imperial: origens do federalismo no Brasil do século XIX. São Paulo: Globo, 2005. (Portuguese)
  • Gonçalves, Andréa Lisly. Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional. Year 4. Issue 45. Rio de Janeiro: SABIN, 2009. (Portuguese)
  • Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de. História Geral da Civilização Brasileira (II, v. 3). DIFEL/Difusão Editorial S.A., 1976. (Portuguese)
  • Janotti, Aldo. O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. (Portuguese)
  • Mônaco Janotti, Maria de Lourdes. Os Subversivos da República. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1986. (Portuguese)
  • Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. (Portuguese)
  • Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825 – 1891): Ascenção (1825 – 1870). v.1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
  • Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825 – 1891): Fastígio (1870 – 1880). v.2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
  • Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825 – 1891): Declínio (1880 – 1891). v.3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
  • M. de Carvalho, José J. Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional. Year 4. Issue 39. Rio de Janeiro: SABIN, 2008. (Portuguese)
  • Markun, Paulo. Anita Garibaldi: uma heroína brasileira. 4. ed. São paulo: Senac, 2000. (Portuguese)
  • Martins, Luís. O patriarca e o bacharel. 2.ed. São Paulo: Alameda, 2008. (Portuguese)
  • Olivieri, Antonio Carlos. Dom Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil. São Paulo: Callis, 1999. (Portuguese)
  • Piccolo, Helga. Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional. Year 3. Issue 37. Rio de Janeiro: SABIN, 2008. (Portuguese)
  • Rodrigues, José Carlos. Constituição política do Império do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: [s.n], 1863. (Portuguese)
  • Salles, Ricardo. Nostalgia Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 1996. (Portuguese)
  • Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos. 2. Ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. (Portuguese)
  • Souza, Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. (Portuguese)
  • Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. (Portuguese)

[edit] Further reading

  • Brown, Rose. American Emperor: Dom Pedro II of Brazil. 1945.
  • Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin American: Fourth Edition University of California Press, 1992.
  • da Costa, Emilia Viotti. The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories. 2000; 1985.
  • Harding, Bertita. Amazon Throne. London: Harrap, 1942.
  • Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. The Emperor's Beard: Dom Pedro II and His Tropical Monarchy in Brazil. Trans. John Gledson. 2003.
  • Skidmore, Thomas. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Skidmore, Thomas. Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Bueno, p.196
  2. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda. Minidicionário da Língua Poretuguesa. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1977, p.169 "dom² sm. Título honorífico que antecede os nomes próprios dos homens de certas categorias sociais."
  3. ^ Cook, James Fastone Sunderland. Dicionário compacto: ingles – português – ingles. São Paulo: Rideel, 1994, p. 478 “Dom sm. [...] title of honor; Don”
  4. ^ Houaiss, Antônio. Dicionário Inglês – Português. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 1982, p.225 “don s. (com maiúsc.) dom (título de origem espanhola)”
  5. ^ Guralnik, David B. Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American language. New York: Warner Books, 1993, p.183 “don (dän) n. [Sp < L. dominus, master] 1. [D-] Sir;
  6. ^ Bueno, p.196
  7. ^ Vainfas, p.198
  8. ^ Calmon, p.4
  9. ^ Bueno, p.196
  10. ^ Schwarcz, p.45
  11. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.11-12
  12. ^ Olivieri, p.5
  13. ^ Calmon, p.3
  14. ^ Schwarcz, p.46
  15. ^ Calmon, p.4
  16. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.12
  17. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.12
  18. ^ Calmon, p.8
  19. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.13
  20. ^ Calmon, p.4
  21. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.12
  22. ^ Barman (1999), p.1
  23. ^ Vainfas, p.198
  24. ^ Calmon, p.5
  25. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.9
  26. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.10
  27. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.13
  28. ^ Calmon, p.5
  29. ^ Calmon, p.5
  30. ^ Calmon, p.5
  31. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.13
  32. ^ Vainfas, p.198
  33. ^ Schwarcz, p.47
  34. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.14
  35. ^ Schwarcz, p.47
  36. ^ Barman (1999), p.1
  37. ^ Lustosa, p.209
  38. ^ Calmon, p.81
  39. ^ Lustosa, p.221
  40. ^ Olivieri, p.6
  41. ^ Calmon, p.5
  42. ^ Vainfas, p.198
  43. ^ Calmon, p.15
  44. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.16
  45. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.13
  46. ^ Olivieri, p.6
  47. ^ Calmon, p.16
  48. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.13
  49. ^ Barman (1999), p.26
  50. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.16
  51. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.20
  52. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.21
  53. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.15
  54. ^ Art. 100 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1824 says: "His titles are - Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil -, and is styled - Imperial Majesty" in Rodrigues, p.71
  55. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.17
  56. ^ Olivieri, p.5
  57. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.22
  58. ^ Calmon, p.56
  59. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.22
  60. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.22
  61. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.18
  62. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.19
  63. ^ Calmon, p.56
  64. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.17
  65. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.22
  66. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.18
  67. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.22
  68. ^ Schwarcz, p.52
  69. ^ Olivieri, p.8
  70. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.24
  71. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.21
  72. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.21
  73. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.36
  74. ^ Dohlnikoff, p.26-7
  75. ^ Dohlnikoff, p.26-7
  76. ^ Schwarcz, p.53
  77. ^ M. de Carvalho, p.39
  78. ^ M. de Carvalho, p.40
  79. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.43
  80. ^ Gonçalves, p.81
  81. ^ M. de Carvalho, p.38
  82. ^ Gonçalves, p.80
  83. ^ Schwarcz, p.57
  84. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.36
  85. ^ Dohlnikoff, p.206
  86. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.43
  87. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.43
  88. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.43
  89. ^ Souza, p.326
  90. ^ Janotti, p.171 "No Pará, [...] declarou-se que a província não reconheceria o Governo da Regência durante a menoridade do Imperador (1835); começava a Cabanagem, para durar até 1840." and p.172 "explodia em novembro de 1837 a Sabinada que, declarava-se em Estado Republicano Independente [...], limitava o tempo da separação até o advento da maioridade de D. Pedro II."
  91. ^ Dohlnikoff, p.206
  92. ^ Holanda, p.116
  93. ^ Piccolo, p.43, 44
  94. ^ Schwarcz, p.50
  95. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.17
  96. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.17
  97. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.22
  98. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.31
  99. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.31
  100. ^ Calmon, p.57
  101. ^ Calmon, p.57
  102. ^ Vainfas, p.198
  103. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.24
  104. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.24
  105. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.24
  106. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.31
  107. ^ Calmon, p.74
  108. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.25
  109. ^ Schwarcz, p.57
  110. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.33
  111. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.40
  112. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.25
  113. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.40
  114. ^ Olivieri, p.9
  115. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.45
  116. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.42
  117. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.29
  118. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.44-45
  119. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.29
  120. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.27
  121. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.26
  122. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.39 e 46
  123. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.32
  124. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.27
  125. ^ Olivieri, p.8
  126. ^ Vainfas, p.199
  127. ^ Olivieri, p.8
  128. ^ Schwarcz, p.57
  129. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.226
  130. ^ Olivieri, p.7
  131. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.50
  132. ^ Olivieri, p.6
  133. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.46
  134. ^ Olivieri, p.9
  135. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.25
  136. ^ Vainfas, p.198
  137. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.30
  138. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.50
  139. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.30
  140. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.60
  141. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.27
  142. ^ Schwarcz, p.57
  143. ^ Vainfas, p.199
  144. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.31
  145. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.31
  146. ^ Vainfas, p.198
  147. ^ Schwarcz, p.57
  148. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.33
  149. ^ Olivieri, p.9
  150. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.29
  151. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.33
  152. ^ ALCÂNTARA, José Denizard Macêdo de. D. Pedro II, o Patrono da Astronomia. 1979
  153. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238
  154. ^ Besouchet, p.26
  155. ^ Besouchet, p.28
  156. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238
  157. ^ Besouchet, p.27
  158. ^ Besouchet, p.29
  159. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238
  160. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238-9
  161. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  162. ^ Besouchet, p.29
  163. ^ Besouchet, p.29
  164. ^ Besouchet, p.30
  165. ^ Calmon, p.1891
  166. ^ Besouchet, p.601
  167. ^ Calmon, p.1892
  168. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238-9
  169. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  170. ^ Besouchet, p.30
  171. ^ Besouchet, p.601
  172. ^ Lyra (v.3), p.165
  173. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  174. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  175. ^ Besouchet, p.602
  176. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  177. ^ Calmon, p.1892
  178. ^ Besouchet, p.602
  179. ^ Lyra (v.3), p.165
  180. ^ Besouchet, p.605
  181. ^ Besouchet, p.603
  182. ^ Besouchet, p.605
  183. ^ Besouchet, p.603
  184. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  185. ^ Calmon, p.1893
  186. ^ Besouchet, p.603
  187. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  188. ^ Calmon, p.1897
  189. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  190. ^ Besouchet, p.604
  191. ^ Calmon, p.1897
  192. ^ Besouchet, p.606
  193. ^ Besouchet, p.606
  194. ^ Calmon, p.1893
  195. ^ Besouchet, p.605
  196. ^ Besouchet, p.606
  197. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  198. ^ Besouchet, p.607
  199. ^ Besouchet, p.609
  200. ^ Besouchet, p.613
  201. ^ Calmon, p.1896
  202. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  203. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  204. ^ Besouchet, p.613
  205. ^ Besouchet, p.615
  206. ^ Calmon, p.1899
  207. ^ Besouchet, p.615
  208. ^ Besouchet, p.615
  209. ^ Calmon, p.1899
  210. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  211. ^ Calmon, p.1898
  212. ^ Besouchet, p.617
  213. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  214. ^ Besouchet, p.618
  215. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  216. ^ Calmon, p.1899
  217. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  218. ^ Calmon, p.1898
  219. ^ Calmon, p.1899
  220. ^ Besouchet, p.618
  221. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  222. ^ Besouchet, p.614
  223. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  224. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  225. ^ Besouchet, p.620
  226. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  227. ^ Besouchet, p.619
  228. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  229. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  230. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  231. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  232. ^ Besouchet, p.604
  233. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  234. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  235. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.240
  236. ^ Calmon, p.1900-2
  237. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.240
  238. ^ Schwarcz, p.493
  239. ^ Mônaco Janotti, p.50
  240. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.240
  241. ^ Schwarcz, p.495
  242. ^ Mônaco Janotti, p.50
  243. ^ Schwarcz, p.493
  244. ^ Besouchet, p.610
  245. ^ Calmon, p.1907
  246. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.241
  247. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.240
  248. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.240
  249. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.240-1
  250. ^ Schwarcz, p.491
  251. ^ Schwarcz, p.491
  252. ^ Schwarcz, p.491
  253. ^ Schwarcz, p.491-2
  254. ^ Besouchet, p.609
  255. ^ Schwarcz, p.492
  256. ^ Carvalho (1987), p.29
  257. ^ Schwarcz, p.497
  258. ^ Martins, p.66
  259. ^ Schwarcz, p.469
  260. ^ Schwarcz, p.498-9
  261. ^ Schwarcz, p.498
  262. ^ Schwarcz, p.498
  263. ^ Salles (1996), p.15
  264. ^ Schwarcz, p.496
  265. ^ Schwarcz, p.498
  266. ^ Schwarcz, p.495-6
  267. ^ Schwarcz, p.497
  268. ^ Schwarcz, p.503
  269. ^ Martins, p.122-3
  270. ^ Salles (1996), p.15
  271. ^ Martins, p.123
  272. ^ Schwarcz, p.508
  273. ^ Schwarcz, p.508
  274. ^ Calmon, p.1907
  275. ^ Calmon, p.1907
  276. ^ Calmon, p.1910
  277. ^ Calmon, p.1910
  278. ^ Calmon, p.1907
  279. ^ Calmon, p.1910
  280. ^ Calmon, p.1911
  281. ^ Schwarcz, p.1911
  282. ^ Calmon, p.1911
  283. ^ Calmon, p.1912
  284. ^ Calmon, p.1912
  285. ^ Calmon, p.1912
  286. ^ Calmon, p.1912-3
  287. ^ Calmon, p.1913
  288. ^ Calmon, p.1913
  289. ^ Calmon, p.1913
  290. ^ Calmon, p.1913
  291. ^ Calmon, p.1914
  292. ^ Calmon, p.1914
  293. ^ Calmon, p.1914
  294. ^ Calmon, p.1914
  295. ^ Schwarcz, p.503
  296. ^ Schwarcz, p.508
  297. ^ Calmon, p.1915
  298. ^ Calmon, p.1915
  299. ^ Schwarcz, p.503
  300. ^ Schwarcz, p.507
  301. ^ Schwarcz, p.506
  302. ^ Schwarcz, p.511
  303. ^ Calmon, p.1915
  304. ^ Markun, p.356
  305. ^ Schwarcz, p.513

[edit] External links

Pedro II of Brazil
Cadet branch of the House of Aviz
Born: December 2 1825 Died: December 5 1891
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Pedro I		 Emperor of Brazil
April 7, 1831 – November 15, 1889		 Monarchy abolished
Titles in pretence
Republic
declared		 — TITULAR —
Emperor of Brazil
November 15, 1889 – December 5, 1891		 Succeeded by
Princess Isabel


Imperial coat of arms of Brazil
Pretenders to the
Brazilian throne since 1899
Emperor Pedro II
1889–1891
1891–1921
Vassouras branch
1921–1981
since 1981
Petrópolis branch
1940–2007
since 2007
See also
Brazilian Imperial Family

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"
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