C mathematical functions
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C mathematical operations are a group of functions in the standard library of the C programming language implementing basic mathematical functions.[1][2] Most of the functions involve the use of floating point numbers. Different C standards provide different albeit backwards-compatible, sets of functions. C mathematical functions are inherited in C++.
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[edit] Overview of functions
Most of the mathematical functions are placed in math.h header (cmath header in C++). The functions that operate on integers, such as abs, labs, div, and ldiv, are instead specified in the stdlib.h header (cstdlib header in C++).
Any functions that operate on angles use radians as the unit of angle.[1]
In C89, all functions accept only type double for the floating-point arguments. In C99, this limitation was fixed by introducing new sets of functions with f and l suffixes that work on float and long double arguments respectively.[3]
,,- computes absolute value of an integral value- computes absolute value of a floating point value,,- computes the quotient and remainder of integer division- remainder of the floating point division operation- signed remainder of the division operation- signed remainder as well as the three last bits of the division operation- fused multiply-add operation- larger of two floating point values- smaller of two floating point values- positive difference of two floating point values,,- returns a not-a-number (NaN)
- Exponential functions
- returns e raised to the given power- returns 2 raised to the given power- returns e raised to the given power, minus one- computes natural (base e) logarithm (to base e)- computes common (base 10) logarithm- computes natural logarithm (to base e) of 1 plus the given number- extracts exponent of the number- extracts exponent of the number
- Power functions
- computes square root- computes cubic root- computes square root of the sum of the squares of two given numbers- raises a number to the given power
- Trigonometric functions
- computes sine- computes cosine- computes tangent- computes arc sine- computes arc cosine- computes arc tangent- computes arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants
- Hyperbolic functions
- computes hyperbolic sine- computes hyperbolic cosine- computes hyperbolic tangent- computes hyperbolic arc sine- computes hyperbolic arc cosine- computes hyperbolic arc tangent
- Error and gamma functions
- computes error function- computes complementary error function- computes natural logarithm of the gamma function- computes gamma function
- Nearest integer floating point operations
- returns the nearest integer not less than the given value- returns the nearest integer not greater than the given value- returns the nearest integer not greater in magnitude than the given value,,- returns the nearest integer, rounding away from zero in halfway cases- returns the nearest integer using current rounding mode,,- returns the nearest integer using current rounding mode with exception if the result differs
- Floating point manipulation functions
- decomposes a number into significand and a power of 2- multiplies a number by 2 raised to a power- decomposes a number into integer and fractional parts,- multiplies a number by FLT_RADIX raised to a power,- returns next representable floating point value towards the given value- copies the sign of a floating point value
- Classification
- categorizes the given floating point value- checks if the given number has finite value- checks if the given number is infinite- checks if the given number is NaN- checks if the given number is normal- checks if the given number is negative
[edit] Floating point environment
C99 adds several functions and types for fine-grained control of floating point computations.[3] The additional functions and types are defined in fenv.h header (cfenv in C++).
- clears exceptions- stores current floating-point environment- stores current status flags- retrieves current rounding direction- saves current floating-point environment and clears all exceptions- raises a floating-point exceptions- sets current floating-point environment- sets current status flags- sets current rounding direction- tests whether certain exceptions have been raised- restores floating-point environment, but keep current exceptions- sets the precision mode
[edit] Complex numbers
C99 adds a new _Complex keyword that provides support for complex numbers. Any floating point type can be modified with _Complex. In that case, a variable of such type contains a pair of floating point numbers and in such a way defines a complex number. C++ does not provide complex numbers in backwards compatible way. As an alternative, std::complex can be used.
All operations on complex numbers are defined in complex.h header.
- Basic operations
- computes absolute value- computes argument of a complex number- computes imaginary part of a complex number- computes real part of a complex number- computes complex conjugate- computes complex projection into the Riemann sphere
- Exponentiation operations
- computes complex exponential- computes complex logarithm- computes complex square root- computes complex power
- Trigonometric operations
- computes complex sine- computes complex cosine- computes complex tangent- computes complex arc sine- computes complex arc cosine- computes complex arc tangent
- Hyperbolic operations
- computes complex hyperbolic sine- computes complex hyperbolic cosine- computes complex hyperbolic tangent- computes complex hyperbolic arc sine- computes complex hyperbolic arc cosine- computes complex hyperbolic arc tangent
[edit] Type-generic functions
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The header tgmath.h defines a type-generic macro for each mathematical function, so that the same function name can be used to call functions accepting different types of the arguments.
[edit] Random number generation
The header stdlib.h (cstdlib in C++) defines several functions that can be used for statistically random number generation[4]
[edit] References
- ^ a b ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification. p. 212, § 7.12. http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1124.pdf.
- ^ Prata, Stephen (2004). C primer plus. Sams Publishing. Appendix B, Section V: The Standard ANSI C Library with C99 Additions. ISBN 0-672-32696-5.
- ^ a b Prata, Stephen (2004). C primer plus. Sams Publishing. Appendix B, Section VIII: C99 Numeric Computational Enhancements. ISBN 0-672-32696-5.
- ^ "GNU C Library -- Mathematics". http://www.cs.utah.edu/dept/old/texinfo/glibc-manual-0.02/library_17.html. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
[edit] External links
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The Wikibook C Programming has a page on the topic of |
- : mathematical declarations – Base Definitions Reference, The Single UNIX® Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
- Dinkumware math.h reference, a reference of all
math.hfunctions - C++ reference for math functions inherited from C
