22nd Chess Olympiad
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The 22nd Chess Olympiad (Hebrew: אולימפיאדת השחמט ה-22, Olimpiada ha-shachmat ha-22), organized by FIDE, took place between October 26 and November 10, 1976, in Haifa, Israel. For the first time, the event comprised both an open[1] and a women's tournament.
Another first was the change in format. The growing number of teams (74 at the previous Olympiad) had made it impossible to continue with the previous system of round-robin preliminary and final groups, so beginning in Haifa, the open event was played as a Swiss system tournament (the women's event had fewer participants and did not use the Swiss system until 1980).
The first Swiss system Olympiad ended up with significantly fewer teams, however. International politics once again interfered in the world of sports, as many FIDE member nations withdrew in protest against the Olympiad being held in Israel, a country many of them didn't recognize. Among the nations that stayed away from Haifa were all of the Arab countries, some of which took part in the alternative Against Chess Olympiad instead. Other absentees were the entire Eastern Bloc, including most of the usual medal candidates. A number of Eastern European players had recently defected, however, and now represented various Western countries.
In the absence of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Hungary, the US team had the highest average rating and had to be considered favourites, even without Bobby Fischer. In the end, they lived up to expectations and won the gold medals, by half a point. The Netherlands and England took home the silver and bronze, respectively.
Open event
Forty-eight nations played 13 rounds. In the event of a draw, the tie-break was decided first by match points, then by using the Buchholz system.
Team standing
The following ratings were used to determine the placement (#).
- BP (sum of board points)
- TP (sum of team points)
- Rtg (Buchholz scoring system)
# Team Code BP TP Rtg + = - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 United States USA 37 21 383.5 9 3 1 IRI
3CHI
2½SCO
3½ITA
2AUS
4NED
1½ENG
2ARG
2½GER
2ISR
3½SUI
4COL
3WLS
3½2 Netherlands NED 36½ 23 383.5 10 3 0 LUX
3½SCO
2½SUI
2½ARG
2NOR
4USA
2½ISR
3ENG
2CHI
3½SWE
3½GER
2CAN
2½FIN
33 England ENG 35½ 22 385.5 9 4 0 NZL
2½FRA
4ARG
2½GER
2ITA
3PHI
3½USA
2NED
2ISR
2CAN
3SWE
3CHI
3½AUT
2½4 Argentina ARG 33 20 389.5 9 2 2 VEN
4ESP
2½ENG
1½NED
2SUI
3GER
2½PHI
3USA
1½IRI
3AUT
3ISR
2½SWE
2½CAN
25 West Germany GER 31 15 389.0 6 3 4 IRL
3½FIN
3AUT
3½ENG
2PHI
1ARG
1½ESP
3ISR
1½USA
2IRI
4NED
2SUI
1½AUS
2½6 Israel ISR 29½ 17 392.5 8 1 4 URU
3½AUS
2½SWE
2½SUI
1½DEN
3½ESP
3NED
1GER
2½ENG
2USA
½ARG
1½PHI
3PAR
2½7 Switzerland SUI 29 17 365.0 8 1 4 AHO
4CAN
2½NED
1½ISR
2½ARG
1CHI
½DEN
2½THA
3½ESP
2COL
3USA
0GER
2½FRA
3½8 Canada CAN 28½ 15 372.5 6 3 4 MNC
4SUI
1½NOR
1IRI
2½SCO
2WLS
3ITA
2ESP
2½AUS
2½ENG
1ISL
3NED
1½ARG
29 Spain ESP 28½ 12 355.0 5 2 6 ISV
4ARG
1½BEL
2½SWE
2VEN
4ISR
1GER
1CAN
1½SUI
2CHI
1½NOR
2½AUS
1½SCO
3½10 Colombia COL 28 14 352.5 6 2 5 PNG
3½SWE
1½ISL
2½VEN
1½FIN
1½PAR
2FRA
3SCO
2½NOR
2SUI
1AUT
3USA
1HON
311 Norway NOR 27½ 16 362.5 6 4 3 THA
2½HON
3½CAN
3PHI
1½NED
0FIN
2½PAR
2½AUT
2COL
2ISL
2ESP
1½DEN
2VEN
2½12 Sweden SWE 27½ 15 376.5 7 1 5 DOM
3½COL
2½ISR
1½ESP
2AUT
2½SCO
2½CHI
2½IRI
1PHI
4NED
½ENG
1ARG
1½DEN
2½13 Italy ITA 27½ 15 361.5 5 5 3 AND
4ISL
3PHI
2USA
2ENG
1IRI
2CAN
2CHI
½IRL
2½AUS
1½FRA
2½SCO
2BEL
2½14 Wales WLS 27½ 15 359.0 6 3 4 HON
2NZL
2LUX
1½PAR
2URU
4CAN
1VEN
2½AUS
1BEL
3FIN
2½CHI
2½ISL
3USA
½15 Paraguay PAR 27½ 14 345.0 6 2 5 FRA
1CRC
2½NZL
2½WLS
2LUX
2½COL
2NOR
1½BEL
2½URU
2½PHI
1½SCO
1½BOL
4ISR
1½16 Chile CHI 27½ 13 380.5 6 1 6 CRC
3USA
1½AUS
2URU
3ISL
1½SUI
3½SWE
1½ITA
3½NED
½ESP
2½WLS
1½ENG
½IRI
317 Australia AUS 27½ 13 367.5 6 1 6 JPN
4ISR
1½CHI
2BEL
4USA
0ISL
2½IRI
1WLS
3CAN
1½ITA
2½PHI
1½ESP
2½GER
1½18 Austria AUT 27½ 13 366.0 6 1 6 GCI
4BEL
2½GER
½FIN
2½SWE
1½DEN
3ISL
1½NOR
2SCO
2½ARG
1COL
1CRC
4ENG
1½19 Finland FIN 27½ 13 346.5 6 1 6 IVB
3½GER
1DEN
2½AUT
1½COL
2½NOR
1½SCO
2BOL
2½ISL
1½WLS
1½LUX
3NZL
3½NED
120 Philippines PHI 27 17 367.5 8 1 4 FAI
4DEN
3ITA
2NOR
2½GER
3ENG
½ARG
1ISL
2½SWE
0PAR
2½AUS
2½ISR
1URU
2½21 New Zealand NZL 27 15 346.5 7 1 5 ENG
1½WLS
2PAR
1½CRC
3BEL
1DOM
2½LUX
1½JPN
2½DEN
2½IRL
2½THA
3FIN
½GUA
322 Iceland ISL 27 13 350.0 6 1 6 HKG
4ITA
1COL
1½LUX
3CHI
2½AUS
1½AUT
2½PHI
1½FIN
2½NOR
2CAN
1WLS
1IRL
323 Venezuela VEN 26½ 13 336.5 6 1 6 ARG
0PNG
3½MNC
4COL
2½ESP
0BEL
2WLS
1½URU
½THA
1JPN
3GCI
3½LUX
3½NOR
1½24 Belgium BEL 26½ 11 341.5 4 3 6 GUA
4AUT
1½ESP
1½AUS
0NZL
3VEN
2IRL
2PAR
1½WLS
1FAI
4CRC
2½IRI
2ITA
1½25 Denmark DEN 26½ 10 349.0 4 2 7 BER
4PHI
1FIN
1½IRL
4ISR
½AUT
1SUI
1½FRA
2NZL
1½DOM
3½IRI
2½NOR
2SWE
1½26 France FRA 26 14 351.0 6 2 5 PAR
3ENG
0URU
0BOL
4GCI
2½GUA
3COL
1DEN
2DOM
2½SCO
2ITA
1½THA
4SUI
½27 Dominican Republic DOM 26 14 300.5 6 2 5 SWE
½LUX
½BOL
2AHO
4CRC
2NZL
1½GUA
2½HON
2½FRA
1½DEN
½IVB
3AND
2½HKG
328 Uruguay URU 26 13 341.0 6 1 6 ISR
½JPN
2FRA
4CHI
1WLS
0HON
2½BER
3VEN
3½PAR
1½THA
1½IRL
2½GUA
2½PHI
1½29 Honduras HON 26 9 304.0 3 3 7 WLS
2NOR
½HKG
2THA
1½GUA
1½URU
1½ISV
4DOM
1½CRC
½AHO
4BOL
2FAI
4COL
130 Thailand THA 25½ 12 319.5 6 0 7 NOR
1½IRI
½BER
3HON
2½IRL
1½LUX
1½GCI
4SUI
½VEN
3URU
2½NZL
1FRA
0AHO
431 Iran IRI 25½ 11 367.5 4 3 6 USA
1THA
3½IRL
2CAN
1½JPN
4ITA
2AUS
3SWE
3ARG
1GER
0DEN
1½BEL
2CHI
132 Costa Rica CRC 25½ 11 324.0 5 1 7 CHI
1PAR
1½ISV
3½NZL
1DOM
2IRL
1HKG
3GUA
1½HON
3½BOL
2½BEL
1½AUT
0MNC
3½33 Scotland SCO 25½ 10 371.5 3 4 6 BOL
4NED
1½USA
½GCI
4CAN
2SWE
1½FIN
2COL
1½AUT
1½FRA
2PAR
2½ITA
2ESP
½34 Guernsey GCI 25 14 298.5 7 0 6 AUT
0GUA
3FAI
3½SCO
0FRA
1½JPN
2½THA
0PNG
3½HKG
2½BER
1½VEN
½AHO
3½AND
335 Ireland IRL 25 12 328.0 5 2 6 GER
½IVB
4IRI
2DEN
0THA
2½CRC
3BEL
2LUX
2½ITA
1½NZL
1½URU
1½MNC
3ISL
136 Luxembourg LUX 24½ 13 340.5 6 1 6 NED
½DOM
3½WLS
2½ISL
1PAR
1½THA
2½NZL
2½IRL
1½BOL
2GUA
2½FIN
1VEN
½ISV
337 Guatemala GUA 24½ 12 321.0 6 0 7 BEL
0GCI
1PNG
3MNC
3HON
2½FRA
1DOM
1½CRC
2½JPN
3LUX
1½BER
3URU
1½NZL
138 Japan JPN 24½ 12 296.0 5 2 6 AUS
0URU
2AND
3HKG
3½IRI
0GCI
1½FAI
3NZL
1½GUA
1VEN
1AHO
3½IVB
2½BER
239 Hong Kong HKG 24½ 12 291.5 4 4 5 ISL
0AND
2HON
2JPN
½PNG
3BER
2CRC
1FAI
3GCI
1½IVB
3½MNC
2ISV
3DOM
140 Bolivia BOL 24½ 11 286.0 4 3 6 SCO
0ISV
1½DOM
2FRA
0AHO
3½AND
4PNG
3½FIN
1½LUX
2CRC
1½HON
2PAR
0IVB
341 Bermuda BER 24 14 290.0 5 4 4 DEN
0FAI
2THA
1ISV
2½AND
2½HKG
2URU
1MNC
2IVB
3GCI
2½GUA
1PNG
2½JPN
242 Andorra AND 23 11 274.0 4 3 6 ITA
0HKG
2JPN
1FAI
2BER
1½BOL
0AHO
3½IVB
3MNC
2ISV
3PNG
2½DOM
1½GCI
143 Monaco MNC 22 11 277.5 4 3 6 CAN
0AHO
3½VEN
0GUA
1ISV
2½FAI
1IVB
3BER
2AND
2PNG
3½HKG
2IRL
1CRC
½44 Faroe Islands FAI 21½ 12 277.0 5 2 6 PHI
0BER
2GCI
½AND
2IVB
2½MNC
3JPN
1HKG
1AHO
3½BEL
0ISV
3½HON
0PNG
2½45 Papua New Guinea PNG 18 6 280.0 3 0 10 COL
½VEN
½GUA
1IVB
3HKG
1AHO
3BOL
½GCI
½ISV
3MNC
½AND
1½BER
1½FAI
1½46 United States Virgin Islands ISV 15½ 6 283.0 3 0 10 ESP
0BOL
2½CRC
½BER
1½MNC
1½IVB
2½HON
0AHO
2½PNG
1AND
1FAI
½HKG
1LUX
147 British Virgin Islands IVB 13½ 1 283.5 0 1 12 FIN
½IRL
0AHO
2PNG
1FAI
1½ISV
1½MNC
1AND
1BER
1HKG
½DOM
1JPN
1½BOL
148 Netherlands Antilles AHO 7½ 1 294.0 0 1 12 SUI
0MNC
½IVB
2DOM
0BOL
½PNG
1AND
½ISV
1½FAI
½HON
0JPN
½GCI
½THA
0
Individual medals
- Board 1: Jan Timman 8½ / 11 = 77.3%
- Board 2: Gennadi Sosonko 6 / 8 = 75.0%
- Board 3: Marcelo Carrión 9 / 11 = 81.8%
- Board 4: Michael Stean 5½ / 8 = 68.8%
- 1st reserve: Boris de Greiff 5½ / 7 = 78.6%
- 2nd reserve: Kim Commons 7½ / 9 = 83.3%
Women's event
Twenty-three nations took part in the women's Olympiad. From four preliminary groups the teams were split into three finals. Israel, led by former World Championship challenger Kushnir, won the gold, ahead of England and Spain.
Preliminaries
- Group 1:
Final | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | + | − | = | Points | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
«A» | Israel | - | 1½ | 2½ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 9 | |
«A» | Australia | 1½ | - | ½ | 2 | 1½ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5½ | |
«B» | Argentina | ½ | 2½ | - | 1½ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5½ | |
«B» | Colombia | 1 | 1 | 1½ | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5½ | |
«C» | Austria | 0 | 1½ | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4½ |
- Group 2:
Final | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | + | − | = | Points | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
«A» | Netherlands | - | 2½ | 2½ | 1½ | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 12½ | |
«A» | Denmark | ½ | - | 1½ | 1½ | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 9½ | |
«B» | Finland | ½ | 1½ | - | 2 | 2½ | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 8½ | |
«B» | Canada | 1½ | 1½ | 1 | - | 1½ | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7½ | |
«C» | Wales | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1½ | - | 2½ | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4½ | |
«C» | Japan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | - | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2½ |
- Group 3:
Final | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | + | − | = | Points | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
«A» | England | - | 2½ | 2 | 2½ | 2½ | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 12½ | |
«A» | Spain | ½ | - | 2 | 2½ | 2½ | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 10½ | |
«B» | France | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 8 | |
«B» | Italy | ½ | ½ | 2 | - | 2½ | 1½ | 2 | 2 | 1 | 7 | |
«C» | Sweden | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | - | 3 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5½ | |
«C» | New Zealand | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1½ | 0 | - | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1½ |
- Group 4:
Final | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | + | − | = | Points | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
«A» | United States | - | 1½ | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 11½ | |
«A» | West Germany | 1½ | - | 2 | 2½ | ½ | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 9½ | |
«B» | Philippines | 0 | 1 | - | 1½ | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8½ | |
«B» | Ireland | 1 | ½ | 1½ | - | 1½ | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7½ | |
«C» | Switzerland | 1 | 2½ | 0 | 1½ | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 7 | |
«C» | Scotland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
Finals
Final A # Country Players Average
ratingPoints MP 1 Israel Kushnir, Kristol, Podrazhanskaya, Nudelman 2182 17 2 England Hartston, Jackson, Pritchard, Caldwell 2115 11½ 8 3 Spain Ferrer, García, Pino García Padrón, Canela 1890 11½ 7 4 United States Savereide, Crotto, Herstein, Orton 2112 10½ 5 Netherlands van der Mije, Vreeken, Belle, van der Giessen 2182 9½ 6 West Germany Laakmann, Weichert, Prill-Gassemann, Wasnetsky 2070 9 7 Australia McGrath, Kellner, Pope, Depasquale 1958 8½ 8 Denmark Høiberg, Haahr, Larsen 1917 6½
Final B # Country Players Average
ratingPoints MP 9 Canada Vujosevic, Shterenberg, Day, Williams M. 1907 13½ 10 Italy Gramignani, Pernici, Merciai, Romano D. 1800 12 11 Argentina Arias, Soppe, Cazón, Tadei 1800 11½ 12 Ireland Healy, O'Siochrú, Noonan, Shouldice 1897 10½ 13 Finland Vuorenpää, Pihlajamäki, Ristoja, Laitinen 1852 10 14 France Merlini, Tagnon, Ruck-Petit, Warkentin 1880 9½ 6 15 Colombia Leyva, Herrera L., Zapata, Patiño 1800 9½ 5 16 Philippines Cartel H. P., Emperado, Lizares A., Alvárez C. 1800 7
Final C # Country Players Average
ratingPoints MP 17 Switzerland Näpfer, Veprek, Wettstein, Ludwig 1875 12 10 18 Austria Hausner, Hennings, Kattinger, Samt 1940 12 9 19 Sweden Dahlin, Svensson, Svantesson, Bohmgren 2012 11½ 20 Japan Nakagawa, Watai, Maeda, Terada M. 1830 11 21 Scotland Elder, Hindle, Leask, Houstoun 1810 7½ 22 Wales Garwell, Brunker, Davies, Jarman 1800 6½ 23 New Zealand Terry L., Stretch, Hollis A. 1800 2½
Final «A»
No. | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | + | − | = | Points | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Israel | - | 2½ | 2 | 2½ | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 17 | |
2 | England | ½ | - | 2 | 1½ | 2½ | 2½ | 1 | 1½ | 3 | 2 | 2 | 11½ | |
3 | Spain | 1 | 1 | - | ½ | 1½ | 2 | 2½ | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 11½ | |
4 | United States | ½ | 1½ | 2½ | - | 0 | 1½ | 2 | 2½ | 3 | 2 | 2 | 10½ | |
5 | Netherlands | 0 | ½ | 1½ | 3 | - | 1½ | 1½ | 1½ | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9½ | |
6 | West Germany | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1½ | 1½ | - | 1½ | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 9 | |
7 | Australia | 1 | 2 | ½ | 1 | 1½ | 1½ | - | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4½ | |
8 | Denmark | 0 | 1½ | 0 | ½ | 1½ | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 4 | 2 | 6½ |
Final «B»
No. | Country | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | + | − | = | Points | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 | Canada | - | 2 | 2½ | 1 | 1 | 2½ | 2 | 2½ | 5 | 2 | 0 | 13½ | |
10 | Italy | 1 | - | 2½ | 2 | 1½ | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 12 | |
11 | Argentina | ½ | ½ | - | 2½ | 2 | 1½ | 1½ | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 11½ | |
12 | Ireland | 2 | 1 | ½ | - | 2½ | 1 | 1 | 2½ | 3 | 4 | 0 | 10½ | |
13 | Finland | 2 | 1½ | 1 | ½ | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 10 | |
14 | France | ½ | 2 | 1½ | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1½ | 2 | 3 | 2 | 9½ | |
15 | Colombia | 1 | 1 | 1½ | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 9½ | |
16 | Philippines | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 2 | 1½ | 2 | - | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7½ |
Final «C»
No. | Country | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | + | − | = | Points | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 | Switzerland | - | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2½ | 2½ | 5 | 1 | 0 | 12 | |
18 | Austria | 2 | - | 1½ | 1½ | 2½ | 3 | 1½ | 3 | 0 | 3 | 12 | |
19 | Sweden | 1 | 1½ | - | 1 | 2½ | 2½ | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 11½ | |
20 | Japan | 1 | 1½ | 2 | - | 1½ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 11 | |
21 | Scotland | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1½ | - | 1½ | 2½ | 1 | 3 | 2 | 7½ | |
22 | Wales | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1½ | - | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6½ | |
23 | New Zealand | ½ | 1½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | - | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2½ |
Individual medals
- Board 1: Alla Kushnir 7½ / 8 = 93.8%
- Board 2: Nava Shterenberg 9 / 10 = 90.0%
- Board 3: Hyroko Maeda 6½ / 8 = 81.3%
- Reserve: Lea Nudelman 6½ / 7 = 92.9%
References
- ^ Although commonly referred to as the men's division, this section is open to both male and female players.
- 22nd Chess Olympiad: Haifa 1976 OlimpBase