Formicinae
| Formicinae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Camponotus fellah | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Formicinae Lepeletier, 1836 |
| Type genus | |
| Formica Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| Diversity | |
| 51 extant genera in 12 tribes | |
The Formicinae are a subfamily within the Formicidae containing ants of moderate evolutionary development.
Formicines retain some primitive features, such as the presence of cocoons around pupae, the presence of ocelli in workers, and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species, except subterranean groups. Extreme modification of mandibles is rare, except in the genera Myrmoteras and Polyergus. However, some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding hemipterans. Finally, all formicines have very reduced stings and enlarged venom reservoirs, with the venom gland, specialized (uniquely among ants) for the production of formic acid.[citation needed]
All members of the Formicinae "have a one-segmented petiole in the form of a vertical scale".[1]
Identification
Formicine ants have a single node-like or scale-like petiole (postpetiole entirely lacking) and the apex of the abdomen has a circular or U-shaped opening (the acidopore), usually fringed with hairs. A functional sting is absent, and defense is provided by the ejection of formic acid through the acidopore. If the acidopore is concealed by the pygidium and difficult to discern, then the antennal sockets are located well behind the posterior margin of the clypeus (cf. Dolichoderinae). In most formicines, the eyes are well developed (ocelli may also be present), the antennal insertions are not concealed by the frontal carinae, and the promesonotal suture is present and flexible.[2]
Tribes and genera
The tribal structure of the Formicinae is not completely understood. This list follows the scheme at AntCat,[3] but other schemes and names are used.
- Camponotini Forel, 1878
- Calomyrmex Emery, 1895
- Camponotus Mayr, 1861 – carpenter ants (global)
- †Chimaeromyrma Dlussky, 1988
- Colobopsis Mayr, 1861[4]
- Dinomyrmex Ashmead, 1905
- Echinopla Smith, 1857
- Opisthopsis Dalla Torre, 1893
- Overbeckia Viehmeyer, 1916
- Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 (Asian, African tropics)
- †Pseudocamponotus Carpenter, 1930
- Formicini Latreille, 1809
- Alloformica Dlussky, 1969
- Bajcaridris Agosti, 1994
- Cataglyphis Foerster, 1850
- †Cataglyphoides Dlussky, 2008
- †Conoformica Dlussky, 2008
- Formica Linnaeus, 1758
- Iberoformica Tinaut, 1990
- Polyergus Latreille, 1804 – Amazon ants
- Proformica Ruzsky, 1902
- †Protoformica Dlussky, 1967
- Rossomyrmex Arnol'di, 1928
- Gesomyrmecini Ashmead, 1905
- Gesomyrmex Mayr, 1868
- †Prodimorphomyrmex Wheeler, 1915
- Santschiella Forel, 1916
- †Sicilomyrmex Wheeler, 1915
- Gigantiopini Ashmead, 1905
- Gigantiops Roger, 1863 (Neotropical)
- Lasiini Ashmead, 1905
- Acropyga Roger, 1862
- Anoplolepis Santschi, 1914
- Cladomyrma Wheeler, 1920
- †Glaphyromyrmex Wheeler, 1915
- Lasiophanes Emery, 1895
- Lasius Fabricius, 1804
- Myrmecocystus Wesmael, 1838
- Prolasius Forel, 1892
- Stigmacros Forel, 1905
- Teratomyrmex McAreavey, 1957
- Melophorini Forel, 1912
- Melophorus Lubbock, 1883 (Australian)
- Myrmecorhynchini Wheeler, 1917
- Myrmecorhynchus André, 1896
- Notoncus Emery, 1895
- Pseudonotoncus Clark, 1934
- Myrmelachistini[4][5][6]
- Brachymyrmex Mayr, 1868
- Myrmelachista Roger, 1863
- Myrmoteratini Emery, 1895
- Myrmoteras Forel, 1893
- Notostigmatini Bolton, 2003
- Notostigma Emery, 1920
- Oecophyllini Emery, 1895
- Oecophylla Smith, 1860 – weaver ants
- Plagiolepidini Forel, 1886
- Agraulomyrmex Prins, 1983
- Aphomomyrmex Emery, 1899
- Bregmatomyrma Wheeler, 1929
- Euprenolepis Emery, 1906
- Lepisiota Santschi, 1926
- Nylanderia Emery, 1906
- Paraparatrechina Donisthorpe, 1947
- Paratrechina Motschoulsky, 1863 – crazy ants
- Petalomyrmex Snelling, 1979
- Plagiolepis Mayr, 1861
- Prenolepis Mayr, 1861
- Pseudolasius Emery, 1887
- Tapinolepis Emery, 1925
- Zatania LaPolla, Kallal & Brady, 2012
- incertae sedis
- †Attopsis Heer, 1850
- †Leucotaphus Donisthorpe, 1920
- †Liaoformica Hong, 2002
- †Longiformica Hong, 2002
- †Magnogasterites Hong, 2002
- †Orbicapitia Hong, 2002
- †Ovalicapito Hong, 2002
- †Ovaligastrula Hong, 2002
- †Protrechina Wilson, 1985
- †Sinoformica Hong, 2002
- †Sinotenuicapito Hong, 2002
- †Wilsonia Hong, 2002
References
- ^ Klotz, John H. (2008). "Formicinae". Urban ants of North America and Europe: identification, biology, and management. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7473-6.
- ^ "Subfamily: Formicinae". antweb.org. AntWeb. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ^ Bolton, B. (2013), "An online catalog of the ants of the world.", AntCat, retrieved 22 September 2013
- ^ a b Ward, Philip S.; Blaimer, Bonnie B.; Fisher, Brian L. (2016). "A revised phylogenetic classification of the ant subfamily Formicinae(Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with resurrection of the genera Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex". Zootaxa. 4072 (3). Magnolia Press: 343–57. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4072.3.4. PMID 27395929.
- ^ Christopher M. Wilson; Autumn Smith-Herron (2016). "Morphology of the male genitalia of Brachymyrmex and their implications in the Formicinae phylogeny". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 50. Pensoft Publishers: 81–95. doi:10.3897/JHR.50.8697. ISSN 1070-9428.
- ^ "AntWeb". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
External links
Media related to Formicinae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Formicinae at Wikispecies
