Lip plate
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| Mursi woman with stretched lower lip (2005) | |
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| Nicknames | Labret, lip plate, lip disc |
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| Location | Omo River, Ethiopia |
| Jewelry | Clay or wood disc |
A lip plate, also known as a lip plug or lip disc, is a form of body modification. Increasingly larger discs (usually circular, and made from clay or wood) are inserted into a pierced hole in either the upper or lower lip, or both, thereby stretching it. The term labret (pronounced LAY-bret) denotes all kinds of pierced-lip ornaments, including plates and plugs.
Archeological evidence indicates that labrets have been independently invented no more than six times, in Kamchatka (10700 BP), Iran (8400 BP), the Balkans (7000 BP), Sudan (5700 BP), Mesoamerica (3500 BP), and coastal Ecuador (2500 BP)[1]. Today, the custom is maintained by a few groups in Africa and Amazonia.
In Africa, a lower lip plate is usually combined with the excision of the two lower front teeth, sometimes all four. Among the Sara people and (Lobi) a plate is also inserted into the upper lip. Other tribes, such as the Makonde, wore a plate in the upper lip only. In many older sources it is reported that the plate's size is a sign of social or economical importance in some tribes. However, because of natural mechanical attributes of human skin, it seems that the plate's size often just depends on the stage of stretching of the lip.
In South America, lip plates are nearly always made from light wood.
Among the Surma (own name Suri) and Mursi people of the lower Omo River valley in Ethiopia,[2] about 6-12 months before marriage the woman's lip is pierced by her kinswomen, usually around the age of 15-18.
These days, it appears that Mursi girls of age 13 to 18 just decide for themselves whether they want to wear a lip plate or not. The initial piercing is done as an incision of the lower lip of 1 to 2 cm length, and a simple wooden peg is inserted. After the wound has healed, which usually takes 2 or 3 weeks, the peg is replaced with a slightly bigger one. At a diameter of about 4 cm the first lip plate made of clay is inserted. Every woman crafts her plate by herself and takes pride in including some ornamentation. A final diameter of about 8 to max about 16cm. Note, after the wedding, many stop the use of the lip plate, and the lip will shrink and wrinkle, because the skin is too big. Only vain women or the women in a harem compete for the biggest lip plate after the wedding.
Many recent sources (Beckwith and Carter for example)[3] claim that, for Mursi and Surma women, the size of their lip plate indicates the number of cattle paid as the bride price. However anthropologist Turton, who has studied the Mursi for 30 years, denies this.[4]
In some Amazonian tribes, young men traditionally have their lips pierced when they enter the men's house and leave the world of women.[5][6] Lip plates there have important associations with oratory and singing, and the largest plates are worn by the greatest orators and war-chiefs, like the well-known environmental campaigner Raoni[7] of the Kayapo tribe.
In the Pacific Northwest of North America, among the Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, lip plates symbolised social maturity by indicating a girl's eligibility to be a wife. The installation of a girl's first plate was celebrated with a sumptuous feast.[8]
Tribes that are known for their traditional lip plates include:
- The Mursi and Surma (Suri) women of Ethiopia
- The Suyá men of Brazil (most no longer wear plates)
- The Sara women of Chad (ceased wearing plates in the 1920s)
- The Makonde of Tanzania and Mozambique (ceased wearing plates several decades ago)
- The Botocudo of coastal Brazil (in previous centuries, both sexes wore plates)
Aleut, Inuit and other indigenous peoples of northern Canada, Alaska and surrounding regions also wore large labrets and lip plates; these practices mostly ceased by the twentieth century.
Some tribes (Zo'e in Brazil, Nuba in Sudan, Lobi in west Africa), wear stretched-lip ornaments that are plug- or rod-shaped rather than plate-shaped.
In the West, some people, including some members of the Modern Primitive movement, have adopted larger-gauge lip piercings, a few large enough for them to wear proper lip plates. Some examples are given on the BME website.[9][10][11]
[edit] References
- ^ Grant Keddie: "Symbolism and Context: world history of the labret". Circum-Pacific Prehistory Conference. Seattle, 1989
- ^ Mursi Online, David Turton's site
- ^ Carol Beckworth and Angela Carter: "African Ark", page 251. Collins Harvill 1990.
- ^ Mursi Lip-plates (dhebi a tugoin) on Mursi Online
- ^ http://www.socioambiental.org/pib/epienglish/suya/orn.shtm
- ^ Anthony Seeger: "The meaning of body ornaments: a Suya example," Ethnology 14(3) pp 211-224, 1975.
- ^ Raoni - Le combat d'un chef Indien d'Amazonie
- ^ Aldona Jonaitis: "Women, Marriage, Mouths and Feasting: the symbolism of Tlingit labrets", pp 191-205 of Arnold Rubin (ed): "Marks of Civilization". Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, 1988.
- ^ Interviews with two plate-wearers
- ^ Photos of modern scalpelled and other large-gauge lip piercings
- ^ Photos of small lip plates
[edit] External links
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