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The '''Squaliformes''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[shark]]s that includes about 126 species in seven families.
The '''Squaliformes''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[shark]]s that includes about 126 species in seven families.


Members of the order have two [[dorsal fin]]s, which usually possess spines,they usually have a sharp head, no [[anal fin]] or [[nictitating membrane]], and five to seven [[gill slit]]s. In most other respects, however, they are quite variable in form and size. Most species of the squaliform order live in a saltwater or brackish waters, They are found worldwide, from northern to tropical waters, and from shallow coastal seas to the open ocean.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Stevens, J. |author2=Last, P.R. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|page= 64|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>
Members of the order have two [[dorsal fin]]s, which usually possess spines,they usually have a sharp head, no [[anal fin]] or [[nictitating membrane]], and five to seven [[gill slit]]s. In most other respects, however, they are quite variable in form and size. Most species of the squaliform order live in a saltwater or brackish waters, They are found worldwide, from northern to tropical waters, and from shallow coastal seas to the open ocean.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Stevens, J. |author2=Last, P.R. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|page= 64|isbn= 978-0-12-547665-2}}</ref>


All members of the family Eptomeridae and Dalatiidae and ''Zameus squamulosus'' possess photophores, luminous organs, and exhibit intrinsic bioluminescence <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Flammesbeck, C. K., J. Pollerspöck, F. D. B. Schedel, N. J. Matzke, and N. Straube|first=|date=2018|title=Of teeth and trees: a fossil tip dating approach to infer divergence times of extinct and extant squaliform sharks|url=|journal=2dh Annual Conference of the European Elasmobranch Association|volume=|pages=57|via=}}</ref>. Bioluminescence evolved once in Squaliformes, approximately 111-153 million years ago, and helped the Squaliformes radiate and adapt to the deep sea<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davis, M. P., J. S. Sparks, and W. L. Smith|first=|date=2016|title=Repeated and widespread evolution of bioluminescence in marine fishes|url=|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=11|pages=e0155154|via=}}</ref>. The common ancestor of Dalatiidae, Etmopteridae, Somniosidae, and Oxynotidae possessed a luminous organ and used bioluminescence for camouflage by counterillumination <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Straube, N., C. Li, J. M. Claes, S. Corrigan, and G. J. P. Naylor|first=|date=2015|title=Molecular phylogeny of squaliformes and first occurrence of bioluminescence in sharks|url=|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=15|pages=62|via=}}</ref>. Counterillumination is an active form of camouflage in which an organism emits light to match the intensity of downwelling light to hide from predators below<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hastings, J. W.|first=|date=1971|title=Light to hide by: ventral luminescence to camouflage the silhouette|url=|journal=Science|volume=173|pages=1016–1017|via=}}</ref>. Currently, bioluminescence provides different functions for Squaliformes based on the family. Dalatiidae and ''Zameus squamulosus'' possess simple photophores and use bioluminescence for ventral counter-illumination<ref name=":1" />. Etmopteridae possess more complex photophores <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Claes, J. M., and J. Mallefet.|first=|date=2009|title=Bioluminescence of sharks: first synthesis|url=|journal=Kerala: Research Signpost|volume=|pages=51–65|via=}}</ref>and utilize bioluminescence for ventral counter illumination as well as species recognition <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Claes, J. M., D. E. Nilsson, J. Mallefet, and N. Straube|first=|date=2015|title=The presence of lateral photophores correlates with increased speciation in deep-sea bioluminescent sharks|url=|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=2|pages=150219|via=}}</ref>.
All members of the family Eptomeridae and Dalatiidae and ''Zameus squamulosus'' possess photophores, luminous organs, and exhibit intrinsic bioluminescence <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Flammesbeck, C. K., J. Pollerspöck, F. D. B. Schedel, N. J. Matzke, and N. Straube|date=2018|title=Of teeth and trees: a fossil tip dating approach to infer divergence times of extinct and extant squaliform sharks|url=|journal=2dh Annual Conference of the European Elasmobranch Association|volume=|pages=57|via=}}</ref>. Bioluminescence evolved once in Squaliformes, approximately 111-153 million years ago, and helped the Squaliformes radiate and adapt to the deep sea<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davis, M. P., J. S. Sparks, and W. L. Smith|date=2016|title=Repeated and widespread evolution of bioluminescence in marine fishes|url=|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=11|issue=6|pages=e0155154|via=|pmid=27276229|pmc=4898709|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155154}}</ref>. The common ancestor of Dalatiidae, Etmopteridae, Somniosidae, and Oxynotidae possessed a luminous organ and used bioluminescence for camouflage by counterillumination <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Straube, N., C. Li, J. M. Claes, S. Corrigan, and G. J. P. Naylor|date=2015|title=Molecular phylogeny of squaliformes and first occurrence of bioluminescence in sharks|url=|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=15|pages=62|via=|pmid=25880916|pmc=4434831|doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0318-0}}</ref>. Counterillumination is an active form of camouflage in which an organism emits light to match the intensity of downwelling light to hide from predators below<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hastings, J. W.|date=1971|title=Light to hide by: ventral luminescence to camouflage the silhouette|url=|journal=Science|volume=173|pages=1016–1017|via=}}</ref>. Currently, bioluminescence provides different functions for Squaliformes based on the family. Dalatiidae and ''Zameus squamulosus'' possess simple photophores and use bioluminescence for ventral counter-illumination<ref name=":1" />. Etmopteridae possess more complex photophores <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Claes, J. M., and J. Mallefet.|date=2009|title=Bioluminescence of sharks: first synthesis|url=|journal=Kerala: Research Signpost|volume=|pages=51–65|via=}}</ref>and utilize bioluminescence for ventral counter illumination as well as species recognition <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Claes, J. M., D. E. Nilsson, J. Mallefet, and N. Straube|date=2015|title=The presence of lateral photophores correlates with increased speciation in deep-sea bioluminescent sharks|url=|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=2|issue=7|pages=150219|via=|pmid=26587280|pmc=4632593|doi=10.1098/rsos.150219}}</ref>.


==Classification==
==Classification==
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| valign=top | Kitefin sharks are small, under {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} long, and are found worldwide. They have cigar-shaped bodies with narrow heads and rounded snouts. Several species have specialized [[photophore|bioluminescent organs]].<ref name="hamlett">{{cite book |editor=Hamlett, W.C. |title=Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes |publisher=JHU Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-8018-6048-2 |pages=16–17}}</ref> The term ''kitefin shark'' is also used as the common name for the type species of the family, ''[[Dalatias licha]]''.
| valign=top | Kitefin sharks are small, under {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} long, and are found worldwide. They have cigar-shaped bodies with narrow heads and rounded snouts. Several species have specialized [[photophore|bioluminescent organs]].<ref name="hamlett">{{cite book |editor=Hamlett, W.C. |title=Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes |publisher=JHU Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8018-6048-5 |pages=16–17}}</ref> The term ''kitefin shark'' is also used as the common name for the type species of the family, ''[[Dalatias licha]]''.
|-
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! style="background:#6E6EAA;" | [[Echinorhinidae|{{color|white|Echinorhinidae}}]]
! style="background:#6E6EAA;" | [[Echinorhinidae|{{color|white|Echinorhinidae}}]]
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| valign=top | Sleeper sharks are a poorly studied<ref name=Springer>{{cite web|title=Abstract|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00227-007-0871-1?LI=true|publisher=Springer Links|accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> deep-sea shark found in all oceans.<ref name=Base>{{cite web|title=Family Somniosidae - Sleeper sharks|url=http://www.fishbase.us/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=658|publisher=Fish Base|accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> They contain antifreeze to survive in cold temperatures, and may feed on [[colossal squid]]. In Iceland, they are hunted for food. They are allowed to rot for months until the poisonous antifreeze degrades, and they are safe to eat.<ref>{{cite web|last=Simon |first=Matt |url=https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/07/footnotes-lazy-sharks-humiliated-seals-and-googlers-eating-dogfood/ |title=Footnotes: Lazy Sharks, Humiliated Seals, and Googlers Eating Dog Food &#124; Wired Opinion |publisher=Wired.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref>
| valign=top | Sleeper sharks are a poorly studied<ref name=Springer>{{cite journal|title=Abstract|journal=Marine Biology|volume=153|issue=6|pages=1015–1022|doi=10.1007/s00227-007-0871-1|year=2008|last1=Murray|first1=Brent William|last2=Wang|first2=John Y.|last3=Yang|first3=Shih-Chu|last4=Stevens|first4=John D.|last5=Fisk|first5=Aaron|last6=Svavarsson|first6=Jörundur}}</ref> deep-sea shark found in all oceans.<ref name=Base>{{cite web|title=Family Somniosidae - Sleeper sharks|url=http://www.fishbase.us/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=658|publisher=Fish Base|accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> They contain antifreeze to survive in cold temperatures, and may feed on [[colossal squid]]. In Iceland, they are hunted for food. They are allowed to rot for months until the poisonous antifreeze degrades, and they are safe to eat.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simon |first=Matt |url=https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/07/footnotes-lazy-sharks-humiliated-seals-and-googlers-eating-dogfood/ |title=Footnotes: Lazy Sharks, Humiliated Seals, and Googlers Eating Dog Food &#124; Wired Opinion |journal=Wired |date= 2012-07-05|accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref>
|-
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! style="background:#6E6EAA;" | [[Squalidae|{{color|white|Squalidae}}]]
! style="background:#6E6EAA;" | [[Squalidae|{{color|white|Squalidae}}]]
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{Citation |authorlink=Leonard Compagno |last=Compagno |first= |last2=Dando |first2=|last3=Fowler |first3= |title=Sharks of the World |location=New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-691-12072-2 }}
*{{Citation |authorlink=Leonard Compagno |last=Compagno |last2=Dando |last3=Fowler |title=Sharks of the World |location=New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-691-12072-0 }}
* FAO Species catalogue Volume 4 Parts 1 and 2
* FAO Species catalogue Volume 4 Parts 1 and 2


Revision as of 19:02, 27 January 2019

Squaliformes
Temporal range: Late Jurassic–Recent[1]
Spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Clade: Neoselachii
Subdivision: Selachimorpha
Superorder: Squalomorphii
Order: Squaliformes
Goodrich, 1909

The Squaliformes are an order of sharks that includes about 126 species in seven families.

Members of the order have two dorsal fins, which usually possess spines,they usually have a sharp head, no anal fin or nictitating membrane, and five to seven gill slits. In most other respects, however, they are quite variable in form and size. Most species of the squaliform order live in a saltwater or brackish waters, They are found worldwide, from northern to tropical waters, and from shallow coastal seas to the open ocean.[2]

All members of the family Eptomeridae and Dalatiidae and Zameus squamulosus possess photophores, luminous organs, and exhibit intrinsic bioluminescence [3]. Bioluminescence evolved once in Squaliformes, approximately 111-153 million years ago, and helped the Squaliformes radiate and adapt to the deep sea[3][4]. The common ancestor of Dalatiidae, Etmopteridae, Somniosidae, and Oxynotidae possessed a luminous organ and used bioluminescence for camouflage by counterillumination [3][5]. Counterillumination is an active form of camouflage in which an organism emits light to match the intensity of downwelling light to hide from predators below[6]. Currently, bioluminescence provides different functions for Squaliformes based on the family. Dalatiidae and Zameus squamulosus possess simple photophores and use bioluminescence for ventral counter-illumination[5]. Etmopteridae possess more complex photophores [7]and utilize bioluminescence for ventral counter illumination as well as species recognition [8].

Classification

Family Centrophoridae Bleeker, 1859 (gulper sharks)

Family Dalatiidae (J. E. Gray, 1851) (kitefin sharks)

Family Echinorhinidae Theodore Gill, 1862 (bramble sharks)

Family Etmopteridae Fowler, 1934 (lantern sharks)

Family Oxynotidae Gill, 1872 (rough sharks)

Family Somniosidae D. S. Jordan, 1888 (sleeper sharks)

Family Squalidae Blainville, 1816 (dogfish sharks)

Family Image Common name Genera Species Description
Centrophoridae Gulper sharks 2 20 Gulper sharks are usually deepwater fish. While some, such as the gulper shark Centrophorus granulosus, are found worldwide and fished commercially, others are uncommon and little-known. Their usual prey is other fish; some are known to feed on squid, octopus, and shrimp. Some species live on the bottom (benthic), while others are pelagic. They are ovoviviparous, with the female retaining the egg-cases in her body until they hatch.[9] They are small to medium sharks, ranging from 79 centimetres (2.59 ft) to 164 centimetres (5.38 ft) in adult body length.
Dalatiidae Kitefin sharks 7 10 Kitefin sharks are small, under 2 m (6.6 ft) long, and are found worldwide. They have cigar-shaped bodies with narrow heads and rounded snouts. Several species have specialized bioluminescent organs.[10] The term kitefin shark is also used as the common name for the type species of the family, Dalatias licha.
Echinorhinidae Bramble sharks 1 2 Bramble sharks are usually benthic fish found in tropical and temperate waters worldwide, while the prickly shark is found in the deep waters of the Pacific Ocean. Their usual prey is small fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans. They are ovoviviparous, with the female retaining the egg cases in her body until they hatch.[11] They are relatively large sharks, ranging from 3.1 to 4 metres (10 to 13 ft) in adult body length.}}
Etmopteridae Lantern sharks 5 45 Lantern sharks are deepwater fish with light-producing photophores on their bodies. The members of this family are small, under 90 cm (35 in) long, and are found worldwide.[12]
Oxynotidae Rough sharks 1 5 Rough sharks are characterised by two large dorsal fins, each with a sharp spine, and with the first fin placed far forward above the head. Their bodies are compressed, giving them a triangular cross-section. Their skins are even rougher and more prickly than the dogfishes (below). Rough sharks are small to medium in size, ranging from 49 to 150 centimetres (1.61 to 4.92 ft) in adult body length, depending on species. They are deepwater sharks possessing a luminous organ which live in Atlantic and western Pacific oceans.[13]
Somniosidae Sleeper sharks 7 20 Sleeper sharks are a poorly studied[14] deep-sea shark found in all oceans.[15] They contain antifreeze to survive in cold temperatures, and may feed on colossal squid. In Iceland, they are hunted for food. They are allowed to rot for months until the poisonous antifreeze degrades, and they are safe to eat.[16]
Squalidae Dogfish sharks 2 30 Dogfish sharks have two dorsal fins, each with smooth spines, but no anal fin. Their skin is generally rough to the touch.[17] These sharks are characterized by teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size; caudal peduncle with lateral keels; upper precaudal pit usually present; and a caudal fin without a subterminal notch. Unlike nearly all other shark species, dogfish possess venom, which coats their dorsal spines and is mildly toxic to humans. Their livers and stomachs contain also the compound squalamine, which possesses the property of reduction of small blood vessel growth in humans.[18]

References

  1. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Squaliformes" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  2. ^ Stevens, J.; Last, P.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c Flammesbeck, C. K., J. Pollerspöck, F. D. B. Schedel, N. J. Matzke, and N. Straube (2018). "Of teeth and trees: a fossil tip dating approach to infer divergence times of extinct and extant squaliform sharks". 2dh Annual Conference of the European Elasmobranch Association: 57.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Davis, M. P., J. S. Sparks, and W. L. Smith (2016). "Repeated and widespread evolution of bioluminescence in marine fishes". PLoS ONE. 11 (6): e0155154. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155154. PMC 4898709. PMID 27276229.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ a b Straube, N., C. Li, J. M. Claes, S. Corrigan, and G. J. P. Naylor (2015). "Molecular phylogeny of squaliformes and first occurrence of bioluminescence in sharks". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 62. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0318-0. PMC 4434831. PMID 25880916.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Hastings, J. W. (1971). "Light to hide by: ventral luminescence to camouflage the silhouette". Science. 173: 1016–1017.
  7. ^ Claes, J. M., and J. Mallefet. (2009). "Bioluminescence of sharks: first synthesis". Kerala: Research Signpost: 51–65.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Claes, J. M., D. E. Nilsson, J. Mallefet, and N. Straube (2015). "The presence of lateral photophores correlates with increased speciation in deep-sea bioluminescent sharks". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (7): 150219. doi:10.1098/rsos.150219. PMC 4632593. PMID 26587280.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Centrophoridae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  10. ^ Hamlett, W.C., ed. (1999). Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. JHU Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-8018-6048-5.
  11. ^ {{FishBase_family| family=Echinorhinidae
  12. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). "Etmopteridae" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
  13. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Oxynotidae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  14. ^ Murray, Brent William; Wang, John Y.; Yang, Shih-Chu; Stevens, John D.; Fisk, Aaron; Svavarsson, Jörundur (2008). "Abstract". Marine Biology. 153 (6): 1015–1022. doi:10.1007/s00227-007-0871-1.
  15. ^ "Family Somniosidae - Sleeper sharks". Fish Base. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  16. ^ Simon, Matt (2012-07-05). "Footnotes: Lazy Sharks, Humiliated Seals, and Googlers Eating Dog Food | Wired Opinion". Wired. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
  17. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Squalidae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  18. ^ National Geographic June 1998

Further reading

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