List of North American folk music traditions

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This is a list of folk music traditions, with styles, dances, instruments and other related topics. The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner; it is used with widely-varying definitions depending on the author, intended audience and context within a work. Similarly, the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria. Music scholars, journalists, audiences, record industry individuals, politicians, nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music are distinct traditions based along racial, geographic, linguistic, religious, tribal or ethnic lines, and all such peoples will likely use different criteria to decide what constitutes a "folk music tradition". This list uses the same general categories used by mainstream, primarily English-language, scholarly sources, as determined by relevant statements of fact and the internal structure of works.

These traditions may coincide entirely, partially or not at all with geographic, political, linguistic or cultural boundaries. Very few, if any, music scholars would claim that there are any folk music traditions that can be considered specific to a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples; thus, the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other.

Country Elements Dance Instrumentation Other topics
Aanishanabe See Ojibwa – – –
African American [1] blues - blues-harp - boat song - field holler - fife and drum band - freedom song - funereal music - gospel - lining out - shape-note - Shout - spiritual - work song blues dance - hambone - juba dance - ring dance - shout banjo - bones - cowbell - diddley bow - fiddle - harmonica - tambourine - washtub bass blue note - camp meeting - Election Day celebration - Great Awakening - Pinkster
Anglo-American [2] ballad - folk hymn - protest song - sea shanty - shape note - singing barn dance - country western two-step - longways - jig - reel - square dance fiddle - flute - guitar - harpsichord - violin Caller - Shakers
Apache [3] Apache fiddle - pot drum - water drum
Appalachian [4] ballad - Blue Ridge fiddling - bluegrass - Child ballad - close harmony - folk hymn - jug band - lining out - North Georgia fiddling - old-time music - scolding ballad - shape note - singing - string band [5] clogging autoharp - banjo - cello - cornstalk fiddle - dulcimer - fiddle - flute - guitar - harmonica - mandolin folk revival - hillbilly
Arapaho [6] Ghost Dance - peyote song rabbit dance - round dance - snake dance - Sun Dance - turtle dance Ghost Dance
Blue Ridge See Appalachian – – –
Cajun [7] polka - two-step - waltz accordion - fiddle - guitar - spoons - triangle - washboard
Cape Breton See Irish- and Scottish-Canadian – – –
Cherokee [8] stomp dance rattle
Chickasaw [8] stomp dance
Chippewa See Ojibwa – – –
Choctaw [8] stomp dance
Cree [9] fiddle
Dakota See Sioux – – –
Dinéh See Navajo – – –
English-American See Anglo-American – – –
Finnish-American See Finnish – – –
French-American See French – – –
German- and Moravian-American [10] collegia musica - cornet band - Moravian funereal music - trombone choir hautboy - kettle drum - trumpet - viol Ephrata Cloister - liederkranz - Singstude
Hopi See Pueblo – – –
Illinois [11] calumet dance berdache - calumet
Inuit [12] ayaya - kattajaq - pisiq - throat-singing drum dance - jig - kalattuut - reel accordion - drum angakkog
Irish- and Scottish-Canadian [13] ballad - Cape Breton fiddling - emigrant ballad - sean nos - shape note reel - step dance - strathspey fiddle ceilidh
Irish-American [14] ballad - emigrant ballad - sean nos clogging - hornpipe - jig - reel - step dance - square dance banjo - dulcimer - fiddle - guitar - harmonica - mandolin
Iroquois [15] Eagle Dance - Quiver Dance - Warrior's Stomp Dance drum - rattle - water drum
Italian-American See Italy – – –
Japanese-American See Japanese – – –
Jewish-American [16] cantorial chant - klezmer bulgar - doina - freylekh - hora - khosidl - mazurka - nigun - polka - sirba - waltz cello - clarinet - double bass - flute - tsimbl - violin badkhn - Freygish - kapelye
Lakota See Sioux – – –
Louisiana Creole [17] la la - mellows - zydeco bamboula - ring dance accordion - fiddle - guitar - washboard Congo Square - fais-do-do
Maritime Canada [18] Cape Breton fiddling - milling song jig - reel accordion - fiddle - piano
Menomini [19] water drum
Metis [20] step dance fiddle
Mexican, Mejicano, Hispanic and Tejano [21] alabado - bravata - California mission music - conjunto - copla - corrido - estribillo - huapango arribeño - jarabe - letra - mariachi - Matachines - Mexican son - pirekua - son huasteco - sones abajeños - sones calentanos - sones de arpa grande - sones istmeños - son jaliscense - son jarocho - topada - vallena - zandunga chotis - jarabe tapatío - jarana - Matachines - mazurka - polka - raspa - redowa - waltz - xtoles - zandunga - zapateado accordion - angelus bell - bajo sexto - fiddle - harp - huapanguera - jarana[disambiguation needed ] - guitarra quinta - guitarrón - mission bell - requinto - vihuela - violin trovadore - vaquero
Moravian-American See German-American – – –
Navajo [22] gift song - signal song - sway song - Yeibichai circle dance - Squaw Dance pot drum - rattle - water drum Blessingway - Enemyway - Ghostway - hataałii - hózhǫ́ - Nightway - Yeibichai
New England [23] folk hymn - lining out - Old Way of Singing - psalmody - shape note barn dance
Newfoundland ballad - sea shanty - sean nos hornpipe - jig - reel - step dance - square dance bodhrán - fiddle - guitar - harmonica - accordian - spoons
Ojibwa [24] war song water drum
Omaha [25] pipe dance
Pueblo [26] Matachines - work song Matachines drum - flageolet Shalako
Quebecois [27] accord de pieds
San Ildefonso See Pueblo – – –
Santo Domingo See Pueblo – – –
Scottish-Canadian See Irish- and Scottish-Canadian – – –
Sioux [28] Grass Dance bell - drum - rattle
Southern states [29] ballad - brass band - Delta blues - blues-harp - fife and drum band - folk hymn - jug band - Sacred Harp - shape note - Southern gospel - white spiritual barn dance - chicken in the breadtray - clogging - fisher's hornpipe - Highland fling - jig - lancer - pigeonwing - polka - quadrille - reel - square dance - waltz banjo - dulcimer - fiddle - guitar - harmonica - mandolin singing
Taos Pueblo See Pueblo – – –
Tejano See Mexican – – –
Tex-Mex See Mexican – – –
Tohono O'odham [30] chicken scratch (waila) - conjunto chotis - mazurka - polka - waila accordion - bass guitar - drum - fiddle - guitar piest
Ukrainian-American and Canadian See Ukrainian – – –
Western Canada and the United States [31] cattle call - cowboy song - frontier ballad - holler - waltz - Western swing - work song square dance accordion - banjo - fiddle - guitar - harmonica Caller - Chisholm Trail - cowboy poetry - medicine show
Yaqui [32] Danza del Venado
Zuni See Pueblo – – –


[edit] See also

[edit] References

  • Abel, E. Lawrence (2000). Singing the New Nation: How Music Shaped the Confederacy, 1861 - 1865. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0228-6. 
  • Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham (eds.) (2000). Rough Guide to World Music (First edition ed.). London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-636-0. 
  • Burk, Cassie, Virginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips (1942). America's Musical Heritage. Laidlaw Brothers. 
  • Crawford, Richard (2001). America's Musical Life: A History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393048101. 
  • Darden, Robert (2004). People Get Ready: A New History of Black Gospel Music. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-1436-2. 
  • Fussell, Fred C. (2003). Blue Ridge Music Trails: Finding a Place in the Circle. North Carolina Folklife Institute. ISBN 0-8078-5459-X. 
  • Lankford, Ronald D. Jr. (2005). The Changing Voice Music of Protest USA. New York: Schirmer Trade Books. ISBN 0-8256-7300-3. 
  • Lornell, Kip (2004). NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk. New York: Berkely Publisher Group. ISBN 0-399-53033-9. 
  • "Music and Theater". Maryland History and Culture. Archived from the original on May 7, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050507153258/http://www.mdhc.org/bibliotest/essays.php?essay=20. Retrieved September 12, 2005. 
  • Ritchie, Fiona (2004). The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Celtic Music. New York: Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 0399530711. 
  • Philip V. Bohlman; Bruno Nettl, Charles Capwell, Thomas Turino and Isabel K. F. Wong (1997). Excursions in World Music (Second edition ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-230632-8. 
  • Nettl, Bruno (1965). Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 
  • Sawyers, June Skinner (2000). Celtic Music: A Complete Guide (First Edition ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81007-7. 
  • Titon, Jeff Todd, David Locke, David P. McAllester, Anne K. Rasmussen, Jonathan P. J. Stock, David B. Reck, John M. Schechter, Timothy Cooley, and R. Anderson Sutton (2008). Jeff Todd Titon (Ed.). ed. Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples (Fifth Edition ed.). New York: Schirmer Books/Cengage. ISBN 0-02-872602-2. 
  • van der Merwe, Peter (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-316121-4. 
  • "International Dance Glossary". World Music Central. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060207075840/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/staticpages/index.php/glossary. Retrieved April 3, 2006. 

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Darden, pgs. 8, 43 - 45, 48, 57; Broughton, Viv and James Attlee, "Devil Stole the Beat" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 568 - 579; Crawford, pgs. 107, 111 - 112, 409 - 411; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 96 - 97; van de Merwe; Titon, Jeff Todd, "North America/Black America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 106 - 166; Lornell, pgs. 75 - 77, 82 - 83
  2. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 202; Crawford, pgs. 70, 71, 157 - 158; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 11, 34; Lankford, pg. 117; Lornell, pgs. 65 - 67; World Music Central
  3. ^ Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
  4. ^ Fussell, pgs. 3, 6 - 10; Ritchie, pgs. 52, 57; Barraclough, Nick and Kurt Wolff, "High an' Lonesome" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 536 - 551; Crawford, pg. 601; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 101 - 105; Lankford, pg. 38; Lornell, pgs. 15 - 17, 65 - 67, 82 - 83
  5. ^ There is some ambiguity in usage regarding some of these terms. Bluegrass, for example, is not generally considered folk music, but is often loosely categorized along with it, and is especially associated with the Appalachian style. The term old-time music is also ambiguous, and can refer to styles of folk music from outside the Appalachian area. The American folk revival was a musical field in the 1950s and 60s that drew on many styles of American folk music, especially Appalachian music; however, the folk revival itself produced much undebateably popular music and little or no true folk music, depending on the precise definition of that term used.
  6. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 150
  7. ^ Broughton, Simon and Jeff Kaliss, "Music Is the Glue", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 552 - 567; Lornell, pgs. 70 - 71
  8. ^ a b c Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603
  9. ^ Foran, Charles, "No More Solitudes", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 350 - 361
  10. ^ Crawford, pgs. 53 - 55; Maryland Music and Theatre; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 30, 44
  11. ^ Crawford, pg. 10
  12. ^ Foran, Charles and Etienne Bours, "No More Solitudes" and "Sealskin Hits" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 350 - 361 and 143 - 145
  13. ^ Sawyers, pgs. 75 - 78, 194 - 198, 228 - 230
  14. ^ Sawyers, pgs. 62 - 67; 196 - 199, 208 - 290, 228 - 230
  15. ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 161; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
  16. ^ Broughton, Simon, "Rhythm and Jews" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 581 - 591; Lornell, pgs. 77 - 78
  17. ^ Broughton, Simon and Jeff Kaliss, "Music Is the Glue", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 552 - 567; Crawford, pgs. 118 - 119; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pg. 99; Lornell, pgs. 87 - 88
  18. ^ Ritchie, pg. 54
  19. ^ McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
  20. ^ Foran, Charles, "No More Solitudes", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 350 - 361
  21. ^ Manuel, Popular Musics, pgs. 54 - 56; Farquharson, Mary and Ramiro Burr, "Much More Than Mariachi" and "Accordion Enchilada", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 463 - 476 and pgs. 604 - 614; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 193 - 194; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 48 - 49, 52, 190 - 191; Lornell, pg. 22 - 23, 72 - 73, 78 - 79
  22. ^ Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 165; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
  23. ^ Crawford, pgs. 24 - 25; World Music Central
  24. ^ Crawford, pg. 391; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
  25. ^ Crawford, pg. 400
  26. ^ Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603; Crawford, pg. 8; Lornell, pg. 22 - 23
  27. ^ Foran, Charles, "No More Solitudes", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 350 - 361
  28. ^ McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
  29. ^ Crawford, pgs. 162 - 164; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pg. 138; van de Merwe; Sawyers, pgs. 197, 208; Lankford, pgs. 38, 65 - 67, 75, 84 - 85; Abel, pgs. 132 - 134, 172; World Music Central
  30. ^ Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603; Lornell, pgs. 73 - 74
  31. ^ Crawford, pg. 430, 433 - 435, 609; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 107, 187 - 189, 192 - 198; Lornell, pgs. 74 - 75, 85 - 86
  32. ^ World Music Central
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