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Hanns Kerrl

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Hanns Kerrl
Reichsminister of Church Affairs
In office
16 July 1935 – 14 December 1941
LeaderAdolf Hitler
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byHermann Muhs
Reichsminister without Portfolio
In office
17 June 1934 – 16 July 1935
Chief of the Reich Office for Spatial planning
In office
June 1935 – 14 December 1941
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byHermann Muhs
Prussian Minister of Justice
In office
23 March 1932 – 17 June 1934
Preceded byHeinrich Hölsche
Succeeded byOffice abolished
First Deputy President of the Reichstag
In office
12 December 1933 – 14 December 1941
Preceded byThomas Esser
Succeeded byOffice abolished
President of the Landtag of Prussia
In office
24 May 1932 – 14 October 1934
Vice PresidentWolfgang von Kries
Josef Baum Hoff
Heinrich Haake
Preceded byErnst Wittmaack
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Personal details
Born(1887-12-11)11 December 1887
Fallersleben
Died15 December 1941(1941-12-15) (aged 54)
Resting placeWaldfriedhof Dahlem
Political partyNazi Party
CabinetHitler Cabinet
Military service
Allegiance German Empire
Branch/service Imperial German Army
RankLeutnant
Battles/warsWorld War I
AwardsIron Cross, 1st and 2nd class

Hanns Kerrl (11 December 1887 – 14 December 1941) was a German Nazi politician. His most prominent position, from July 1935, was that of Reichsminister of Church Affairs. He was also President of the Prussian Landtag (1932–1933) and head of the Zweckverband Reichsparteitag Nürnberg and in that capacity edited a number of Nuremberg rally yearbooks.

Early life

Kerrl was born into a Protestant family in Fallersleben; his father was a headmaster. He served in the German Army in the First World War as a Leutnant earning the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class. He joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1923 and soon afterwards went into regional politics. A member of the Sturmabteilung, Kerrl would ultimately hold the rank of SA-Obergruppenführer.

Early Nazi career

Joining the Nazi Party in 1923, he founded and led an Ortsgruppe (Local Group) in Peine, a suburb of Hanover. In the fall of 1925, Kerrl became a member of the National Socialist Working Association, a short-lived group of north and northwest German Gaue, organized and led by Gregor Strasser, which unsuccessfully sought to amend the Party program. It was dissolved in 1926 following the Bamberg Conference.[1]

An associate of Bernhard Rust, the local Gauleiter, in 1928 Kerrl became the Kreisleiter of Peine District. Also elected to the Landtag of Prussia in 1928, he served as head of the Nazi faction and, on 24 May 1932 after the Nazis won the largest number of seats in the April election, he became President of the assembly. He remained in this position until the Landtag was finally dissolved on 14 October 1933, in the wake of the Nazi subordination of the German States to the Reich government. After the Nazi seizure of power, Kerrl was appointed Reich Commissioner to the Prussian Ministry of Justice on 23 March 1933 and on 21 April was made Minister of Justice, serving until June 1934. In this position, Kerrl placed a ban on Jewish notaries preparing official documents and banned Jewish lawyers from practicing in Prussia. In September 1933 he was made a member of the Prussian State Council. He also was named to the Academy for German Law and sat on its präsidium (standing committee).[2] Kerrl was elected to the Reichstag for electoral constituency 16, South Hanover-Brunswick, in November 1933. When the Reichstag convened on 12 December, he was named First Deputy President to Reichstag President Hermann Göring and would serve in this capacity until his death. On 17 June 1934, Kerrl entered the national Reich cabinet as a Reichsminister without Portfolio.[3]

Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs

In the following year, on 16 July 1935, he was appointed Reichsminister of the newly created Reich Ministry for Church Affairs. On the one hand, Kerrl was supposed to mediate between those Nazi leaders who hated Christianity (for example Heinrich Himmler) and the churches themselves and stress the religious aspect of the Nazi ideology. On the other hand, in tune with the policy of Gleichschaltung, it was Kerrl's job to subjugate the churches—subject the various denominations and their leaders and subordinate them to the greater goals decided by the Führer, Adolf Hitler. Indeed, Kerrl had been appointed after Ludwig Müller had been unsuccessful in getting the Protestants to unite in one "Reich Church."

Kerrl was considered one of the milder Nazis, nonetheless, in a speech before several compliant church leaders on 13 February 1937, he revealed the regime's growing hostility to the church when he declared: "Positive Christianity is National Socialism .... True Christianity is represented by the party .... the Führer is the herald of a new revelation."[4] Kerrl liked to refer to Hitler as "Germany's Jesus Christ." [5] He also pressured most of the Protestant pastors to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler.

Gregory Munro (Australian Catholic University, Brisbane) states that:

Kerrl was the only Minister with an explicit commitment to reach a synthesis between Nazism and Christianity. Much to the ire of leading Nazis, Kerrl maintained that Christianity provided an essential foundation for Nazi ideology and that the two forces had to be reconciled. In the short term, at least, it appears that Hitler hoped to recover the initiative in the Church Struggle by returning to the official NSDAP policy of neutrality. The available documents suggest that Hitler temporized between two approaches to the question of the Churches. On the one hand, the predominant radical elements in the Party wanted to reduce clerical influence in German society as quickly as possible—and by force if necessary. On the other hand, Hitler clearly had much to gain from any possible peaceful settlement whereby the Churches would give at least implicit recognition to the supremacy of Nazi ideology in the public realm and restrict themselves solely to their internal affairs. In 1935 Kerrl scored some initial successes in reconciling the differing parties in the Church Struggle. However, by the second half of 1936, his position was clearly undermined by NSDAP hostility, and by the refusal of the churches to work with a government body which they regarded as a captive or stooge of the Nazi Party. Hitler gradually adopted a more uncompromising and intolerant stance, probably under the growing influence of ideologues such as Bormann, Rosenberg and Himmler, who were loath to entertain any idea of the new Germany having a Christian foundation even in a token form.[6]

Increasingly marginalized by Hitler, who did not even grant him a personal conversation,[citation needed] Kerrl became desperate and embittered.[citation needed] A completely powerless minister, he died in office on 14 December 1941, aged 54. He was succeeded by Hermann Muhs.

Aryanization of the Lindemann house

From 1935 to 1941 Kerrl lived at Rupenhorn 5 at Stößensee in Berlin in a house that had been Aryanized, that is forcibly sold, from its Jewish owner, Paul Lindemann. The Lindemann Haus, built in 1928/29 by architect Bruno Paul, was acquired in 1935 by Kerrl when Lindemann was forced to sell by the Nazis.[7][8][9]

Personality

The American diplomat, William Russell wrote in his memoir (Berlin Embassy) that Kerrl frequented "Berlin dives" and bars "until the wee hours of the morning".[10]

References

  1. ^ Alan Bullock: Hitler, A Study in Tyranny, Harper & Row, 1964, p. 137, ISBN 978-0-061-31123-9.
  2. ^ Klee, Ernst (2007). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. p. 305. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.
  3. ^ Robert Wistrick: Who's Who in Nazi Germany, Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1982, p. 170, ISBN 0-02-630600-X
  4. ^ Shirer, William (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-831-77404-2.
  5. ^ "Brüning Out". Time. 6 June 1932. p. 17. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
  6. ^ Munro, Gregory: "The Reich Church Ministry in Nazi Germany 1935–1938", paper given at the Australian Conference of European Historians, July 1997.
  7. ^ "Am Rupenhorn 5 (Leseprobe) by be.bra.verlag - Issuu". issuu.com. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  8. ^ Datel, Edward. "About Us | Touro College Berlin | American College | Business | Psychology". TOURO COLLEGE BERLIN. Retrieved 20 January 2022. The home of our campus originally belonged to the Lindemann family and was designed by German architect Bruno Paul. When the Nazis seized power in the 1930's, the Lindemann home at Am Rupenhorn became the official residence of Hanns Kerrl, the Reichskirchsminister (The Reich's Church Minister). When the war ended in 1945, the house was handed over to Allied Forces and was used as a learning center for the British Military in the years following the war.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ Datel, Edward (20 May 2015). "Guided Campus Tour by Prof. Dr. Johannes Tuchel | Touro College Berlin | American College | Business | Psychology". TOURO COLLEGE BERLIN. Retrieved 20 January 2022. Constructed by architect Bruno Paul, the Bauhaus-inspired villa was first inhabited by the Jewish Lindemann family, who had to sell the property when they were forced to leave Germany in 1935. The villa then housed the Nazi minister for church affairs, Hanns Kerrl, and after the war was used first by the British military administration and, later, by the Senate of Berlin.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Russell, William (2003). Berlin Embassy. UK edition: Elliott & Thompson. p. 187. ISBN 1-904027-14-8.

Further reading

  • John S. Conway: The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–1945 (London, 1968).
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