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Fragaria virginiana

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Fragaria virginiana
In Deception Pass State Park, Washington (state)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Fragaria
Species:
F. virginiana
Binomial name
Fragaria virginiana
Synonyms

Fragaria ovalis (Lehm.) Rydb.

Fragaria virginiana, known as Virginia strawberry, wild strawberry, common strawberry, or mountain strawberry, is a North American strawberry that grows across much of the United States and southern Canada.[1][2] It is one of the two species of wild strawberry that were hybridized to create the modern domesticated garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).[3]

Description

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Fragaria virginiana, Saint-Prosper-de-Champlain, Quebec, Canada

Fragaria virginiana can grow up to 10 centimetres (4 inches) tall. The plant typically bears numerous trifoliate leaves that are green on top, pale green on the lower surface. Each leaflet is about 10 cm (3 in) long and 4 cm wide. The leaflet is oval shaped and has coarse teeth along the edge except near the bottom. This plant has a five-petaled white flower with numerous pistils, surrounded by yellow-anthered stamens. There are ten small green sepals under the petals.

The seeds of this plant are developed from the pistils in the centre of the flower which will become dark-coloured fruit (achenes) on the strawberry.[4] The fruit of the wild strawberry is smaller than that of the garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Botanically, the fruit is classified as an aggregate accessory fruit, but it is commonly called a berry.[5][1] Strawberries reproduce both sexually by seed, and asexually by runners (stolons).

Cytology

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Fragaria virginiana var. platypetala usually has dense and spreading pubescence on flower and leaf stalks as illustrated by this individual.
The fruit is a reddish, fleshy aggregate dotted with "seeds" (achenes) up to 1 cm.

All strawberries have a base haploid count of 7 chromosomes. Fragaria virginiana is octoploid, having eight sets of these chromosomes for a total of 56. These eight genomes pair as four distinct sets, of two different types, with little or no pairing between sets. The genome composition of the octoploid strawberry species has generally been indicated as AAA'A'BBB'B'. The A-type genomes were likely contributed by diploid ancestors related to Fragaria vesca or similar species, while the B-type genomes seem to descend from a close relative of Fragaria iinumae. The exact process of hybridization and speciation which resulted in the octoploid species is still unknown, but it appears that the genome compositions of both Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana (and by extension their hybrid, the cultivated octoploid garden strawberry as well) are identical.[6]

Similar species

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The plants resemble Hesperochiron pumilus, but have distinct leaves and more than five stamens.[7]

Taxonomy

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Fragaria virginiana Mill. is considered to be the valid name for this plant by a number of authorities[8][9] (and was described by Philip Miller in 1768[10] in the eighth edition of The Gardeners Dictionary).[9] According to the International Plant Names Index the name, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, published by Antoine Nicolas Duchesne in 1766,[11] is an invalid name.[9] However, other authorities consider the valid name to be Fragaria virginiana Duchesne.[12][13]

Subspecies

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There are four recognized subspecies:[14]

  • Fragaria virginiana subsp. glauca (formerly known as F. ovalis)
  • Fragaria virginiana subsp. grayana
  • Fragaria virginiana subsp. platypetala
  • Fragaria virginiana subsp. virginiana

Uses

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The berries are edible.[15] A popular type called "Little Scarlet" is grown in Great Britain, having been imported from the United States in the early 1900s.[citation needed]

In culture

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According to Iroquois mythology, the first strawberries grew out of Earth Woman's heart after she died giving birth to her twin sons, Sapling and Flint.[16]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Fragaria virginiana (common strawberry)". Go Botany. New England Wildflower Society. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  2. ^ Jepson Manual Treatment
  3. ^ "Strawberry, The Maiden With Runners". Botgard.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010.
  4. ^ Wendy Deng and Charlie Marshall, Characteristic point, "Fragaria virginiana (Wild Strawberry) Rosaceae" Archived 2019-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  5. ^ "Fragaria virginiana". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  6. ^ Morphological and molecular variation among populations of octoploid Fragaria virginiana and F. chiloensis (Rosaceae) from North America. Harrison R, Luby J, Furnier G, Hancock J., Am J Bot. 1997 May;84(5):612., pp. 612–620.
  7. ^ Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 172. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  8. ^ "Tropicos | Name - !Fragaria virginiana Mill". legacy.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  9. ^ a b c "International Plant Names Index: Fragaria virginiana". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  10. ^ The Gardeners Dictionary (8 ed.). 1768.
  11. ^ Histoire Naturelle des Fraisiers. Paris. 1766.
  12. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Fragaria virginiana". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  13. ^ "UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for FRAGARIA virginiana". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  14. ^ POWO (2023). "Fragaria virginiana Mill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  15. ^ Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 83. ISBN 1-4930-3633-5. OCLC 1073035766.
  16. ^ Day, Ashley (November 20, 2023). "3 Sisters to Invite to Thanksgiving". Food & Wine.
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