Integral Movement

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Integral Thought
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Integral is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in philosophy, psychology, religious thought, and other areas that seek interdisciplinary and comprehensive frameworks. The term is often combined with others such as approach[1][2], consciousness[3], culture,[4], paradigm,[5][6], philosophy,[7][8], society,[9], theory[10], and worldview [3], Major themes of this range of philosophies and teachings include a synthesis of science and religion, evolutionary spirituality, and holistic progams of development for the body, mind, soul, and spirit. Integral thinkers draw inspiration from the work of Sri Aurobindo, Don Beck, Jean Gebser, Robert Kegan, Ken Wilber, and others.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Background and historical figures

The adjective integral was used in a spiritual context by Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950) from 1914 onward to describe his own spiritual teachings, which he referred to as Purna (Skt: "Full") Yoga. It appeared in The Synthesis of Yoga, a book that first published in serial form in the journal Arya and was revised several times since.[11]. Sri Aurobindo's work has been described as Integral Vedanta, and psychology,[12][13] as well as the Integral Psychology (the term coined by Indra Sen) and Psychotherapy that emerges from it.[14]. His writings influenced others who used the term "integral" in more philosophical or psychological contexts.

As described by Sri Aurobindo and his co-worker The Mother (1878–1973), this spiritual teaching involves an integral divine transformation of the entire being, rather than the liberation of only a single faculty such as the intellect or the emotions or the body. According to Sri Aurobindo,

(T)he Divine is in his essence infinite and his manifestation too is multitudinously infinite. If that is so, it is not likely that our true integral perfection in being and in nature can come by one kind of realisation alone; it must combine many different strands of divine experience. It cannot be reached by the exclusive pursuit of a single line of identity till that is raised to its absolute; it must harmonise many aspects of the Infinite. An integral consciousness with a multiform dynamic experience is essential for the complete transformation of our nature. — Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis of Yoga, p. 114

Important themes include: Evolution, Involution, the Integral psychology, Integral yoga, and the Supramental principle. Major works include: The Life Divine, The Synthesis of Yoga, and Savitri. The Mother continued Sri Aurobindo's work of Integral and spiritual transformation after his passing, and founded Auroville, an international community dedicated to human unity, and based on their teachings.

At the same time that Sri Aurobindo was developing Integral yoga, Pitirim Sorokin (1889–1968), a Russian-born Harvard sociologist who advocated a cyclic view of history, began referring to the emergence of a future, spiritually-based integral society which will replace the current "sensate" society.[15] Writing at the same time as Sri Aurobindo, but independently, he began using phrases like "integral philosophy" and "integralist".[16]

It has also recently been noted that Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) an Austrian spiritual scientist, educator, and esotericist who founded Anthroposophy, Waldorf education, biodynamic agriculture, anthroposophical medicine, and Eurythmy, used the term integral in a similar way to Sri Aurobindo and Gebser very early on, by 1906 comparing "integral evolution" with "Darwinian evolution."[17] Jennifer Gidley points to Steiner’s earliest use of the term integral, in reference to integral evolution in a lecture in Paris on the 26 May 1906.

The grandeur of Darwinian thought is not disputed, but it does not explain the integral evolution of man… So it is with all purely physical explanations, which do not recognise the spiritual essence of man's being.[18] [Italics added]

The word integral was independently suggested by Jean Gebser (1905–1973), a Swiss phenomenologist and interdisciplinary scholar, in 1939 to describe his own intuition regarding the next state of human consciousness. Gebser was the author of The Ever-Present Origin, which describes human history as a series of mutations in consciousness. he only afterwards discovered the similarity between his own ideas and those of Sri Aurobindo and Teilhard de Chardin [19].

The idea of "Integral Psychology" was first developed in teh 1940s and 50s by Indra Sen (1903–1994) a psychologist, author, educator, and devotee of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother. He was the first to he coin the term "Integral psychology" to describe the psychological observations he found in Sri Aurobindo's writings (which he contrasted with those of Western Psychology), and developed themes of "Integral Culture" and "Integral Man".[20]

Although these basic ideas were first articulated in the early twentieth century, the movement originates with the California Institute of Integral Studies founded in 1968 by Haridas Chaudhuri (1913–1975), a Bengali philosopher and academic. Chaudhuri had been a correspondent of Sri Aurobindo, who developed his own perspective and philosophy. He established the California Institute of Integral Studies (originally the California Institute of Asian Studies), in 1968 in San Francisco (it became an independent organisation in 1974), and presented his own form of Integral psychology in the early 1970s.[21]

Again independently, in Spiral Dynamics, Don Beck and Chris Cowan use the term integral for a developmental stage which sequentially follows the pluralistic stage. The essential characteristic of this stage is that it continues the inclusive nature of the pluralistic mentality, yet extends this inclusiveness to those outside of the pluralistic mentality. In doing so, it accepts the ideas of development and hierarchy, which the pluralistic mentality finds difficult. Other ideas of Beck and Cowan include the "first tier" and "second tier", which refer to major periods of human development.

In late 1990s and 2000 Ken Wilber, who was influenced by both Aurobindo and Gebser, among many others, adopted the term Integral to refer to the latest revision of his own integral philosophy, which he called Integral theory [22] . He also established the Integral Institute as a think-tank for further development of these ideas. In his book Integral Psychology, Wilber lists a number of pioneers of the integral approach, post hoc. These include Goethe, Schelling, Hegel, Gustav Fechner, William James, Rudolf Steiner, Alfred North Whitehead, James Mark Baldwin, Jurgen Habermas, Sri Aurobindo, and Abraham Maslow.[23].

The adjective Integral has also been applied to Spiral Dynamics, chiefly the version taught by Don Beck, who fora while collaborated with Wilber [24].

In the Wilber movement "Integral" when capitalized is given a further definition, being made synonymous with Wilber's AQAL Integral theory,[25] whereas "Integral Studies" refers to the broader field including the range of integral thinkers such as Jean Gebser, Sri Aurobindo, Ken Wilber, and Ervin Laszlo.[26]

Due to its still ambiguous nature and definition, definitions of Integral psychology and philosophy, and lists of Integral philosophers and visionaries, differ , although there are some common themes. While Wilber was the first to nominate Integral philosophers, thinkers and visionaries, similar lists have later been proposed by others. According to John Bothwell and David Geier, among the top thinkers in the integral movement are Stanislav Grof, Fred Kofman, George Leonard, Michael Murphy, Jenny Wade, Roger Walsh, Ken Wilber, and Michael Zimmerman.[27] Australian academic Alex Burns mentions among integral theorists Jean Gebser, Clare W. Graves, Jane Loevinger and Ken Wilber.[28] In 2007, Steve McIntosh mentioned Henri Bergson and Teilhard de Chardin along with many of the names mentioned by Wilber.[29] While in the same year, the editors of What Is Enlightenment? listed as contemporary Integralists Don Beck, Allan Combs, Robert Godwin, Sally Goerner, George Leonard, Michael Murphy, William Irwin Thompson, and Wilber.[30]

Gary Hampson suggested that there are six intertwined genealogical branches of Integral, based on those who first used the term: those aligned with Aurobindo, Gebser, Wilber, Gangadean, László and Steiner (noting that the Steiner branch is via the conduit of Gidley).[31]

Integral thought is claimed to provide "a new understanding of how evolution affects the development of consciousness and culture."[3] It includes areas such as business, education, medicine, spirituality, sports,[32] psychology and psychotherapy.[33] The idea of the evolution of consciousness has also become a central theme in much of integral theory.[34] According to the Integral Transformative Practice website, integral means "dealing with the body, mind, heart, and soul."[35]

The Integral worldview is seen by proponents as going beyond rationalism and materialism. It attempts to introduce a more universal and holistic perspective or approach, which incorporates other points of view in a larger synthesis. Proponents view rationalism as subordinating, ignoring, and/or denying spirituality. Wilber begins by acknowledging and validating mystical experience, rather than denying its reality. As these experiences have occurred to humans in all cultures in all eras, integral theorists accept them as valuable and not pathological. According to Sri Aurobindo, while both materialistic Science and Yogic asceticism have much to offer, each is still lacking on its own, and a "larger and completer affirmation" is required that can include both.[36]

[edit] Contemporary figures

A variety of intellectuals, academics, writers, and other specialists have advanced the fields of integral thought in recent decades.

Ken Wilber (b. 1949) is an American writer and autodidact who popularized Integral thought or integral thinking in the current sense, to develop an all-encompassing, evolutionary theory that incorporates and honours all perspectives, while at the same time presenting a larger picture. Wilber, borrowing centrally from the writings of Adi Da, also built upon the ideas of previous integral thinkers like Sri Aurobindo and Jean Gebser in developing his own theory. His books include: Sex Ecology Spirituality, Integral Psychology, and Boomeritis. He is the founder of the Integral Institute.

Apart from Wilber, another influential integral theorist is Ervin László (b. 1932) is a philosopher of science, systems theorist, and integral theorist who posits a field of information as the substance of the cosmos (see akasha and Seth Lloyd). According to Ervin László, a Theory of Everything would include not just mathematical formulas and quantum physics, but life, mind, and culture as well. He points out that although Wilber in A Theory of Everything refers to the "integral vision" of a genuine Theory of Everything, he does not present a science-based theory as such.[37] László's 2004 book, Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything presents his own version of an Integral theory in terms of a fundamental energy and information-carrying field that informs not just the current universe, but all universes past and present. This is then used to explain physical, biological, evolutionary, cultural and psychological, and even paranormal and spiritual phenomena.[38]

Many contemporary Integral thinkers have faculty positions in America. These include: Robert Kegan is a Harvard developmental psychologist who is considered to be an integral theorist. He is a member of the Integral Institute. Sean Esbjörn-Hargens (b. 1973) is one of the top integral theorists associated with Wilber's Integral approach, and a professor of Integral Studies at John F. Kennedy University. Jorge Ferrer is the author of Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality and a core faculty member in the East-West Psychology Program at the California Institute of Integral Studies. Jennifer Gidley, is a psychologist, educator and futures researcher who has also written on the evolution of consciousness.[39]. Robert A. McDermott is professor of philosophy and religion at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and has studied the work of Rudolph Steiner and Sri Aurobindo. Richard Tarnas (b. 1950), is a cultural historian and professor of philosophy and psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies. he is author of The Passion of the Western Mind (1991) and Cosmos and Psyche (2006). Brian Swimme (b. 1950), also of the California Institute of Integral Studies, and author (with Thomas Berry) of The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era: A Celebration of the Unfolding of the Cosmos. Roland Benedikter (b. 1965) is a European academic and Professor for Cultural and Socio-Educational Sciences who has written on Postmodernism and Integral thought.[40].

Other proiminent Integral thinkers are founders of spiritual institutes, practices, and publications. Andrew Cohen (b. 1955) is an American guru and proponent of "Evolutionary Enlightenment." He is founder and editor in chief of the quarterly magazine EnlightenNext, which, beginning around 2000, has included articles related to the integral movement and related streams of thought, and includes interviews with Wilber as a regular feature. George Burr Leonard (b. 1923), is the co-founder (with Michael Murphy) of Integral Transformative Practice, and author of numerous books on human possibilities and social change. He coined the term "human potential movement". Michael Murphy (b. 1930), author of The Future of the Body, and with George Burr Leonard the co-founders of the Human Potential Movement and of Integral Transformative Practice, and co-authors of The Life We Are Given. Murphy also co-founded the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, with Richard Price.

Additional integral thinkers are best known as independent scholars, writers, and consultants. Don Beck is a management consultant and proponent of Spiral Dynamics who has collaborated with Wilber and contributed to the development of Integral theory. Allan Combs is the author of The Radiance of Being: Understanding the Grand Integral Vision, Living the Integral Life. He has worked with Wilber to create a theory which they call the "Wilber-Combs Lattice". Ashok Gangadean has written a number of books on the concept of a global consciousness. He is Co-Convenor of the World Commission on Global Consciousness and Spirituality. He started using the word "integral" in 2006, inspired by László’s and others. Yasuhiko Kimura (b. 1954) is integral philosopher, writer, and lecturer. Steve McIntosh (b. 1960) is an independent scholar, businessman, and Integral theorist. He is author of Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, which builds upon the ideas of Wilber, Whitehead, Teilhard, and others. Joe Perez (b. 1969), is an American writer in the field of gay spirituality. He is author of Rising Up (2006) and Soulfully Gay (2007). Rolf Sattler (b. 1936) is a plant morphologist, holistic scientist, philosopher and meditator. He emphasizes perspectivism and complementarity, and has extended Wilber's AQAL map through the addition of dialectics, holism as undivided wholeness, Yin-Yang, continuum and network views.[41]. Frank Visser (b. 1958) is a Dutch author, Theosophist and webmaster of Integral World, a website that hosts a large number of articles about Wilber and Integral Theory. Michael E. Zimmerman (b. 1946) has written on various fields, including Martin Heidegger and Environmental philosophy. He is co-founder with Sean Esbjörn-Hargens of the field of Integral ecology.

[edit] Media

A number of publications have developed around the theme of Integral thought, at the same time further helping to define it. One of the first of these, in 2000, was Kosmos journal, which has featured Don Beck, Ervin László, Ashok Gangadean, and others. The magazine What Is Enlightenment?, established earlier by Andrew Cohen and associates, began including articles related to the integral movement around 2000, and now regularly includes interviews with Ken Wilber. The Integral Leadership Review has its genesis in 2000 and has emerged as a full scale free online publication [1]. Its summary subscription publication, LeadingDigest, began in 2007.

In 2005, the first peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journals in the area were established (both are also on-line journals), Integral Review and Conscious Evolution. In 2006 the quarterly peer-reviewed Journal of Integral Theory and Practice was established by the Integral Institute.

[edit] Themes

[edit] Integral psychology

Main article: Integral psychology

Integral psychology is psychology that presents an all-encompassing holistic rather than an exclusivist or reductive approach. It includes both lower, ordinary, and spiritual or transcendent states of consciousness. It originally is based on the Yoga psychology of Sri Aurobindo. Other important writers in the field of Integral Psychology are Indra Sen,[42] Haridas Chaudhuri,[43] Ken Wilber,[44] and Brant Cortright.[45]

[edit] Integral theory

Integral theory is a term often used to describe the teachings and work of the American writer Ken Wilber, referring either to the synthesis of different perspectives and methodologies, or to his own "AQAL" theory. More recently, the term has been adopted by Hungarian systems theorist Ervin László in a scientific context.

[edit] Integral art

Main article: Integral art

Integral art can be defined as art that reaches across multiple quadrants and levels, or simply as art that was created by someone who thinks or acts in an integral way. Such artists may have been influenced by integral thinkers, or developed integral art independently.

[edit] Integral ecology

Main article: Integral ecology

Integral ecology is a multi-disciplinary approach pioneered by Michael E. Zimmerman and Sean Esbjörn-Hargens. It applies Wilber's integral theory (especially the eight methodological perspectives) to the field of environmental studies and ecological research.[46][47][48][49]

[edit] Integral economics

Main article: Integral economics

Integral economics is a ‘paradigmatic’ methodology emanating from integral thought and theory as it translates to economics. This 'new' praxis offers a structural framework for addressing and resolving problems the Integral Institute has associated in their Mission with “evolutionary forms of capitalism; and the culture wars in political, religious, and scientific domains”. These efforts are thus affording "theorists and developmental psychologists a needed and useful early look at the formal, dynamic process by which the evolution of higher-order development proceeds" in relation to an integral model.[50]

[edit] Integral practice

Integral practice is primarily an outgrowth of different integral theories and philosophies as they intersect with various spiritual practices, holistic health modalities, and transformative regimens associated with the New Paradigm and human potential movement. Some ways to describe integral practice are the experiential application of integral theory,[51] the "holistic disciplines we consciously employ to nurture ourselves and others, and most specifically those practices that both inspire and sustain growth in many dimensions at once,"[52] and to "address and support each aspect of life with the goal of fully realizing all levels of human potential...."[53] These self-care practices target different areas of personal development, such as physical, emotional, creative, and psychosocial, in a combined, synergistic fashion. They may have different emphases depending on the theory that supports each approach, but most include a spiritual, introspective or meditative component as a major feature. The objectives of integral practice could be loosely defined as well-being and wholeness, with, in most cases, an underlying imperative of personal and even societal transformation and evolution.[54][55]

There is also the question of how to provide necessary customization and individualization of practice, while avoiding a "cafeteria model" that encourages practitioners to choose components according to their own strengths, rather than what is necessary for integral growth and development.[56]

The following can be considered examples of different modalities of integral practice, listed in approximate order of inception: Sri Aurobindo's Integral Yoga; Integral Transformative Practice (ITP), created by George Leonard and Michael Murphy;[57] Holistic Integration, created by Ramon Albarada and Marina Romero;[58] Integral Lifework, created by T. Collins Logan;[59] and Integral Life Practice (ILP), based on Ken Wilber's AQAL framework.

[edit] Integral as an emerging cultural or developmental stage

The Integral Culture is a name given by sociologist Paul Ray to the growing subculture also referred to as Transmodernism, and which he refers to as the Cultural Creatives. They are concerned with ecological sustainability and in the case of a core group have a commitment to personal and spiritual development. These are individuals who can meld the best of Traditionalism and Modernism to create a new synthesis, having a cognitive style based on synthesizing varied information from many sources into a big picture.[60][61]

In the Spiral Dynamics of Don Beck and Chris Cowan, the term Integral refers to a developmental stage which sequentially follows the pluralistic stage. The essential characteristic of this stage is that it continues the inclusive nature of the pluralistic mentality, yet extends this inclusiveness to those outside of the pluralistic mentality. In doing so, it accepts the ideas of development and hierarchy, which the pluralistic mentality finds difficult. Other ideas of Beck and Cowan include the "first tier" and "second tier", which refer to major periods of human development.[62] All of these ideas were then adopted by Wilber.[63]

[edit] Reception

Daniel Gustav Anderson has suggested that Wilber's Integral Theory is derived from the writings of the Sri Aurobindo, specifically Wilber's doctrines of time and causality.[64] However, his claims in this and other areas have been challenged by scholars of Sri Aurobindo's teachings.[65] Anderson's broader claim, however, is that integral projects arise as responses to or side-effects of changes in capitalist social development, and thus that the historical changes some integral thinkers identify as changes in consciousness are more plausibly attributed to changes in social organization.

Richard Carlson describes three ideological blind spots that have crept into specific integral theories or practices. These are Fundamentalism, associated with the followers of Sri Aurobindo, Neo-liberalism, associated with many “new age” and “integral” practices, including U-theory or Theory of Presencing of Otto Scharmer and Peter Senge, and Neo-conservativism which is the orientation of Don Beck and Ken Wilber.[66]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ An Essential Introduction to the Integral Approach - Integral Life com
  2. ^ Josh Floyd, Alex Burns, and Jose Ramos, A Challenging Conversation on Integral Futures: Embodied Foresight & Trialogues, Journal of Futures Studies, November 2008, 13(2): 69 - 86; p.69
  3. ^ a b c Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, p.2
  4. ^ Integral Culture: A Guide to the Emerging Integral Culture
  5. ^ Vincent Jeffries, The integral paradigm: The truth of faith and the social sciences, Journal The American Sociologist, Volume 30, Number 4. December, 1999 pp.36-55
  6. ^ Integral Paradigm 101
  7. ^ Haridas Chaudhuri, Being, Evolution, and Immortality; an Outline of Integral Philosophy, Theosophical Publishing House, 1974
  8. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, Paragon House, St Paul Minnesota, 2007, ISBN 978-1-55778-867-2 pp.2-3 and ch.7 "The Founders of Integral Philosophy"
  9. ^ Goerner, Sally J. 1999 After the clockwork universe : the emerging science and culture of integral society, Floris, Edinburgh
  10. ^ 1st Biennial Integral Theory Conference
  11. ^ The Synthesis of Yoga, see Biographical Notes to the 3rd Pondicherry edition
  12. ^ Ram Shankar Misra, The integral Advaitism of Sri Aurobindo, Banaras: Banaras Hindu University, 1957
  13. ^ Haridas Chaudhuri, Frederic Spiegelberg, The integral philosophy of Sri Aurobindo: a commemorative symposium, Allen & Unwin, 1960
  14. ^ Brant Cortright, Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart, SUNY, 2007 ISBN 0791470717, pp.5-6
  15. ^ Introduction, pp.38f., in Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin, On the Practice of Sociology (edited by Barry V. Johnston), University of Chicago Press, 1998, ISBN 0226768287, ISBN 9780226768281
  16. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, p.180
  17. ^ Molz, M., & Gidley, J. (2008). A transversal dialogue on integral education and planetary consciousness: Markus Molz speaks with Jennifer Gidley. Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for New Thought, Research and Praxis, 6, p. 51.
  18. ^ Steiner, R. (1928/1978). An Esoteric Cosmology (GA 94), (E. Schure, Trans.) [Eighteen Lectures delivered in Paris, France, May 25 to June 14, 1906] [Electronic version] Original work published in French in 1928.
  19. ^ Ever-Present Origin p.102 note 4
  20. ^ Aster Patel, "The Presence of Dr Indra Senji", SABDA - Recent Publications, November 2003
  21. ^ Haridas Chaudhuri, "Psychology: Humanistic and Transpersonal". Journal of Humanistic Psychology, and The Evolution of Integral Consciousness; Bahman Shirazi "Integral psychology, metaphors and processes of personal integration" in Cornelissen (ed.) Consciousness and Its Transformation online version
  22. ^ Daryl S. Paulson, Wilber's Integral Philosophy: A Summary and Critique, Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2008; 48: 364-388
  23. ^ Ken Wilber, Integral Psychology, Shambhalla, 2000 p.78
  24. ^ Christopher Cooke and Ben Levi Spiral Dynamics Integral
  25. ^ Matt Rentschler, AQAL Glossary, p.15
  26. ^ Sean Esbjörn-Hargens, An Overvew of Integral Theory - An All-Inclusive Framework for the 21st Century p.22 note 4, Integral Institute—Resource Paper No. 1, 2009
  27. ^ John Bothwell and David Geier, Score! Power Up Your Game, Business and Life by Harnessing the Power of Emotional Intelligence, p.144
  28. ^ Josh Floyd, Alex Burns, and Jose Ramos, A Challenging Conversation on Integral Futures: Embodied Foresight & Trialogues, Journal of Futures Studies, November 2008, 13(2): 69 - 86; p.71
  29. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, ch.7
  30. ^ The Real Evolution Debate, What Is Enlightenment?, no.35, January-March 2007, p.100
  31. ^ Gary Hampson, "Integral Re-views Postmodernism: The Way Out Is Through" Integral Review 4, 2007 pp.13-4, http://www.integral-review.org
  32. ^ John Bothwell and David Geier, Score! Power Up Your Game, Business and Life by Harnessing the Power of Emotional Intelligence, Morgan James Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1933596627 p.144
  33. ^ Arthur Freeman, Cognition and Psychotherapy, Springer, 2004, ISBN 0826122256 p.22
  34. ^ Jennifer Gidley, The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views Integral Review no. 5, 2007 p.15
  35. ^ ITP International Welcome!
  36. ^ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, 10th Edition, 1977, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, p.24
  37. ^ Ervin László, "Rationale for an Integral Theory of Everything", p.1, [integral-review.org/back_issues/backissue3/index.htm Integral Review, no.3]
  38. ^ Ervin László, Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything, Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, 2004
  39. ^ The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative, Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for New Thought, Research and Praxis, 2007, Issue 5, p. 4-226
  40. ^ Roland Benedikter, "Postmodern spirituality, A dialogue in five parts", www.integralworld.net Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4,Part 5
  41. ^ Sattler, R. 2008. Wilber’s AQAL Map and Beyond
  42. ^ Indra Sen, Integral Psychology: The Psychological System of Sri Aurobindo, Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, 1986
  43. ^ Chaudhuri, Haridas. (1975). "Psychology: Humanistic and transpersonal". Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15 (1), 7-15.
  44. ^ Ken Wilber, Integral Psychology : Consciousness, Spirit, Psychology, Therapy Shambhala, ISBN 1-57062-554-9
  45. ^ Brant Cortright, Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart, SUNY, 2007 ISBN 0791470717
  46. ^ Zimmerman, M. (2005). “Integral Ecology: A Perspectival, Developmental, and Coordinating Approach to Environmental Problems.” World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution 61, nos. 1-2: 50-62.
  47. ^ Esbjörn-Hargens, S. (2008). “Integral Ecological Research: Using IMP to Examine Animals and Sustainability” in Journal of Integral Theory and Practice Vol 3, No. 1.
  48. ^ Esbjörn-Hargens, S. & Zimmerman, M. E. (2008). “Integral Ecology” Callicott, J. B. & Frodeman, R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. New York: Macmillan Library Reference.
  49. ^ Sean Esbjörn-Hargens and Michael E. Zimmerman, Integral Ecology: Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World, Integral Books (2009) ISBN 1590304667
  50. ^ Kevin J. Bowman, Integral Neoclassical Economic Growth, as submitted to AQAL: Journal of Integral Theory and Practice, June 27, 2008
  51. ^ Ken Wilber, Terry Patten, Adam Leonard & Marco Morelli, Integral Life Practice, ISBN 9781590304679, p. 6
  52. ^ T.Colins Logan, True Love: Integral Lifework Theory & Practice, ISBN 9780977033638, p. 3
  53. ^ Elliott Dacher, Integral Health: The Path to Human Flourishing, ISBN 9781591201908, p. 118
  54. ^ George Leonard and Michael Murphy, The Life We Are Given, ISBN 0874777925, p.16
  55. ^ Sri Aurobindo, The Integral Yoga, ISBN 9780941524766, p. 10
  56. ^ Jorge Ferrar, "Integral Transformative Practice, A Participatory Perspective", Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 2003, Vol. 35, No. 1
  57. ^ http://www.itp-life.com
  58. ^ http://www.estel.es/eng/
  59. ^ http://www.integrallifework.com
  60. ^ Bobbye Middendorf, The Integral Culture - Cultural Creatives Making a Difference for the Future, Conscious Choice, January 1999
  61. ^ Paul H. Ray and Sherry Ruth Anderson, The Cultural Creatives
  62. ^ Don Beck and Christopher Cowan, 1996, Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change, ISBN 1-55786-940-5
  63. ^ Ken Wilber, A Theory of Everything: An Integral Vision for Business, Politics, Science and Spirituality, 2000, ISBN 1-57062-855-6
  64. ^ Daniel Gustav Anderson, Of Syntheses and Surprises: Toward a Critical Integral Theory Integral Review 3 (2006), pp. 62-81.
  65. ^ see the reviews of Anderson's thesis by Rich Carlson and Debashish Banerji
  66. ^ Richard Carlson An Ideological Genealogy of Integral Theory and Practice

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_Movement#Integral_theory"