Kalesa: Difference between revisions
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| name = Kalesa |
| name = Kalesa |
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| image =[[File:Carromata in Manila (Kalesa) (1923).jpg|220px]][[File:WTMP A-trio e13 3.JPG|220px]] |
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| caption = A kalesa in [[Manila]] |
| caption = '''Top:''' A kalesa in [[Manila City|Manila]] (c.1923);<br>'''Bottom:''' A kalesa in [[Baywalk]], Manila |
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A '''kalesa''' (also known as ''calesa'', ''carromata'', or ''caritela'' in [[Philippine Spanish]]) is a horse-drawn [[carriage]] used in the [[Philippines]]. It |
A '''kalesa''' (also known as ''calesa'', ''carromata'', or ''caritela'' in [[Philippine Spanish]]) is a two-wheeled horse-drawn [[carriage]] used in the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Montefalcon"/> It is commonly vividly painted and decorated.<ref name="Chiu">{{cite book |last1=Chiu |first1=Imes |title=The Evolution from Horse to Automobile: A Comparative International Study |date=2008 |publisher=Cambria Press |isbn=9781604975468 |pages=224-229 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ljjkgpX2FZUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> It was a primary mode of public and private transportation during the colonial era of the Philippines, though in modern times, they largely only survive as tourist attractions. |
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==History== |
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| ⚫ | Composer Ambrosio Del Rosario composed the original music and [[National Artist of the Philippines]] [[Levi Celerio|Levi Celério]] wrote the lyrics for a song entitled ''Kalesa'', in honour of the vehicle.<ref>[http://www.krema.org/tag/KALESA Kalesa - Video Watch, watch Youtube video, download Youtube video.]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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Kalesa were first introduced to the Philippines in the 1700s by the [[History of the Philippines, 1565–1898|Spanish colonial era]]. It became the major public and private form of transport in the Philippines up to the early 20th century century. It was also used to transport goods. They were manufactured by traditional workshops known as ''karoserya''.<ref name="Montefalcon">{{cite book |last1=Montefalcon |first1=Moreen Ann M. |last2=Cruz |first2=Robin Lawrence I. |last3=Inocencio |first3=Marian Nicole J. |last4=Portus |first4=Alyssa Jean |chapter=An Ergonomic Assessment of the Philippine Kalesa |title=Advances in Physical Ergonomics & Human Factors |issue=Springer International Publishing |editor1-first=Ravindra S.|editor1-last=Goonetilleke|editor2-first=Waldemar|editor2-last=Karwowski|pages=170-178 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-94484-5_18}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Use of the kalesa declined after [[World War II]], when mass public transportation was largely taken over by motorized [[jeepney]]s and [[tricycle]]s. Kalesa in modern times are largely only used as tourist attractions. They are still preserved in some areas of the Philippines, such as in [[Vigan]] and [[Laoag]].<ref name=Vigan>[http://www.vigan.ph/kalesa.html Kalesa.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111023757/http://www.vigan.ph/kalesa.html |date=2007-11-11 }} Vigan City Philippines - Unesco World Heritage City.</ref> Kalesas can also be found in [[Intramuros]], where they cater to tourists and [[Binondo]] in Manila, as well as in [[Iligan]], where decorated kalesas can be taken for a ride along a specific street. In [[Cagayan (province)|Cagayan]], kalesas are common, especially in [[Tuao, Cagayan|Tuao]], [[Tuguegarao]], and other municipalities of the province. |
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== Etymology == |
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The word, also spelt ''calesa'' as in the original [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]], is related to the terms ''calèche'' and was already in [[Spain]] prior to [[History of the Philippines#Spanish rule (1521–1898)|its colonisation of the islands]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} The term ultimately descends from a [[Czech language|Czech]] word meaning "wheelwork" (related to Russian колесо "wheel").<ref>{{cite book|last=T. C. Donkin|date=1864|title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Romance Languages: Chiefly from the German of Friedrich Diez|publisher=Williams and Norgate|url=https://archive.org/details/anetymologicald00diezgoog}}</ref> |
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The colorful decorations of the kalesa was also inherited by the post-[[World War II]] [[jeepney]] (which were also known as "auto calesa" in the 1940s). The legacy of the kalesa is also found in the horse emblem on the hoods of most jeepneys.<ref name="Chiu"/> |
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== Characteristics == |
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[[File:Carromata in Manila (Kalesa) (1923).jpg|thumb|A kalesa (''carromata'') in Manila (1923)]] |
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A ''kalesa'' looks like an inclined cart, and is drawn by a single horse. It has two round wheels, one on each side, and two rows of seats that can accommodate four persons. The driver sits on a block of wood located at the front of the cart near the horse. |
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== Description == |
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A kalesa looks like a two-wheeled inclined cart, and is drawn by a single horse. It is made from wood, metal, or a combination of both. Traditionally it had a single forward-facing bench that can accommodate two passengers. The kalesa driver commonly called as ''kutsero'' (Spanish ''cochero'') sits on the driver's seat in front. Both the driver and the passengers are enclosed by a canopy originating from the back of the cab. Modern versions of the kalesa sometimes have two side-facing benches instead, similar to a jeepney, that can accommodate four passengers. |
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When the kalesa was introduced in the 18th century, it grew into a significant mode of transportation in the islands. Rich, educated Filipinos known as the ''ilustrados'' used the kalesa for personal travel as well as for the transport of goods to nearby areas.<ref name=Vigan>[http://www.vigan.ph/kalesa.html Kalesa.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111023757/http://www.vigan.ph/kalesa.html |date=2007-11-11 }} Vigan City Philippines - Unesco World Heritage City.</ref> During the [[American Colonial Period (Philippines)|American Occupation]], the [[City of Manila]] was teeming with kalesas, but these declined in popularity after the devastation of the [[Second World War]]. |
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The kalesa driver commonly called as ''kutsero'' in Tagalog is derived from its original Spanish terminology ''cochero'' ("car driver"). |
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| ⚫ | When a ''kutsero'' wants the horse to turn right, he says "''mano''” while he says "''silla''” to make the horse turn left.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pinoy2.com/2009/02/10/riding-the-philippine-%E2%80%98calesa%E2%80%99-and-business.html |title=Riding The Philippine 'Calesa' and Business |access-date=2010-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128035909/http://pinoy2.com/2009/02/10/riding-the-philippine-%E2%80%98calesa%E2%80%99-and-business.html |archive-date=2010-11-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Large four-wheeled versions of the kalesa were known as karwahe (Spanish ''carruaje''); while [[wagons|dray]]s drawn by [[carabao]] (usually used to transport cargo) were known as garetas or kareton (Spanish ''carretón'').<ref name="ctp">{{cite news |title=The Last Calesa Maker: How A Proud Fernandino Kept A Fading Industry Alive |url=https://www.capitaltownpampanga.com/last-calesa-maker-proud-fernandino-kept-fading-industry-alive/ |accessdate=26 March 2020 |work=Capital Town Pampanga |date=28 March 2019}}</ref> |
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===Extent of use=== |
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[[File:Kalesa at Calle Crisologo, Vigan.JPG|thumb|Kalesa in the old city of Vigan]] |
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| ⚫ | Kalesa were had specific terminology for drivers. When a ''kutsero'' wants the horse to turn right, he says "''mano''” while he says "''silla''” to make the horse turn left.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pinoy2.com/2009/02/10/riding-the-philippine-%E2%80%98calesa%E2%80%99-and-business.html |title=Riding The Philippine 'Calesa' and Business |access-date=2010-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128035909/http://pinoy2.com/2009/02/10/riding-the-philippine-%E2%80%98calesa%E2%80%99-and-business.html |archive-date=2010-11-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==In popular culture== |
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| ⚫ | Composer Ambrosio Del Rosario composed the original music and [[National Artist of the Philippines]] [[Levi Celerio|Levi Celério]] wrote the lyrics for a song entitled ''Kalesa'', in honour of the vehicle.<ref>[http://www.krema.org/tag/KALESA Kalesa - Video Watch, watch Youtube video, download Youtube video.]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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An annual Kalesa Parade is held during the [[Binatbatan Festival of the Arts]] of Vigan City.<ref name="Rivero">{{cite web |last1=Rivero |first1=Imelda C. |title=Vigan’s enduring 'kalesas' help keep the city's air clean |url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1021461 |website=Philippine Information Agency |accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
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</gallery> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<!--CONVERT THESE TO INLINE SOURCES |
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*"Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española" by Guido Gómez de Silva ({{ISBN|968-16-2812-8}}) |
*"Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española" by Guido Gómez de Silva ({{ISBN|968-16-2812-8}}) |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035038/http://philtourism.com/kalesa_festival.html PTA Grand Launch - Kalesa Festival.] The Official Web Page of Philippine Tourism Authority. |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035038/http://philtourism.com/kalesa_festival.html PTA Grand Launch - Kalesa Festival.] The Official Web Page of Philippine Tourism Authority. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131102190613/http://www.kalesaphilippines.com/] Kalesa Kinulayan Philippines People's Organization, Inc. website |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131102190613/http://www.kalesaphilippines.com/] Kalesa Kinulayan Philippines People's Organization, Inc. website |
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* [https://archive.today/20131104090712/http://www.lifestylebucket.com/?p=8807] Lifestylebucket Blogsite |
* [https://archive.today/20131104090712/http://www.lifestylebucket.com/?p=8807] Lifestylebucket Blogsite--> |
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{{Transportation in the Philippines}} |
{{Transportation in the Philippines}} |
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Revision as of 01:14, 26 March 2020
| Kalesa | |
|---|---|
_(1923).jpg)  | |
| Application | Transportation |
| Powered | No |
| Self-propelled | No |
| Wheels | 2 |
A kalesa (also known as calesa, carromata, or caritela in Philippine Spanish) is a two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage used in the Philippines.[1] It is commonly vividly painted and decorated.[2] It was a primary mode of public and private transportation during the colonial era of the Philippines, though in modern times, they largely only survive as tourist attractions.
History
Kalesa were first introduced to the Philippines in the 1700s by the Spanish colonial era. It became the major public and private form of transport in the Philippines up to the early 20th century century. It was also used to transport goods. They were manufactured by traditional workshops known as karoserya.[1]
Use of the kalesa declined after World War II, when mass public transportation was largely taken over by motorized jeepneys and tricycles. Kalesa in modern times are largely only used as tourist attractions. They are still preserved in some areas of the Philippines, such as in Vigan and Laoag.[3] Kalesas can also be found in Intramuros, where they cater to tourists and Binondo in Manila, as well as in Iligan, where decorated kalesas can be taken for a ride along a specific street. In Cagayan, kalesas are common, especially in Tuao, Tuguegarao, and other municipalities of the province.
The colorful decorations of the kalesa was also inherited by the post-World War II jeepney (which were also known as "auto calesa" in the 1940s). The legacy of the kalesa is also found in the horse emblem on the hoods of most jeepneys.[2]
Description
A kalesa looks like a two-wheeled inclined cart, and is drawn by a single horse. It is made from wood, metal, or a combination of both. Traditionally it had a single forward-facing bench that can accommodate two passengers. The kalesa driver commonly called as kutsero (Spanish cochero) sits on the driver's seat in front. Both the driver and the passengers are enclosed by a canopy originating from the back of the cab. Modern versions of the kalesa sometimes have two side-facing benches instead, similar to a jeepney, that can accommodate four passengers.
Large four-wheeled versions of the kalesa were known as karwahe (Spanish carruaje); while drays drawn by carabao (usually used to transport cargo) were known as garetas or kareton (Spanish carretón).[4]
Kalesa were had specific terminology for drivers. When a kutsero wants the horse to turn right, he says "mano” while he says "silla” to make the horse turn left.[5]
In popular culture
Composer Ambrosio Del Rosario composed the original music and National Artist of the Philippines Levi Celério wrote the lyrics for a song entitled Kalesa, in honour of the vehicle.[6]
An annual Kalesa Parade is held during the Binatbatan Festival of the Arts of Vigan City.[7]
Gallery
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A modern four-passenger kalesa -
Kalesa parked in front of Vigan Cathedral -
A modern four-passenger kalesa in Intramuros
References
- ^ a b Montefalcon, Moreen Ann M.; Cruz, Robin Lawrence I.; Inocencio, Marian Nicole J.; Portus, Alyssa Jean. "An Ergonomic Assessment of the Philippine Kalesa". In Goonetilleke, Ravindra S.; Karwowski, Waldemar (eds.). Advances in Physical Ergonomics & Human Factors. pp. 170–178. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94484-5_18.
- ^ a b Chiu, Imes (2008). The Evolution from Horse to Automobile: A Comparative International Study. Cambria Press. pp. 224–229. ISBN 9781604975468.
- ^ Kalesa. Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine Vigan City Philippines - Unesco World Heritage City.
- ^ "The Last Calesa Maker: How A Proud Fernandino Kept A Fading Industry Alive". Capital Town Pampanga. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Riding The Philippine 'Calesa' and Business". Archived from the original on 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ Kalesa - Video Watch, watch Youtube video, download Youtube video.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Rivero, Imelda C. "Vigan's enduring 'kalesas' help keep the city's air clean". Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved 26 March 2020.