Anunnaki

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This article is about the Mesopotamian deities. For the role-playing game character, see Demon: The Fallen. For The Anunnaki as depicted in The 12th Planet, see Zecharia Sitchin.
Four copper-alloy statuettes dating to c. 2130 BC, depicting four ancient Mesopotamian gods, wearing characteristic horned crowns

The Anunnaki (also transcribed as: Anunaki, Anunna, Anunnaku (singular), Ananaki, and other variations) are a group of deities that appear in the mythological traditions of the ancient Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians.[1] Descriptions of how many Anunnaki there were and what role they fulfilled are inconsistent and often contradictory. In the earliest Sumerian writings about them, which come from the Post-Akkadian period, the Anunnaki are the most powerful deities in the pantheon, descendants of An, the god of the heavens. In Inanna's Descent into the Netherworld, the Anunnaki are portrayed as seven judges who sit before the throne of Ereshkigal in the Underworld. Later Akkadian texts, such as The Epic of Gilgamesh, follow this portrayal. During the Old Babylonian period, the Anunnaki were believed to be the chthonic deities of the Underworld, while the gods of the heavens were known as the Igigi.

Etymology

File:Sumerian MS2272 2400BC.jpg
Cuneiform list of the names of major deities in the Sumerian pantheon, in order of seniority: Enlil, Ninlil, Enki, Nergal, Hendursanga, Inanna-Zabalam, Ninebgal, Inanna,[Notes 1] Utu, and Nanna

The name is variously written "da-nuna", "da-nuna-ke4-ne", or "da-nun-na", meaning "princely offspring" or "offspring of An".[1] According to The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, the Anunnaki: "...are the Sumerian deities of the old primordial line; they are chthonic deities of fertility, associated eventually with the underworld, where they became judges. They take their name from the old sky god An (Anu)."[2]

By her consort An, Ki gave birth to the Anunnaki, the most prominent of these deities being Enlil, god of the air. According to Sumerian mythology, heaven and earth were once inseparable until Enlil was born;[3] Enlil cleaved heaven and earth in two.[3] An carried away heaven and Enlil carried away the earth.[4]

Some authorities[who?] question whether Ki was regarded as a deity since there is no evidence of a cult and the name appears only in a limited number of Sumerian creation texts. Samuel Noah Kramer identifies Ki with the Sumerian mother goddess Ninhursag, and states that they were originally the same figure.[5]

Worship and iconography

The Anunnaki are chiefly mentioned in literary texts and very little evidence to support the existence of any cult of them has yet been unearthed.[6] This is likely due to the fact that each member of the Anunnaki had his or her own individual cult, separate from the others.[7]

Similarly, no representations of the Anunnaki as a group have yet been discovered,[7] although a few depictions of its individual members have been identified.[7] Deities in ancient Mesopotamia were almost always depicted wearing horned caps,[8][9] consisting of up to seven superimposed pairs of ox-horns.[10] They were also sometimes depicted wearing clothes with elaborate decorative gold and silver ornaments sewn into them.[9]

Mythology

Sumerian

The god Enki, one of the Anunnaki, as shown on the Akkadian Adda Seal

The earliest known usages of the term Anunnaki come from inscriptions written during the reign of Gudea and the Third Dynasty of Ur.[7] In the earliest texts, the term is applied to the most powerful and important deities in the Sumerian pantheon: the descendants of the sky-god An.[11]

The Anunnaki are usually only referred to as a cohesive group in literary texts and very little evidence has been uncovered to support the existence of any cult dedicated to them as a group.[7] Although lists of major Sumerian deities have survived, it is unclear which of these deities were believed to be members of the Anunnaki.[7] Furthermore, Sumerian texts describe the Anunnaki inconsistently[7] and do not agree on how many Anunnaki there were, or what their divine function was.[7] Originally, they appear to have been heavenly deities with immense powers.[7] One text mentions as many as fifty Anunnaki associated with the city of Eridu.[12] In Inanna's Descent into the Netherworld, however, there are only seven Anunnaki, who reside in the Underworld and serve as judges.[13] Inanna stands trial before them; they deem her guilty of hubris and condemn her to death.[13]

Relationship to the Igigi

The Anunnaki's relationship to the group of gods known as the Igigi is unclear. On some occasions, the names appear to be used synonymously, but in other writings, such as The Poem of Erra, there is a clear distinction between the two.[7] Jeremy Black and Anthony Green offer a slightly different perspective on the Igigi and the Anunnaki, writing that "lgigu or Igigi is a term introduced in the Old Babylonian Period as a name for the (ten) 'great gods'. While it sometimes kept that sense in later periods, from Middle Assyrian and Babylonian times on it is generally used to refer to the gods of heaven collectively, just as the term Anunnakku (Anuna) was later used to refer to the gods of the underworld. In the Epic of Creation, it is said that there are 300 lgigu of heaven."[14]

Akkadian

Later Akkadian texts follow the same portrayal of the Anunnaki from Inanna's Descent into the Netherworld, depicting them as chthonic Underworld deities. In the Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim describes the Anunnaki as seven judges of the Underworld, who set the land aflame as the storm approaches.[15] Later, when the flood comes, Ishtar and the Anunnaki mourn over the destruction of humanity.[16] In the Atra-Hasis epic, the Igigi are the sixth generation of the gods who are forced to perform labor for the Anunnaki.[17] After forty days, the Igigi rebel and the god Enki, one of the Anunnaki, creates humans to replace them.[17] In Ishtar's Descent into the Netherworld, Ereshkigal comments that she "drink[s] water with the Anunnaki".[18] Later in the same poem, Ereshkigal orders her servant Namtar to fetch the Anunnaki from Egalgina,[19] to "decorate the threshold steps with coral",[19] and to "seat them on golden thrones".[19]

Babylonian

The Anunnaki appear in the Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish.[20] In the late version magnifying Marduk, after the creation of mankind, Marduk divides the Anunnaki and assigns them to their proper stations, three hundred in heaven, three hundred on the earth. In gratitude, the Anunnaki, the "Great Gods", built Esagila, the splendid: "They raised high the head of Esagila equaling Apsu. Having built a stage-tower as high as Apsu, they set up in it an abode for Marduk, Enlil, (and) Ea." When that was finished they built their own shrines.[21]

According to later Assyrian and Babylonian myth, the Anunnaki were the children of Anu and Ki, brother and sister gods, themselves the children of Anshar and Kishar (Skypivot and Earthpivot, the Celestial poles), who in turn were the children of Lahamu and Lahmu ("the muddy ones"), names given to the gatekeepers of the Abzu (House of Far Waters) temple at Eridu, the site at which the creation was thought to have occurred. Finally, Lahamu and Lahmu were the children of Tiamat (Goddess of the Ocean) and Abzu (God of Fresh Water).

Notes

  1. ^ Inanna, who was extremely popular for veneration, is listed twice in different aspects.

References

  1. ^ a b Black & Green 1992, p. 34.
  2. ^ Leemings 2009, p. 21.
  3. ^ a b Kramer 1961, pp. 72–73.
  4. ^ Kramer 1961, pp. 72–75.
  5. ^ Kramer 1961.
  6. ^ Falkenstein 1965, pp. 127–140.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Brisch 2016.
  8. ^ Black & Green 1992, p. 98.
  9. ^ a b Nemet-Nejat 1998, p. 185.
  10. ^ Black & Green 1992, p. 102.
  11. ^ Katz 2003, p. 403.
  12. ^ Edzard 1965, pp. 17–140.
  13. ^ a b Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, p. 60.
  14. ^ Black & Green 1992, p. 106.
  15. ^ Dalley 1989, pp. 112.
  16. ^ Dalley 1989, p. 113.
  17. ^ a b Leick 1998, p. 85.
  18. ^ Dalley 1989, p. 156.
  19. ^ a b c Dalley 1989, p. 159.
  20. ^ Enuma Elish, tablet 1, verse 156
  21. ^ Pritchard 2010, p. 34.

Bibliography

  • Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-1705-6 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Brisch, Nicole (2016), "Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (a group of gods)", Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, University of Pennsylvania Museum
  • Dalley, Stephanie (1989), Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283589-0
  • Edzard, D. O. (1965), "Mesopotamien. Die Mythologie der Sumerer und Akkader", Wörterbuch der Mythologie, erste Abteilung, I (Götter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient): 17–140
  • Falkenstein, A. (1965), "Die Anunna in der sumerischen Überlieferung", Assyriological Studies (16): 127–140
  • Katz, D. (2003), The Image of the Underworld in Sumerian Sources, Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press, p. 403
  • Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961), Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1047-6
  • Leemings, David (2009), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, p. 21, ISBN 978-0195387087
  • Leick, Gwendolyn (1998), A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology, New York City, New York: Routledge
  • Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Daily Life, Greenwood, ISBN 978-0313294976
  • Pritchard, James B., ed. (2010), The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Princeton University Press, p. 34, ISBN 9780691147260
  • Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer, New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers, ISBN 0-06-090854-8

External links

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