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{{Infobox military person
'''Amir Chūpān''' ({{lang-fa|امیر چوپان}}; died November 1327), also spelt '''Choban''' or '''Coban''', was a [[Chupanids|Chupanid]] noble of the [[Ilkhanate]], and nominal general of the [[Mongol Empire]]. His father was named the [[Malik|Malek]] of the [[Mongol]] [[Suldus]] clan. His ancestor was [[Chilaun]] (Чулуун), who was one of [[Chingis]] Khan's four great companions.
| name = Chupan
| birth_date = c. 1262
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1327|1262|10}}
| death_place = [[Herat]]
| placeofburial = [[Al-Baqi']]
| rank = Supreme commander of [[Il-Khanate]] (1307)
| spouse = [[Sati Beg]]
}}


'''Amir Chūpān''' ({{lang-fa|امیر چوپان}}; died November 1327), also spelt '''Choban''' or '''Coban''', was a [[Chupanids|Chupanid]] noble of the [[Ilkhanate]], and nominal general of the [[Mongol Empire]]. He was ennobled by [[Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)|Emperor Taiding of Yuan]] as '''Duke of Yi''' (翊國公).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yokkaichi|first=Yasuhiro|date=2015|title=Four Seals in ’Phags-pa and Arabic Scripts on Amīr Čoban’s Decree of 726 AH/1326 CE|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/50/0/50_25/_article|journal=Orient|language=en|volume=50|issue=0|pages=25–33|doi=10.5356/orient.50.25|issn=0473-3851}}</ref>
==Rise to power==
⚫
Amir Chupan was first mentioned as a supporter of [[Gaykhatu]] during the latter's successful campaign for the [[Ilkhan|Ilkhanid]] throne. During [[Ghazan|Ghazan's]] fight with [[Baydu]] for the throne in 1295, Chupan met with him near the Ustunavand castle. Chupan served under Ghazan, participating in the campaign against the rebel [[Nawrūz (Mongol emir)|Nauruz]]. He acted as a senior commander during Ghazan's three campaigns against [[Syria]], then under the rule of the [[Mamelukes]]. During one of these campaigns, Chupan's army, under the command of Ghazan's chief military officer [[Kutlushah|Qutlugh Shah]], was defeated by the Mamelukes in the [[battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)]]. When Qutlugh Shah fled, Chupan stayed with the army, and reached Ghazan in June. Ghazan, furious at the defeat, punished both Qutlugh Shah and Chupan, though the latter was dealt with more leniently.


== Background ==
⚫
In 1305 Chupan married the daughter of Ghazan's successor [[Öljeitü]], Dowlandi Katun. In 1307 he was given command of one of four armies assigned to quell the rebellious province of [[Gilan]]. Marching from [[Ardabil]], he convinced the rulers of Astara and Gaskar to surrender peacefully, and then met up with Öljeitü. Qutlugh Shah's army, however, did not fare so well, and he was killed by the Gilakis. Following his death, Öljeitü made Chupan his chief military commander or [[Emir|Amir]] of the Ulus (nation). Chupan was now a major influence behind the throne, though he had to contend with the court viziers. When Öljeitü died in 1316, his son [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id]] confirmed Chupan's status as Amir of the Ulus, despite attempts by the Amir Sevinch to gain the position for himself.
Chupan's father Malek participated in [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Siege of Baghdad]] while his uncle Akrunchi participated in a campaign in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in 1318. His grandfather was Tudaun from the [[Suldus]] clan and was directly descended from [[Chilaun]], who was one of [[Chingis]] Khan's four great companions. Tudaun accompanied [[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]] on his campaign against [[Golden Horde]] in 1262 and named as governor of [[Diyar Bakr]], died in 1277 at [[Battle of Elbistan|the Battle of Elbistan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coban-cupan-ar|title=ČOBĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

== Early career ==
⚫
He participated in a battle against [[Nogai Khan|Nogai]] of [[Golden Horde]] in 1289 during his 20s.<ref name=":0" /> Amir Chupan was mentioned as a supporter of [[Gaykhatu]] during the latter's successful campaign for the [[Ilkhan|Ilkhanid]] throne. During [[Ghazan|Ghazan's]] fight with [[Baydu]] for the throne in 1295, Chupan met with him near the Ustunavand castle and changed sides.<ref name=":0" /> He participated in a campaign against Sulaimish of [[Oirats]], who rebelled in [[Anatolia]] in 1299. He acted as a senior commander during Ghazan's three campaigns against [[Syria]], then under the rule of the [[Mamelukes]]. However later, Chupan's army under the command of Ghazan's chief military officer [[Kutlushah|Qutlugh Shah]], was defeated by the Mamelukes in the [[battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)]]. When Qutlugh Shah fled, Chupan stayed with the army, and reached Ghazan in June. Ghazan, furious at the defeat, punished both Qutlugh Shah and Chupan, though the latter was dealt with more leniently. He also met [[Zahed Gilani|Zahid Gilani]] sometime during reign of Ghazan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Melville|first=Charles P.|title=&quot;Wolf of Shepherd? Amir Chupan&#39;s attitude to government&quot;|url=https://www.academia.edu/37498202/_Wolf_of_Shepherd_Amir_Chupans_attitude_to_government_|journal=The Court of the Il khans, 1290 1340, ed. J. Raby and T. Fitzherbert, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art|language=en}}</ref>

=== Under Öljeitü ===
⚫
On 19 March 1305 Chupan was betrothed to the daughter of Ghazan's successor [[Öljeitü]], Dowlandi Khatun. In 1307 he was given command of one of four armies assigned to quell the rebellious province of [[Gilan]]. Marching from [[Ardabil]], he convinced the rulers of Astara and Gaskar to surrender peacefully, and then met up with Öljeitü. Qutlugh Shah's army, however, did not fare so well, and he was killed by the Gilakis. Following his death, Öljeitü made Chupan his chief military commander or [[Emir|Amir]] of the Ulus (nation). This was followed by his marriage to his fiancee Dowlandi on 30 September 1307. Chupan was now a major influence behind the throne, though he had to contend with the court viziers. Dowlandi died in 1314, following death of Öljeitü in 1316, his son [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id]] confirmed Chupan's status as Amir of the Ulus, despite attempts by the Amir Sevinch to gain the position for himself. Moreover was bethothed to [[Sati Beg]], another daughter of Öljeitü in 1317.


==Height and fall under Abu Sa'id==
==Height and fall under Abu Sa'id==
Line 11: Line 25:
In 1319, armies under the command of the khan of the [[Blue Horde]], [[Öz-Beg]], invaded the Ilkhanate. Abu Sa'id led a campaign to stop the invasion. Chupan was on his way to assist Amir Husain (the father of the founder of the [[Jalayirids]], [[Hasan Buzurg]]) against the raids of the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]] prince [[Yasa'ur]], who was devastating [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], but then turned around to support Abu Sa'id upon receiving word that the latter's position across the [[Kor River|Kur River]] was in danger. Several of Abu Sa'id's officers had deserted, leaving his army weakened. He rushed to his master's position, only to find the troops of the Blue Horde already in flight. Nevertheless, Chupan inflicted heavy casualties upon the enemy.
In 1319, armies under the command of the khan of the [[Blue Horde]], [[Öz-Beg]], invaded the Ilkhanate. Abu Sa'id led a campaign to stop the invasion. Chupan was on his way to assist Amir Husain (the father of the founder of the [[Jalayirids]], [[Hasan Buzurg]]) against the raids of the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]] prince [[Yasa'ur]], who was devastating [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], but then turned around to support Abu Sa'id upon receiving word that the latter's position across the [[Kor River|Kur River]] was in danger. Several of Abu Sa'id's officers had deserted, leaving his army weakened. He rushed to his master's position, only to find the troops of the Blue Horde already in flight. Nevertheless, Chupan inflicted heavy casualties upon the enemy.


The matter of Abu Sa'id's officers fleeing still needed to be addressed. When the amir enacted punishment against Qurumshi (also a potential rival), as well as several other officers, for their military negligence, a conspiracy was then launched against him. The conspirators included Abu Sa'id's uncle Irenjin, who Chupan had dismissed from the governorship of [[Diyarbakr]]. With the full support of the Ilkhan, Chupan dealt with them. Irenjin was defeated near [[Meyaneh|Mianeh]] in June 1319. Following these events, Chupan gained almost complete influence over the Ilkhan, and his sons gained prominent positions as the Ilkhanate was parceled out between them. He also married Abu Sa'id's sister [[Sati Beg]], whom he had been betrothed to since 1316. His sons quickly took advantage of their power; during the winter of 1322 Chupan, who was suffering from [[gout]], had to convince his son [[Timurtash]], governor of [[Rüm]], to end his rebellion against the Ilkhanate.
The matter of Abu Sa'id's officers fleeing still needed to be addressed. When the amir enacted punishment against Qurumushi (also a potential rival), as well as several other officers, for their military negligence, a conspiracy was then launched against him. The conspirators included Abu Sa'id's uncle Irinjin, who Chupan had dismissed from the governorship of [[Diyarbakr]]. Irinjin was defeated near [[Meyaneh|Mianeh]] in June 1319. Following these events, Chupan gained almost complete influence over the Ilkhan, and his sons gained prominent positions as the Ilkhanate was parceled out between them. His sons [[Timurtash]], [[Shaikh Mahmoud|Shaikh Mahmud]], [[Hassan (Chupanids)|Hasan]] and [[Demasq Kaja]] were given governorships of [[Anatolia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] respectively. He also married Abu Sa'id's sister [[Sati Beg]], whom he had been betrothed to since 1316.

However, his son Timurtash rose in rebellion in 1322, claiming to be [[Mahdi]]. Chupan went to obtain his surrender personally and even managed to get reappointment to the post by Abu Sa'id. Abu Sa'id sometime fell in love with [[Baghdad Khatun]], one of emir Chupan's daughters. The emir's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter, who was still married to [[Hasan Buzurg]] (another powerful kingmaker of the era), did not help the situation. Abu Said approached Chupan in 1325, claiming her unsuccessfully. Chupan sent his daughter and son-in-law to [[Karabakh]] instead while himself went against [[Öz Beg Khan|Özbeg]] and [[Tarmashirin]] who invaded Azerbaijan and Khorasan respectively. Same year Chupan defeated another force led by Özbeg, and even invaded the [[Blue horde|Blue Horde]].


As Chupan had reached the height of his power, he had also sown the seeds of his fall. While Abu Sa'id lacked a treasury, Chupan's son and administrative representative Demasq Kaja spent his wealth extravagantly. This situation annoyed the Ilkhan, who was further influenced against him by his viziers, particularly Rukn al-Din Sa'in, Chupan's own protégé. Chupan's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter [[Bagdad Katun]], who was already married to Hasan Buzurg, did not help the situation.
As Chupan had reached the height of his power, he had also sown the seeds of his fall. While Abu Sa'id lacked a treasury, Chupan's son and administrative representative Demasq Kaja spent his wealth extravagantly. This situation annoyed the Ilkhan, who was further influenced against him by his viziers, particularly Rukn al-Din Sa'in, Chupan's own protégé. Chupan's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter [[Bagdad Katun]], who was already married to Hasan Buzurg, did not help the situation.


In 1325 Chupan defeated another force led by Öz-Beg, and even invaded the Blue Horde. Early in 1326, Chupan led an army to defend against an imminent invasion of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]. By the request of Abu Said, the [[Khagan]] [[Yesün Temür]] awarded his custodian Chupan the nominal title of a chief-commander of all Mongol Khanates.<ref>[[Thomas T. Allsen]]-Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.39</ref> In the autumn of that year, the Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin crossed the [[Oxus River]], and was defeated by Chupan's son [[Hasan (Chobanids)|Hasan]] near [[Ghazna]]. The vizier Rukn al-Din Sa'in had traveled with Chupan, leaving Demasq Kaja in effective control at the Ilkhanid court. It was at this time that Abu Sa'id decided to make his move. In August 1327 Abu Sa'id had Demasq Kaja killed, ostensibly for the latter's activities with a former concubine of Öljeitü's.
Early in 1326, Chupan led an army to defend against an imminent invasion of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]. By the request of Abu Said, the [[Khagan]] [[Yesün Temür]] awarded his custodian Chupan the nominal title of a chief-commander of all Mongol Khanates.<ref>[[Thomas T. Allsen]]-Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.39</ref> In the autumn of that year, the Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin crossed the [[Oxus River]], and was defeated by Chupan's son [[Hasan (Chobanids)|Hasan]] near [[Ghazna]]. The vizier Rukn al-Din Sa'in had traveled with Chupan, leaving Demasq Kaja in effective control at the Ilkhanid court. It was at this time that Abu Sa'id decided to make his move. Using opportunity, on 25 August 1327, Abu Sa'id had one of Chupan's sons, [[Demasq Kaja]], killed, apparently for his activities with a former concubine of Öljaitü's.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745412|title=The Cambridge history of Iran.|date=1968-1991|publisher=University Press|others=Fisher, W. B. (William Bayne)|year=|isbn=0-521-06935-1|location=Cambridge|pages=407–413|oclc=745412}}</ref>


Abu Sa'id then undertook a campaign against the other Chupanids. The Khurasanis gained word of the plot, but pretended to act friendly toward Chupan. The latter marched west; on his way, he convinced the local religious leader of Simnan, Shaikh 'Ala' al-Daula, to try to negotiate a truce, and then camped near [[Qazvin]]. When the shaikh failed, he continued west, with his troops pillaging on the way. Upon reaching Quha, he was a day's journey away from Abu Sa'id's camp, but as night fell, most of his army deserted him for the Ilkhan. Instead of facing the Ilkhanid army, he withdrew. Upon reaching Saveh, he sent his wife Sati Beg back to Abu Sa'id. He then traveled in the direction of [[Tabas]], with the intention of finding refuge in Transoxiana.
Hearing this, Chupan marched against Abu Sa'id seeking revenge. he convinced the local religious leader of Simnan, Shaikh 'Ala' al-Daula, to try to negotiate a truce, and then camped near [[Qazvin]]. When the shaikh failed, he continued west, with his troops pillaging on the way. Upon reaching Quha, he was a day's journey away from Abu Sa'id's camp, but as night fell, most of his army including Muhammad Beg, uncle of Abu Sa'id deserted him near [[Ray, Iran|Ray]], taking 30.000 soldier with them, leaving Chupan no choice but to retreat to [[Herat]]. Upon reaching Saveh, he sent his wife Sati Beg back to Abu Sa'id. He then traveled in the direction of [[Tabas]], with the intention of finding refuge in Transoxiana. Upon reaching the Murghab River, he changed his mind and headed for Khurasan. He was given a friendly welcome into Herat by the local [[Kartids|Kartid]] ruler, Ghiyath ud-Din. However he was soon strangled to death under orders of Abu Sa'id in 1327. Chupan and his son Chilaun were both killed. As Chupan's friend, Ghiyath ordered that he be killed by strangulation, which was considered an honorable way to die. The Kartid leader then sent one of Chupan's fingers to Abu Sa'id as proof of the deed. Many of Chupan's sons were to also die in the next few years. His daughter soon forced to divorce Hasan Buzurg and marry Abu Sa'id. In compensation, Hasan was awarded former post of Chupan, rising to be new commander-in-chief of Ilkhanid army.


He was buried in [[Medina]], in the cemetery of [[Al-Baqi'|Baqi]], under the supervision of his daughter [[Bagdad Katun]].
Upon reaching the Murghab River, he changed his mind and headed for Khurasan. He was given a friendly welcome into Herat by the local [[Kartids|Kartid]] ruler, Ghiyath ud-Din. However, when he received an order by the Ilkhan, his master, to execute Chupan, Ghiyath had no choice but to obey. Chupan and his son Jela'u Khan were both killed. As Chupan's friend, Ghiyath ordered that he be killed by strangulation, which was considered an honorable way to die. The Kartid leader then sent one of Chupan's fingers to Abu Sa'id as proof of the deed. Many of Chupan's sons were to also die in the next few years. He was buried in [[Medina]], in the cemetery of Baqi, under the supervision of his daughter [[Bagdad Katun]].

== Personality ==
Chupan was described as devout [[Muslims|Muslim]] who also against among emirs who opposed Öljeitü's conversion to [[Shia Islam|Shiism]].<ref name=":1" />Described by various sources as brave and just, he was also known to sponsor a water canal to [[Mecca]] in 1325. Being a fervent Muslim, he also oversaw reconstruction of mosques in [[Tabriz]] as well as demolution of churches. Nevertheless, he also protected [[Yahballaha III|Mar Yahballaha III]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chabot|first=J.-B. (Jean-Baptiste)|url=http://archive.org/details/histoiredemarja00chab|title=Histoire de Mar Jabalaha III, patriarche des Nestoriens (1281-1317), et du moine Rabban Çauma, Ambassadeur du roi Argoun en Occident (1287);|date=1895|publisher=Paris, Leroux|others=PIMS - University of Toronto}}</ref>


==Children==
==Children==
He had at least 4 wives, by whom [[Chupanid]] dynasty descended. Most of his children were born by unknown spouses. He also named at least two of his sons after his ancestors [[Chilaun]] and [[Sorgan Shira]]:
* [[Hasan (Chobanids)|Hasan]]

⚫
* [[Timurtash]]
*[[Hasan (Chobanids)|Hasan]] — Viceroy of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] and [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]]
* [[Demasq Kaja]]
**Talish
* [[Shaikh Mahmud]]
**Haji Beg
* [[Bagdad Katun]] (daughter)
**Quc Husayn
By Dowlandi Katun:
*[[Timurtash]] — Viceroy of [[Anatolia]]
* Jela'u Khan
**[[Hasan Kuchak]]
By Korducin (probably second wife):
**[[Malek Ashraf]]
⚫
***Timurtash
***Sultanbakht
**Malek Ashtar
**Misr Malek
*[[Demasq Kaja]] — Representative of Chupan in court of [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]], married to Tursan (or Tursin), daughter of Irinjin of [[Keraites]]
**[[Dilshad Khatun]]
**3 daughters
*[[Shaikh Mahmud]] — Governor of [[Armenia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
**Pir Husayn
**3 sons
*[[Bagdad Katun]] — [[Khatun]] of [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]]

Dowlandi Katun (betrothal - 19 March 1305, married - 30 September 1307, died - 1314) — daughter of [[Öljeitü]]

* Chilaun

[[Kurdujin Khatun]] — governess of [[Shiraz]] and [[Qutlugh-Khanids|Kirman]], daughter of Mengü Timur and [[Abish Khatun]]:

* Siuksah
* Siuksah
* Yagi Basti
*[[Yagi Basti]]
* Nowruz
* Nowruz
By Sati Beg:
⚫
* Surgan


[[Sati Beg]] ({{floruit}} 1316–1345) — daughter of [[Öljeitü]], later [[Ilkhanate|Il-Khan]]:
{{S-start}}

{{S-hou|||1280||1327 BC}}
⚫
* Surgan
{{S-reg}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl|title=King of the [[Chobanids]]
1322-1327 |King of the [[Chobanids]]|years-1322 - 1327}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Timurtash]]}}
{{S-end}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

*{{cite book|author=Charles Peter Melville|title=Fall of Amir Chupan and the Decline of the Ilkhanate 1327-37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP8YQwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies}}
*{{cite book|author=Charles Peter Melville|title=Fall of Amir Chupan and the Decline of the Ilkhanate 1327-37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP8YQwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies}}
*Charles Melville and 'Abbas Zaryab. http://www.iranica.com/articles/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home1/iranica/articles/v5_articles/chobanids&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/logs/pdfdownload.html
*Charles Melville and 'Abbas Zaryab. http://www.iranica.com/articles/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home1/iranica/articles/v5_articles/chobanids&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/logs/pdfdownload.html

Revision as of 15:30, 6 April 2020

Chupan
Bornc. 1262
DiedOctober 1327 (aged 64–65)
Herat
Buried
Al-Baqi'
RankSupreme commander of Il-Khanate (1307)
Spouse(s)Sati Beg

Amir Chūpān (Persian: امیر چوپان; died November 1327), also spelt Choban or Coban, was a Chupanid noble of the Ilkhanate, and nominal general of the Mongol Empire. He was ennobled by Emperor Taiding of Yuan as Duke of Yi (翊國公).[1]

Background

Chupan's father Malek participated in Siege of Baghdad while his uncle Akrunchi participated in a campaign in Georgia in 1318. His grandfather was Tudaun from the Suldus clan and was directly descended from Chilaun, who was one of Chingis Khan's four great companions. Tudaun accompanied Hulagu on his campaign against Golden Horde in 1262 and named as governor of Diyar Bakr, died in 1277 at the Battle of Elbistan.[2]

Early career

He participated in a battle against Nogai of Golden Horde in 1289 during his 20s.[2] Amir Chupan was mentioned as a supporter of Gaykhatu during the latter's successful campaign for the Ilkhanid throne. During Ghazan's fight with Baydu for the throne in 1295, Chupan met with him near the Ustunavand castle and changed sides.[2] He participated in a campaign against Sulaimish of Oirats, who rebelled in Anatolia in 1299. He acted as a senior commander during Ghazan's three campaigns against Syria, then under the rule of the Mamelukes. However later, Chupan's army under the command of Ghazan's chief military officer Qutlugh Shah, was defeated by the Mamelukes in the battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303). When Qutlugh Shah fled, Chupan stayed with the army, and reached Ghazan in June. Ghazan, furious at the defeat, punished both Qutlugh Shah and Chupan, though the latter was dealt with more leniently. He also met Zahid Gilani sometime during reign of Ghazan.[3]

Under Öljeitü

On 19 March 1305 Chupan was betrothed to the daughter of Ghazan's successor Öljeitü, Dowlandi Khatun. In 1307 he was given command of one of four armies assigned to quell the rebellious province of Gilan. Marching from Ardabil, he convinced the rulers of Astara and Gaskar to surrender peacefully, and then met up with Öljeitü. Qutlugh Shah's army, however, did not fare so well, and he was killed by the Gilakis. Following his death, Öljeitü made Chupan his chief military commander or Amir of the Ulus (nation). This was followed by his marriage to his fiancee Dowlandi on 30 September 1307. Chupan was now a major influence behind the throne, though he had to contend with the court viziers. Dowlandi died in 1314, following death of Öljeitü in 1316, his son Abu Sa'id confirmed Chupan's status as Amir of the Ulus, despite attempts by the Amir Sevinch to gain the position for himself. Moreover was bethothed to Sati Beg, another daughter of Öljeitü in 1317.

Height and fall under Abu Sa'id

Chupan attempted to neutralize the influence of the viziers. In 1318, he convinced the discredited former vizier Rashid-al-Din Hamadani to return to the Ilkhanid court. Rashid, who had many enemies, was accused of poisoning Öljeitü soon after he returned. Chupan promptly turned on him, and Rashid-al-Din was put to death in July of that year.

In 1319, armies under the command of the khan of the Blue Horde, Öz-Beg, invaded the Ilkhanate. Abu Sa'id led a campaign to stop the invasion. Chupan was on his way to assist Amir Husain (the father of the founder of the Jalayirids, Hasan Buzurg) against the raids of the Chagatai prince Yasa'ur, who was devastating Khurasan, but then turned around to support Abu Sa'id upon receiving word that the latter's position across the Kur River was in danger. Several of Abu Sa'id's officers had deserted, leaving his army weakened. He rushed to his master's position, only to find the troops of the Blue Horde already in flight. Nevertheless, Chupan inflicted heavy casualties upon the enemy.

The matter of Abu Sa'id's officers fleeing still needed to be addressed. When the amir enacted punishment against Qurumushi (also a potential rival), as well as several other officers, for their military negligence, a conspiracy was then launched against him. The conspirators included Abu Sa'id's uncle Irinjin, who Chupan had dismissed from the governorship of Diyarbakr. Irinjin was defeated near Mianeh in June 1319. Following these events, Chupan gained almost complete influence over the Ilkhan, and his sons gained prominent positions as the Ilkhanate was parceled out between them. His sons Timurtash, Shaikh Mahmud, Hasan and Demasq Kaja were given governorships of Anatolia, Georgia, Khorasan and Azerbaijan respectively. He also married Abu Sa'id's sister Sati Beg, whom he had been betrothed to since 1316.

However, his son Timurtash rose in rebellion in 1322, claiming to be Mahdi. Chupan went to obtain his surrender personally and even managed to get reappointment to the post by Abu Sa'id. Abu Sa'id sometime fell in love with Baghdad Khatun, one of emir Chupan's daughters. The emir's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter, who was still married to Hasan Buzurg (another powerful kingmaker of the era), did not help the situation. Abu Said approached Chupan in 1325, claiming her unsuccessfully. Chupan sent his daughter and son-in-law to Karabakh instead while himself went against Özbeg and Tarmashirin who invaded Azerbaijan and Khorasan respectively. Same year Chupan defeated another force led by Özbeg, and even invaded the Blue Horde.

As Chupan had reached the height of his power, he had also sown the seeds of his fall. While Abu Sa'id lacked a treasury, Chupan's son and administrative representative Demasq Kaja spent his wealth extravagantly. This situation annoyed the Ilkhan, who was further influenced against him by his viziers, particularly Rukn al-Din Sa'in, Chupan's own protégé. Chupan's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter Bagdad Katun, who was already married to Hasan Buzurg, did not help the situation.

Early in 1326, Chupan led an army to defend against an imminent invasion of Khurasan. By the request of Abu Said, the Khagan Yesün Temür awarded his custodian Chupan the nominal title of a chief-commander of all Mongol Khanates.[4] In the autumn of that year, the Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin crossed the Oxus River, and was defeated by Chupan's son Hasan near Ghazna. The vizier Rukn al-Din Sa'in had traveled with Chupan, leaving Demasq Kaja in effective control at the Ilkhanid court. It was at this time that Abu Sa'id decided to make his move. Using opportunity, on 25 August 1327, Abu Sa'id had one of Chupan's sons, Demasq Kaja, killed, apparently for his activities with a former concubine of Öljaitü's.[5]

Hearing this, Chupan marched against Abu Sa'id seeking revenge. he convinced the local religious leader of Simnan, Shaikh 'Ala' al-Daula, to try to negotiate a truce, and then camped near Qazvin. When the shaikh failed, he continued west, with his troops pillaging on the way. Upon reaching Quha, he was a day's journey away from Abu Sa'id's camp, but as night fell, most of his army including Muhammad Beg, uncle of Abu Sa'id deserted him near Ray, taking 30.000 soldier with them, leaving Chupan no choice but to retreat to Herat. Upon reaching Saveh, he sent his wife Sati Beg back to Abu Sa'id. He then traveled in the direction of Tabas, with the intention of finding refuge in Transoxiana. Upon reaching the Murghab River, he changed his mind and headed for Khurasan. He was given a friendly welcome into Herat by the local Kartid ruler, Ghiyath ud-Din. However he was soon strangled to death under orders of Abu Sa'id in 1327. Chupan and his son Chilaun were both killed. As Chupan's friend, Ghiyath ordered that he be killed by strangulation, which was considered an honorable way to die. The Kartid leader then sent one of Chupan's fingers to Abu Sa'id as proof of the deed. Many of Chupan's sons were to also die in the next few years. His daughter soon forced to divorce Hasan Buzurg and marry Abu Sa'id. In compensation, Hasan was awarded former post of Chupan, rising to be new commander-in-chief of Ilkhanid army.

He was buried in Medina, in the cemetery of Baqi, under the supervision of his daughter Bagdad Katun.

Personality

Chupan was described as devout Muslim who also against among emirs who opposed Öljeitü's conversion to Shiism.[3]Described by various sources as brave and just, he was also known to sponsor a water canal to Mecca in 1325. Being a fervent Muslim, he also oversaw reconstruction of mosques in Tabriz as well as demolution of churches. Nevertheless, he also protected Mar Yahballaha III.[6]

Children

He had at least 4 wives, by whom Chupanid dynasty descended. Most of his children were born by unknown spouses. He also named at least two of his sons after his ancestors Chilaun and Sorgan Shira:

Dowlandi Katun (betrothal - 19 March 1305, married - 30 September 1307, died - 1314) — daughter of Öljeitü

  • Chilaun

Kurdujin Khatun — governess of Shiraz and Kirman, daughter of Mengü Timur and Abish Khatun:

Sati Beg (fl. 1316–1345) — daughter of Öljeitü, later Il-Khan:

  • Surgan

References

  1. ^ Yokkaichi, Yasuhiro (2015). "Four Seals in 'Phags-pa and Arabic Scripts on Amīr Čoban's Decree of 726 AH/1326 CE". Orient. 50 (0): 25–33. doi:10.5356/orient.50.25. ISSN 0473-3851.
  2. ^ a b c "ČOBĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  3. ^ a b Melville, Charles P. ""Wolf of Shepherd? Amir Chupan's attitude to government"". The Court of the Il khans, 1290 1340, ed. J. Raby and T. Fitzherbert, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art.
  4. ^ Thomas T. Allsen-Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.39
  5. ^ The Cambridge history of Iran. Fisher, W. B. (William Bayne). Cambridge: University Press. 1968–1991. pp. 407–413. ISBN 0-521-06935-1. OCLC 745412.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ Chabot, J.-B. (Jean-Baptiste) (1895). Histoire de Mar Jabalaha III, patriarche des Nestoriens (1281-1317), et du moine Rabban Çauma, Ambassadeur du roi Argoun en Occident (1287);. PIMS - University of Toronto. Paris, Leroux.

Sources

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